细菌性肺炎患儿继发头孢哌酮/舒巴坦相关性腹泻临床分析

目的探讨细菌性肺炎患儿继发头孢哌酮/舒巴坦相关性腹泻的相关因素及预后。方法分析376例使用过头孢哌酮/舒巴坦患儿的年龄、性别、白细胞数、中性粒细胞数、C反应蛋白(CRP)、难辨梭状芽孢杆菌(CD)、抗生素使用时间和住院时间,发生抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的患儿第一次腹泻开始时间、腹泻时间、腹泻次数、服用益生菌时间、腹泻治疗药物情况。结果 376例使用过头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的细菌性肺炎患儿中发生AAD 122例。发生与未发生AAD患儿相比年龄、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦使用时间和住院时间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。AAD患儿中轻型和重型分别为73、49例,重型AAD患儿CD阳性率与无腹泻患儿相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。122例AAD患儿治疗后有17例复发腹泻,复发与未复发AAD患儿大便CD阳性数、腹泻时间、服用益生菌时间、抗生素使用时间和住院时间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论细菌性肺炎患儿使用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗后AAD发病率较高,重型AAD患儿CD阳性率高,复发AAD患儿抗生素使用时间和住院时间更长。     

肺炎患儿抗生素相关性腹泻138例临床分析

目的对肺炎患儿发生抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的情况进行分析。方法记录、统计患儿出院时的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、住院天数、应用抗生素种类、应用时间、联用情况、病情转归、血中性粒细胞比例等。分析AAD发病相关因素及预防处理措施。结果肺炎患儿年龄越小、联用抗生素种类越多、血中性粒细胞水平越高、抗生素应用时间越长,肺炎患儿AAD的发生率越高(P<0.05);其中使用青霉素类抗生素的肺炎患儿发生AAD的几率:头孢类菌素>青霉素类>大环内酯类(P<0.05)。停用或更换抗生素并加用双歧三联活菌胶囊口服,117例于3～7d内痊愈,好转19例。结论规范抗生素的使用,对有易感因素的患儿及早补充微生物制剂能有效控制AAD的发生。     

小儿β-内酰胺类抗生素相关性腹泻85例分析

目的 :了解β 内酰胺类抗生素导致抗生素相关性腹泻 (AAD)的发病情况。方法 :调查儿科住院患儿在应用抗生素过程中AAD的发病率、临床表现、实验室检查。结果 :β 内酰胺类抗生素致AAD 85例 ,其中由第三代头孢菌素所致 5 5例 (6 4 7% ) ,第一代头孢菌素与广谱青霉素次之。各组AAD发病时间、腹泻次数均有统计学差异。结论 :β 内酰胺类抗生素导致AAD较常见 ,其中第三代头孢菌素所致AAD的腹泻程度重于青霉素类及第一代头孢菌素引起的AAD。     

82例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抗生素相关性腹泻的临床分析

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的发病率、潜伏期、临床特点及防治措施。方法:对我院呼吸内科慢性阻塞性肺疾病968例应用抗生素的住院患者,自抗生素应用之日起进行为期30d的前瞻性追踪观察。结果:AAD发病率为8.47%(82/968),潜伏期为(8.35±5.19)d;AAD患者以单纯性腹泻最多,占84.15%(69/82);较易引起AAD的抗生素为头孢菌素(42.68%)、青霉素类(23.17%);抗生素使用时间≥7d,联合使用抗生素3种及以上,AAD发病率明显增高;82例AAD患者经停用或换用抗生素,服用微生态制剂、甲硝唑或万古霉素等处理,痊愈71例(86.59%),好转10例(12.20%),无效1例(1.21%)。结论:AAD是一种常见的抗生素治疗的并发症,合理使用抗生素是预防发生AAD的有效措施。     

重症细菌性肺部感染儿童抗生素相关性腹泻状况调查

目的探讨重症细菌性肺部感染儿童抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的发病情况。方法选取医院2012年2月至2013年10月收治的重症细菌性肺部感染患儿110例,将其中发生AAD的作为观察组,未发生AAD的作为对照组。回顾性分析两组患儿的临床资料,包括患儿的年龄、抗菌药物应用类型及应用时间、血中性粒细胞水平、血红蛋白量、住院时间等。结果 110例患儿中,74例(67.27%)发生AAD,36例(32.73%)未发生AAD。单因素分析结果显示,重症肺部感染患儿的年龄越小、抗菌药物应用时间越长、血中性粒细胞比例越高、血红蛋白量越高、住院时间越短,患儿AAD的发生率越高(χ2=4.325~7.774,P<0.05);常见抗菌药物引发AAD的几率为,头孢菌素类>青霉素类>大环内酯类(χ2=8.635,P=0.013)。多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出4个危险因素,即发病年龄、抗菌药物应用时间、住院时间和抗菌药物类型。AAD患儿经停用或更换抗菌药物后,39例(52.70%)腹泻于7 d内痊愈,31例(41.89%)好转。结论重症细菌性肺部感染患儿AAD的发生率较高,与患儿的年龄、抗菌药物应用种类、应用时间及住院时间等有关。     

儿科病房抗生素相关性腹泻危险因素分析

目的:分析患儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的临床特点,探讨不同患儿年龄、抗生素使用时间及抗生素种类对腹泻病的影响,并提出预防措施.方法:围绕抗生素应用与腹泻的关系,对我院儿科近3年来住院的抗生素相关性腹泻患儿进行临床分析,并采用SPSS 12.0对数据进行分析.结果:1岁以内的婴儿使用抗生素、抗生素使用时间7 d以上、联合应用二种以上抗生素的患儿从D的发病率高于对照组(P均<0.05).结论:感染性患儿不恰当使用抗生素是AAD的危险因素.     

92例抗生素相关性腹泻患儿的临床分析

目的:探讨抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)患儿的发生情况和相关因素.方法:统计2007年12月～2010年12月我院儿科2 502例使用抗生素的住院患儿AAD的发病率,并对导致发生AAD的主要因素进行调查、分析.结果:AAD的发病率为3.67%.AAD组病例年龄3岁以下、抗生素应用7 d 以上、两种以上抗生素联用的比例明显高...     

小儿β—内酰胺类抗生素相关性腹泻85例分析

目的：了解β-内酰胺类抗生素导致抗生素相关性腹泻（AAD）的发病情况。方法：调查儿科住院患儿在应用抗生素过程中AAD的发病率、临床表现、实验室检查。结果：β-内酰胺类抗生素至AAD 85例，其中由第三代头孢菌素所致55例（64．7％），第一代头孢菌素与广谱青霉素次之。各组AAD发病时间、腹泻次数均有统计学差异。结论：β-内酰胺类抗生素导致AAD较常见，其中第三代头孢菌素所致AAD的腹泻程度重于青霉素类及第一代头孢菌素引起的AAD。     

抗生素相关性腹泻临床特征分析

目的探讨呼吸科住院患者抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的临床特征。方法选取我院2006年2月—2011年3月呼吸科住院使用抗生素患者共160例,其中发生AAD的80例作为试验组,无AAD的80例患者作为对照组,分析AAD患者使用抗生素的情况。结果引起AAD的抗生素主要为三代头孢(30%),其次为青霉素类(27.5%);影响AAD发生的因素有年龄大、抗生素使用种类多、抗生素使用时间长、住院时间长、禁食及采用干预措施;两组患者的静脉给药途径、预防性使用抗生素间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床上应合理选择抗生素,减少联合用药,慎用广谱抗生素,避免预防抗生素,从而减少AAD的发生。     

住院患儿抗生素相关性腹泻临床特征分析

目的：探讨住院患儿抗生素相关性腹泻（AAD）的临床特点及预防对策。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月至2012年12月应用抗生素治疗的820例患儿的临床资料,观察AAD的发生情况、临床表现、导致AAD发生的相关因素、AAD处理及预后。结果：发生AAD共60例（7.32%）,AAD发生时平均应用抗生素（5.47±3.02）d;抗生素使用剂量均按照说明书应用;引起AAD的抗生素依次为：头孢菌素、青霉素、碳青霉烯类、大环内酯类。AAD组患儿禁食、应用抗生素种数及时间、实施侵袭性操作与无AAD组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两组年龄、预防应用抗生素情况比较差异无统计学意义;AAD组治疗以后腹泻停止时间平均（5.85±2.87）d;AAD组病死率8.33%,高于无AAD组的1.32%（P〈0.05）;AAD组住院时间（23.76±6.45）d,长于无AAD组的（13.21±3.17）d（P〈0.05）。结论：住院患儿AAD发生率较高,影响因素复杂,虽多为单纯性腹泻经过治疗缓解,但延长了住院时间,增加病死率,应积极防治AAD。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.