念珠菌性包皮龟头炎55例致病菌药敏分析

目的 对念珠菌感染包皮龟头炎的55例患者,所分离出的55株念珠菌菌株进行分类鉴定及药敏试验,以了解念珠菌性包皮龟头炎的致病菌种感染及耐药情况.方法 通过科玛嘉显色培养基、菌株显微镜下形态观察、对包皮龟头炎分离出念珠菌进行培养、菌种鉴定及药敏试验.结果 1)念珠菌性包皮龟头炎分离出的阳性标本经鉴定,51株为白念珠菌、3株为近平滑念珠菌、1株为近平滑念珠菌及白念珠菌复合感染株.2)药敏试验对制霉菌素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和特比萘芬的敏感率分别为96.4％、94,5％、85.5％及14.5％.结论 福建地区男性包皮龟头炎念珠菌感染以白念珠菌为主;念珠菌的药敏情况对制霉菌素敏感性最高,其次为氟康唑及伊曲康唑,特比萘芬最低.     

外阴阴道念珠菌感染与耐药性的分析

目的观察外阴阴道各种念珠菌的感染情况,并对常用药物的耐药性进行分析。方法收集2008年6月至2011年2月700例确诊为外阴阴道念珠菌感染患者的生殖道分泌物,采用念珠菌显色平板及SIMENS MicroScan真菌(yeast)反应板进行念珠菌菌种的分离鉴定,采用ROSCOS药片法对氟康唑、咪康唑、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素、两性霉素B进行药物耐药性及敏感性试验。结果白色念珠菌占64.57%、光滑念珠菌占14.14%、克柔念珠菌占9%、其他念珠菌占12.29%。各念珠菌对两性霉素B、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑的敏感性较高,对咪康唑、氟康唑的耐药率较高。结论女性外阴阴道念珠菌以白色念珠菌居多,对抗真菌药物有不同程度的耐药,对菌种进行鉴定和药敏实验有利于临床指导用药。     

念珠菌引起深部感染的病原学特征与药敏试验

目的了解近年来深部念珠菌感染的病原学特征和医院内深部真菌感染现状,为临床提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据。方法血培养使用BacT ALERT 3D血培养检测仪,其他各种临床标本用沙堡培养基培养,科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基分离鉴定念珠菌;用ATB Fungus 2药敏卡对菌株进行体外药物敏感试验。结果3年间从深部标本中共分离出念珠菌2256株,菌种分布依次为:白色念珠菌(72.61%)、光滑念珠菌(10.28%)、克柔念珠菌(9.40%)、热带念珠菌(4.97%)、其他念珠菌(2.74%);162株念珠菌药敏结果:5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素对所有念珠菌敏感度都很高,但各种真菌对4种抗真菌药物均出现了不同程度的耐药。结论白色念珠菌仍为主要的致病真菌,但非白色念珠菌所占比例有逐年上升的趋势。不同念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物敏感性存在差异,准确分离鉴定和药敏试验,对指导临床医生合理用药有重要意义。     

206株念珠菌属的临床分布及药物敏感性分析

目的：研究念珠菌属的临床分布及其对8种抗真菌药物的敏感性。方法：采用法国科玛嘉念珠菌属显色培养基分离鉴定菌株，用先德YO-8 Yeast One药敏板进行药敏试验。结果：206株念珠菌属中，以白色念珠菌最常见占63.50％，其次为热带念珠菌占12．40％、光滑念珠菌（10．20％）、克柔念珠菌（2.10％）、近平滑念珠菌属占1，90％，其他念珠菌占（3．90％）。念珠菌属感染的主要部位为肺、泌尿道、消化道：药物敏感试验显示：念珠菌属对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、卡泊芬净敏感性最高，对咪唑类药物存在不同程度的耐药。结论：念珠菌属在临床标本中分离率较高，不同菌种对不同药物敏感性存在较大差异，临床上应重视念珠菌属的培养和药敏试验，合理选用抗真菌药物。     

河南某医院569株阴沟肠杆菌临床分布及耐药分析

目的 调查阴沟肠杆菌的临床分布特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗阴沟肠杆菌感染提供实验室依据.方法 根据临床实验室操作规程对医院2010-2014年分离的569份阳性标本进行鉴定及药敏试验,统计其临床分布特点及药敏试验结果.结果 阴沟肠杆菌主要感染人群为外科病人和婴幼儿,临床分布以神经外科(15.60％)、新生儿科(14.10％)、泌尿外科(10.90％)为主,标本主要来自于尿液(38.70％)、痰液(29.00％)及血液(8.79％),药敏试验结果示对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较为敏感,敏感率分别是97.46％、96.78％和90.23％.结论 肠杆菌耐药现象严重,要尽快建立该菌在医院的耐药谱,加强耐药监测,根据药敏试验,合理规范使用抗菌药物.     

临床分离454株葡萄球菌的耐药性监测分析

目的 了解某医院住院患者葡萄球菌感染及其耐药情况,为医院感染控制及临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对某医院2013年度住院患者送检的各种临床标本进行病原菌的分离鉴定,同时对葡萄球菌菌种构成及其耐药性情况作统计分析.结果 该医院2013年从住院患者送检病原学标本中共检出病原菌2522株,其中葡萄球菌454株,占18.0％;菌种分布以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌居前三位,感染的标本来源主要以分泌物及痰液为主,分别占51.8％和28.6％.该医院临床分离的葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素全部敏感,对喹奴普汀/达福普汀、呋喃妥因比较敏感;MRSA和MRCNS菌株耐药率普遍高于MSSA和MSCNS菌株.结论 该医院临床标本中葡萄球菌分离率较高,葡萄球菌主要引起患者术后伤口及下呼吸道感染为主,感染菌种以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌多见.葡萄球菌耐药菌株比例较高,医院应加强临床抗菌药物应用管理,提高细菌培养及药敏试验的送检率.     

外阴阴道念珠菌感染及其耐药性

目的了解女性外阴阴道真菌种类及其对药物的敏感性。方法回顾性分析1107例标本,对其中的258例阳性标本的菌株用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基鉴定,用Rosco纸片法对5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、咪康唑、克霉唑进行体外药物敏感性试验。结果 1107例临床标本共检出念株菌258株,阳性率为23.3%。其中,白念珠菌占82.6%,光滑念珠菌占6.6%,热带念珠菌占3.5%,克柔念珠菌占2.3%,其他念珠菌占5.0%。念珠菌对制霉菌素、两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性较高,分别为97.3%、93.0%和88.0%;对咪康唑和氟康唑的耐药率较高,分别为50.4%和43.8%。结论不同菌种对药物的敏感性不同;对外阴阴道感染的念珠菌进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验对临床治疗有重要意义。     

国产某真菌药敏试剂盒误鉴定热带念珠菌药敏结果原因探究

目的探讨国产某真菌药敏试剂盒测定热带念珠菌药物敏感性试验结果错误的原因。方法收集30株国产真菌药敏试剂检测结果为对唑类药物耐药的热带念珠菌。另外再收集30株唑类药物敏感的热带念珠菌为对照菌株,用法国生物梅里埃ATB真菌药敏试剂盒复核国产试剂盒的鉴定结果,并自行配制系列药敏稀释液替代国产试剂中原有药敏稀释液,对上述热带念珠菌进行药物敏感性测试。结果国产试剂盒和自行配制试剂的检测结果分别与法国生物梅里埃ATB真菌药敏试剂盒检测结果比较,国产试剂(100%)与ATB(0%)检测的唑类药物敏感的热带念珠菌耐药率有统计学意义,x2=28.03,P<0.01;自配试剂(10%)与ATB(0%)检测的唑类药物敏感的热带念珠菌耐药率无统计学意义,x2=1.33,P>0.05。结论该国产真菌药敏测定试剂盒对部分热带念珠菌对氟康唑药物敏感性检测结果不准确,通过改进药敏稀释液配方,其准确性得到保证。     

直接涂片镜检与科玛嘉念珠菌培养基鉴定联用快速诊断医院感染深部念珠菌

目的　观察直接涂片镜检并用科玛嘉念珠菌培养基鉴定在诊断医院感染深部念珠菌病中的作用。方法　疑似病例标本 35 2件涂片镜检 ,根据菌体形态确定酵母样型和丝状菌型。真菌阳性标本直接接种于科玛嘉念珠菌培养基孵育 4 8h,根据培养菌落所显色泽及形态鉴定菌种 ,对不能鉴定的菌落再通过 ATBExpression细菌鉴定及药敏测试仪鉴定。结果　真菌阳性标本 182件中鉴定为念珠菌 14 0件 (76 .0 0 % ) ,直接镜检为酵母样型标本 14 2件培养鉴定为各种念珠菌 132件 (93% ) ,直接镜检为丝状菌型标本 4 0件培养鉴定出念珠菌 8件 (2 0 .0 0 % ) ,两者有非常显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;科玛嘉念珠菌培养基在 4 8h内对 98% (138/14 0 )念珠菌鉴定获得结果。结论　直接镜检以特殊形态确定为念珠菌属准确率高 ,并用科玛嘉念珠菌培养基培养鉴定能够快速准确诊断医院感染深部念珠菌病。     

艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌病的菌种分布及药物敏感性

目的 了解艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌(假丝酵母)病的菌种分布及对常用抗真菌药的敏感性,为其防治提供参考.方法 收集艾滋病合并口咽念珠菌患者口咽拭子标本,进行真菌分离和鉴定,并采用Rosco Neo-Sensitab纸片扩散法检测菌株对两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑及伊曲康唑的敏感性.结果 从50例患者共分离出65株念珠菌,其中最常见的是白念珠菌(77%),其次是热带念珠菌(8%)、光滑念珠菌(6%)、克柔念珠菌(3%)、近平滑念珠菌(3%)及季也蒙念珠菌(3%).所有菌株对两性霉素B均敏感,未发现自念珠菌对氟康唑耐药;非白念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率为40%,非白念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑存在交叉耐药.结论 白念珠菌是引起艾滋病患者口咽念珠菌病的主要致病菌,且对氟康唑敏感;非白念珠菌在临床的检出率高,且对三唑类药物的耐药率高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.