非梗阻性先天性主动脉弓畸形的增强MR血管造影和心血管造影诊断

目的 报道115例非梗阻性先天性主动脉弓畸形，评估心血管造影和增强磁共振血管造影术（CE MRA）等影像诊断方法的价值。方法 115例先天性主动脉弓畸形单经心血管造影诊断106例，单经CE MRA诊断2例，经上述2种方法诊断7例。结果 115例中，双主动脉弓5例，右位主动脉弓迷走左锁骨下动脉45例，左位主动脉弓迷走右锁肌下动脉33例，右弓孤立左锁骨下动脉11例，右弓左降7例，左弓右降4例，颈主动脉弓4例，其他6例。7例同时做了心血管造影与CE MRA检查的患者2种方法诊断结果均相互符合。2例只做了MRA的病例中有1例为颈主动脉弓，另1例为右位主动脉弓迷走左锁骨下动脉。结论 造影增强MRA是可靠的非创伤性诊断手段。     

先天性主动脉弓畸形的MRI诊断

目的：评价MRI在主动脉弓畸形诊断中的作用。资料与方法：回顾分析228例心脏MR检查中61例先天性主动脉弓畸形的MRI表现，37例尚有心血管造影（CAG），44例经手术证实，结果：61例先天性主动脉畸形中，主动脉缩窄（COA）25例，右位主动脉弓24例，主动脉弓离断（IAA）5例，单纯动脉导管未闭（PDA）4例，迷走右锁骨下动脉（伴COA）2例，孤立性左有下动脉（伴右位主动脉弓）1例，永存第5对主动脉弓（伴IAA）1例，主动脉扭曲畸形（Kink A)2例，升主动脉扭曲1例，结论：比较MRI与CAG，MRI在对先天性主动脉畸形的诊断方面已达到CAG水平。     

婴幼儿先天性血管环的MSCT诊断及分析

目的:探讨MSCT对婴幼儿先天性血管环的诊断及分析。方法:回顾性分析本院2012-2018年间60例先天性血管环患儿的MSCT的表现,记录其组成、形态及病变与周围结构的关系。结果:9例双主动脉弓;1例右弓合并左动脉导管未闭或动脉韧带;2例左弓合并右位、中位降主动脉;18例左位主动脉弓伴迷走的右锁骨下动脉;1例无名动脉后位;21例右弓伴迷走左锁骨下动脉;7例肺动脉吊带;1例无名静脉形成静脉环。结论:MSCT能明确血管环的组成及与周围结构的关系,对外科手术有重要意义。     

MSCTA对先天性血管环的诊断价值

目的：探讨儿童先天性血管环的MSCTA表现,提高临床对本病的认识水平。方法：搜集2011年1月-2012年2月经手术确诊30例先天性血管环患者的病例资料,年龄1个月～9岁。主要临床表现为反复呼吸道感染者19例,反复呕吐、进食困难等消化道症状4例,6例合并心内畸形,1例为偶然发现。MSCTA原始图像以0．6mm层厚重建,使用多平面重组（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VR）等技术对图像进行后处理。结果：30例中双主动脉弓4例,右位主动脉弓伴迷走左锁骨下动脉9例,左位主动脉弓伴迷走右锁骨下动脉7例,肺动脉吊带9例,右位主动脉弓伴迷走左头臂动脉1例。合并气管病变26例,主要为先天性气道发育畸形（4例）和气管狭窄（22例）。结论：MSCTA能清楚显示心外大血管情况,对先天性血管环明确诊断的同时,可了解气管受压程度及狭窄范围,有助于临床明确诊断及选择治疗方法。     

MSCT对Kommerell憩室的诊断和临床应用价值

Kommerell憩室是先天性主动脉弓畸形的一种,指降主动脉起始部与迷走左或右锁骨下动脉间的瘤样膨凸,也称为主动脉憩室[1].自1936年德国放射学家Kommerell报道1例主动脉左弓左降,迷走右锁骨下动脉起始于主动脉弓处异常膨大后,此后类似病例均被命名为“Kommerell憩室”[2].此类畸形,可引起一些较严重的临床并发症,但因症状隐匿,国内外报道均较少.笔者分析近年来经本院MSCT检查证实的10例患者,发现其影像学有着较为特异的征象,现报道如下.     

256层螺旋CT对迷走右锁骨下动脉的诊断价值

目的探讨256螺旋CT血管造影术(CTA)诊断迷走右锁骨下动脉(ARSA)的诊断价值。方法对8例接受头颈部联合CTA检查的ARSA患者的影像学资料进行回顾分析,结合原始数据、最大密度投影、曲面重组及容积再现三维技术,观察ARSA及其伴发的其他主动脉弓分支变异。结果 8例ARSA均为左位主动脉弓起源,呈食管后型,其中单纯性5例;合并左侧椎动脉起源于主动脉弓2例;合并主动脉夹层1例。结论 256层螺旋CTA能够准确评价迷走右锁骨下动脉及其伴发的其他主动脉弓分支变异,对临床有重要意义。     

右位主动脉弓伴起源于Kommerell憩室的迷走左锁骨下动脉的影像表现

目的探讨右位主动脉弓伴起源于Kommerell憩室的迷走左锁骨下动脉的影像学表现及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析25例右位主动脉弓伴起源于Kommerell憩室的迷走左锁骨下动脉患者的影像学资料,全部患者行胸片和胸部CT检查,其中4例患者行胸主动脉CTA检查,1例行胸腹主动脉CTA和MRA检查。结果 25例患者胸部平片见右位主动脉弓,12例见"双主动脉弓",9例误诊为纵隔病变。CT和MR能显示左锁骨下动脉起源于主动脉弓降段左侧壁,起始段膨大形成Kommerell憩室,迷走左锁骨下动脉横跨食管后方,"双主动脉弓"的左弓为膨大的Kommerell憩室及其远侧的迷走左锁骨下动脉。2例左锁骨下动脉近段动脉硬化并形成动脉瘤。1例患者偶觉吞咽不适。结论右位主动脉弓伴起源于Kommerell憩室的迷走左锁骨下动脉是一种罕见的先天变异,胸片容易误诊为纵隔病变,CT和MR能明确诊断并显示变异血管继发病变。正确认识此变异,有助于避免误诊。     

多层螺旋CT在先天性主动脉缩窄和主动脉弓离断诊断中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在先天性主动脉缩窄(COA)和主动脉弓离断(IAA)诊断中的应用.资料与方法 搜集23例经手术或心导管证实的COA(17例)和IAA(7例)患者资料(年龄28天～26岁),总结和分析其MSCT增强扫描及使用多平面重组(MPR)、曲面重组(CPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、容积再现(VR)图像后处理结果.结果 23例患者术前MSCT均诊断正确,其中COA 17例,4例经DSA证实,13例手术证实,诊断准确率100%.对于合并其他畸形,如肺动脉高压(PH)、室间隔缺损(VSD)、单心室、动脉导管未闭(PDA)、主动脉弓发育不良、肺动脉骑跨、大动脉转位、左室流出道狭窄、体肺侧支循环MSCT均能正确诊断,诊断符合率100%.但2例二尖瓣狭窄和2例主动脉瓣狭窄未能诊断.3例有房间隔缺损(ASD)者漏诊1例,诊断准确率为66.67%.彩色超声心动图有4例导管前型轻至中度狭窄未诊断(未手术),1例导管旁型未诊断,1例导管旁型误诊为LAA,诊断准确率为64.7%,1例肺动脉骑跨超声心动图未诊断,其余均与MSCT诊断相符.MSCT诊断IAA 6例,其中B型4例,A型2例,所有病例均合并有VSD、PDA及PH,其中合并永存动脉干者1例,房间隔缺损2例,合并右锁骨下动脉迷走1例,左室流出道狭窄1例,除1例ASD漏诊外其他畸形与手术完全符合,IAA的诊断准确率为100%,均手术证实.彩超有1例IAA合并右锁骨下动脉迷走未诊断,符合率为83%.结论 MSCT作为一种无创性诊断方法,对于COA和IAA及其合并的其他畸形,具有重要的诊断价值,值得广泛推广.     

罕见类型的主动脉弓畸形

主动脉弓畸形的罕见类型包括右或左骨下动与左或右主动脉弓彼此不连接（分离）。无名或颈动脉分离和左无名动脉异常走行（迷走）伴随右位主动脉弓，其它畸形还有永存第五动脉弓，作为主动脉弓第五分支的锁骨下动脉，肺动脉和动脉导管悬带，中讨论了这些畸形的心血管造影特点和胚胎学改变。     

双源CT心血管成像诊断右位主动脉弓并双降主动脉畸形1例

男,5岁,因生后反复发作肺部感染就诊于当地医院.体检、实验室检查未发现阳性体征.胸片提示存在心血管畸形可能.进一步行心脏超声检查,提示降主动脉狭窄可能.为明确诊断就诊于本院,行双源CT心血管成像(CTA)检查,检查显示:主动脉弓部位于脊柱右侧,延续为降主动脉后,沿脊柱右侧下行,至膈肌水平与另一沿脊柱左侧下行血管(左侧降主动脉)汇合后,穿过膈肌延续为腹主动脉(图1,2).脊柱右侧降主动脉管腔迂曲,脊柱左侧降主动脉管腔较纤细,近心端为盲端(图3).左侧锁骨下动脉起自左侧降主动脉,左侧颈总动脉、右侧颈总动脉及右侧锁骨下动脉依次自右位主动脉弓发出.CTA诊断:右位主动脉弓合并双降主动脉畸形.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.