指背腱膜的解剖学研究

目的 探讨指背腱膜的构成特点及临床意义。方法 在30只成人尸体手标本上，通过模拟手术，对指背腱膜的构成特点进行了应用解剖学观测。结果 指背腱膜的构成复杂，其中的外侧腱束、外侧束、外侧腱和中央束在手指畸形的发生中有着特殊的临床意义。外侧腱束主要形成伸近节指间关节的功能解剖机制；其与外侧束形成的密切纤维联系而具有协同外侧腱的功能；该腱束与屈肌腱鞘有联系又使其具有平衡屈肌和伸肌肌力的作用。中央束在指背腱膜的整体协调、畸形的发生及矫正过程中起着重要的功能。结论 通过对指背腱膜的解剖研究，可以解释因指屈、伸肌腱平衡被破坏后所形成的畸形。     

带血管蒂腓骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的：为跟腱缺损修复新术式的设计提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，对腓骨长肌腱外踝上段和足外侧段的血供进行了解剖学观测，并在标本上进行模拟术式设计，结果：跟外侧动脉恒定发３．７（２～５）支外径为０．５±０．２ｍｍ骨肌腱支，腓动脉穿支降支发２．７（２～４）支外径为０．５±０．２ｍｍ肌腱支，分别自腱前、后缘进入腱周组织，营养腱足外侧段；外踝上段肌腱血供自外踝尖上８．２±１．８ｃｍ，由腓动脉发出的肌间隔支营养，外径０．９±０．２ｍｍ、长度２．７±０．９ｃｍ。结论：可以上述血管之一为蒂设计腓骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的术式，临床成功应用１例，证实术式具有可行性。     

屈指肌腱腱纽的显微外科解剖学

利用６０只手（成人５０只，右２３、右２７；婴幼儿１０只：左右各５只），研究了屈指肌健键纽的位置、形态、数量、大小、起止和与周围结构的关系。详细观察了发白指掌侧固有动脉和神经又经腱纽分布到屈指肌腱的动脉和神经分支及其穿腱鞘的位置、行走途径、外径大小和分布特点，以及指掌侧动脉弓的位置，外径大小等。作者认为腱纽中的血管对指腱鞘内屈指肌腱的营养是重要的，同时腱纽又给肌腱提供了一个附着于指骨的结构，并能传送一定的力。因此在手术中应注意保护腱纽。     

第一掌骨背侧血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的研究第一掌骨背侧４种血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学基础。方法对３２只新鲜尸手标本,分别行血管染料灌注、血管造影、透明标本后,进行显微解剖学观察。结果（１）桡动脉腕背支、拇指桡侧指背动脉、第一掌背动脉的拇指尺侧支、拇指桡掌侧动脉掌指关节周围支、拇主要动脉分出的拇指尺侧指背动脉等５支血管,共同构成第一掌骨背面区域筋膜层的血管网;并与拇指背皮神经呈节段性伴行。（２）供区内有２条同行浅静脉干,存在静脉瓣膜。结论该供区可设计成拇指桡侧指背动脉、拇指桡侧血管筋膜蒂、拇指尺侧指背动脉筋膜蒂和拇指背皮神经伴行血管蒂等４种类型的岛状皮瓣,可顺行或逆行移位修复创面。     

陈旧性锤状指的显微解剖与治疗研究

对１０例（４０指）新鲜完整截肢标本行显微解剖与血管灌注研究，发现国人伸指肌腱末端血供完全来源于指掌侧固有动脉指背支及其分支，经１支长系膜样结构及１～２支短系膜样结构分布于体肌腱及膜状腱周组织。本文提供显微解剖数据并结合１９７８～１９９０年３０例患者临床资料，探讨近十年诸多手术方法，归纳为六类，指出任何术式均应遵循的三原则为＂休息位、双层曲、短片状石膏托外固定法。＂     

末节指神经血管显微解剖及临床意义

目的为手指末节外伤的修复特别是感觉的恢复提供解剖学依据。方法在12只经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人新鲜手标本上,手术显微镜下观察、测量手指末节区域内神经与血管的走行、分支、分布、外径及二者的形态学关系。结果指掌侧固有神经多在末节指动脉弓起始处跨过指动脉行向指腹及侧背部,主干分两支,其内外支起始处横径分别为0.7～0.9mm、0.7～0.8mm,在半月线平面的横径分别为0.6～0.8mm、0.5～0.7mm,左右分支间相互交叉分布,其分支比伴行的动脉低且稍粗。结论指神经多在末节指骨底分支到指腹、指尖和指背,末节断指再植神经、血管吻合的适宜解剖区为远侧指间关节至指甲中1/3区。     

挤压法治疗断指再植术后静脉危象的实验和临床研究

测定２０只ＳＤ大鼠在模拟正常、静脉危象和挤压法实施瞬刻三种不同条件下鼠股静脉压。１０只人体离体断指在模拟灌注状态下，开放静脉、关闭静脉和关闭静脉并实施挤压三种状态下，指背静脉压的变化。结果：ＳＤ鼠上述条件下的股静脉压分别为（８．３３±１．２９）×１０－２ｋｐａ、（２０．６１±２．３４）×１０－２ｋｐａ、（７３．９１±５．７４）×１０－２ｋｐａ；离体灌注指上述状态下指背静脉压分别为１．３２±０．１７ｋｐａ、４．２９±０．４８ｋｐａ、１６．８８±５．２５ｋｐａ。在临床２５例３５指４３次静脉危象处理中，挤压法成功地治疗了２１例３０指３９次静脉危象。     

指背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损

目的 探讨拇指组织缺损的修复方法。方法 利用8具尸体16只手进行解剖学研究，观察了拇指背动脉、第1掌背动脉及食指桡侧指背动脉。临床上分别以拇指背动脉、示指桡侧指背动脉为蒂于手背侧设计岛状皮瓣进行应用。结果 拇指背动脉外径0．24～0．46mm，平均0．37mm，示指桡侧指背动脉0．26～0．56mm，平均0．44mm，血管恒定。临床应用拇指背血管蒂逆行皮瓣、示指桡侧指背血管蒂皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损12例；皮瓣带人桡神经指背支形成有感觉皮瓣，效果更满意。结论 以指背血管为蒂的手背侧皮瓣是修复拇指组织缺损的较为理想方法。     

第二掌背动脉双轴点岛状皮瓣的解剖学研究

目的为第二掌背动脉双轴点岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法在30例新鲜成人尸手标本经肱动脉灌注天然乳胶-红色球磨染料混合液,观察第二掌背动脉皮肤返支动脉的起点、分支、分布及其吻合支。结果在本组标本中,皮肤返支血管出现率100％。在第二掌背动脉与食指伸肌腱交叉连接远侧（0．5±0．2）cm处穿出,距掌指关节近侧（1．2±0．5）cm处进入皮肤,可见（1．7±0．7）支细小皮肤返支血管分支,在背侧浅静脉的深面向近侧纵向扇行分布行走,这些细小的血管网之间有很多的吻合,皮肤返支血管外径（0．3±0．1）mm,主要皮肤返支血管长度为（6．5±0．8）cm。结论皮肤返支动脉的走行、分支、分布恒定,皮肤返支血管可增加第二掌背动脉皮瓣血管蒂的长度,为第二掌背动脉双轴点岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据,克服了第二掌背动脉岛状皮瓣从指背取皮需植皮留下瘢痕的缺点。     

指背血管的应用解剖

为探讨指背旗形皮瓣的血供方式，对２０只成人手标本行细致的解剖学观测。结果：①手指背侧的皮肤主要由指掌侧固有动脉的背侧分支供应，指背动脉短小，只参与指背近节皮肤的血液供应。②手指背侧的静脉系统丰富，常吻合成网，在远侧、近侧指间关节及近节指中份形成第一、二、三级静脉弓。③第三级静脉弓粗大，近侧弯向指根部形成桡、尺侧指背静脉干，注入手背静脉网。④桡、尺侧静脉干之间的区域，几乎无静脉可见，可称为指背的“乏静脉区”。⑤静脉干至指中轴线的距离，在指背近节中份平面为４．１±０．１ｍｍ，掌指关节平面为５．２±０．２ｍｍ。由此对指背旗形皮瓣的解剖特点、设计原则及存活机理做了阐述     

Selective corticosteroid injection into the extensor pollicis brevis tenosynovium for de Quervain's disease.

Selective corticosteroid injection into the extensor pollicis brevis tenosynovium was performed in 50 patients (7 men and 43 women; 53 hands) with de Quervain's disease. Mean patient age was 32.4 years and mean follow-up was 4.1 years. Before selective injection into the extensor pollicis brevis tenosynovium, the extensor pollicis brevis tendon was palpated at the distal ulnar side of the first compartment, with dorsal and volar flexion of the first metacarpophalangeal joint. A 27-gauge needle was placed along the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and into the distal entrance of the extensor pollicis brevis tenosynovium selectively, and 10 mg of 40 mg/mL triamcinolone acetonide and 0.25 mL of 1% xylocaine were combined and injected. Forty-six hands had relief of pain following a single injection. Six hands required a second injection and 1 hand required a third injection. Ultimately, all 53 hands had satisfactory results by selective extensor pollicis brevis injection alone, and no patients required surgical treatment.     

Variations of the extensor indicis muscle and tendon

Variations of the extensor indicis muscle were examined in 164 hands from 86 Japanese cadavers. Anomalous cases exhibiting supernumerary muscles or tendons were found in 22 hands. These variations were classified into four types: type 1, an additional tendon slip from the extensor indicis tendon; type 2, an extensor indicis radialis or extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius; type 3, an extensor medii proprius with or without extensor medii brevis; and type 4, an extensor indicis radialis and extensor medii proprius. The extensor medii proprius was the most common variation, followed by extensor indicis radialis. There were no clear differences in incidence of variations between men and women or between right and left hands. When variations were bilateral, both sides were identical or similar in type.     

指伸肌腱终腱损伤的生物力学研究

目的 从生物力学角度探讨指伸肌腱终腱损伤的发病机理。方法 取新鲜成人尸体的示、中、环、小指各10指，采用拉伸实验和冲击实验方法进行生物力学测试分析。结果 拉伸试验：终腱的应力应变曲线表明终腱的中段是强度危险区，冲击试验；终腱具有速度依赖性，快负荷时，终腱强度小于骨质，损伤以终腱断裂为主；慢负荷时，终腱强度大于骨质，损伤以终腱止点骨撕脱为主。结论 腱性和骨性外向型状指的病理机制不同，前者以修复终腱的断裂部位为主，后者以重建指伸肌腱终腱的抵止点为主。     

Variation in insertion of the abductor digiti minimi: an anatomic study

We dissected 70 cadaver hands to examine the anatomy of the insertion of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM). The insertion had 2 forms. In 58 hands the insertion of the ADM was divided into 2 tendinous portions: one attached the base of the proximal phalanx (bone insertion) and the other attached the extensor aponeurosis (extensor insertion). In 12 hands the bone insertion existed solely. The mean length and width of the bone insertion were 10.6 +/- 3.1 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 mm and those of the extensor insertion were 18.5 +/- 4.0 and 2.1 +/- 1.1 mm, respectively. The mean proportion of the width of the extensor insertion to that of whole tendon was 31% (range, 0% to 50%). These observations show greater variation in the insertional anatomy of the ADM than reported previously.     

伸肌腱腱帽解剖与异体腱帽移植的相关性实验研究

目的 探讨伸肌腱腱帽解剖与异体腱帽移植的相关性研究。方法 对6只新鲜尸手24指指伸肌腱腱帽的动力结构和静力结构进行观察,并测定了各指伸肌腱在腱帽处的滑动范围。结果 各指腱帽桡、尺侧的长度均是桡侧长于尺侧,各指伸肌腱腱帽的滑动范围在0．9－1．5cm间,示指最大,小指最小。结论 异体腱移植可恢复伸肌腱腱帽的原有结构,可避免自体肌腱移植后的肌腱移植后的肌腱下滑而影响伸指功能的恢复。     

Variations of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and its insertion: a study of 44 cadaveric hands

The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon, in particular its insertion, in 44 preserved hands from 23 cadavers. We found that only 25% of the tendons were inserted in the conventional way, viz, into the base of the proximal phalanx, and confirmed that the course and insertion of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon varies widely. The importance of these findings to the practice of hand surgery is discussed.     

Histogenesis and morphology of the flexor tendon pulley system in the human embryonic hand

The number, position, structural and ultrastructural features of the flexor tendon pulley system in six human embryonic hands, aged from 6 to 12 weeks, were studied by light and electron microscope. The pulley system can be recognized from the ninth week; later, at 12 weeks, the structures are easily identified around the flexor tendon in positions closely correlated to those found during post-natal growth and in the adult hand. Structurally and ultrastructurally the pulleys are not simply thickened portions of the sheath. They are formed by three layers: an inner layer, one or two cells thick, probably representing a parietal synovial tendon sheath; a middle layer formed by collagen bundles and fibroblasts whose direction is mainly perpendicular to the underlying phalanx; and an outermost layer consisting of mesenchymal tissue with numerous vessels which extends dorsally in an identical layer, forming a ring that includes flexor and extensor tendons and the cartilaginous model of the phalanx. The pulley does not have a semicircular shape but a much more complicated one, owing to the middle layer which in part runs dorsally and in part ventrally, under the flexor tendons.     

Anatomic and clinical studies of the extensor digitorum brevis manus

The extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle (EDBM) was found in 17 (3.0%) out of 559 dissected hands of 286 cadavers. The anatomy of the EDBM was classified into three types. The EDBM frequently arose on the distal margin of the radius, but without direct attachment to the carpal bones. The insertion of the EDBM was the same as that of the extensor indicis proprius. The EDBM and the extensor indicis proprius were often joined and had the same nerve and arterial supply. The EDBM muscle was considered to be a variant of the extensor indicis proprius muscle. Clinically five of 29 patients with an EDBM were treated.     

Extensor digitorum brevis manus. A case report

A 45-year-old man presented with swelling on the dorsum of both hands, discomfort and pain, all of which became aggravated with activity. An anomalous muscle, the extensor digitorum brevis was found bilaterally. Division of the extensor retinaculum was performed in one hand, excision of the anomalous muscle in the other. One year after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic in both hands.