静脉毒瘾者84例HGV感染状况

目的调查庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）在静脉毒瘾者中的感染状况。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测８４例静脉毒瘾者血浆标本。ＨＧＶＲＮＡ经热变性法提取后逆转录为ｃＤＮＡ，在ＨＧＶ５′非编码区（５′ＮＣＲ）设计两对引物进行巢式扩增，产物为２３８ｂｐ，并经限制性内切酶ＨｐａⅡ鉴定扩增产物来自ＨＧＶ。结果８４例中有１５例为ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阳性，阳性率为１７．９％。ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阳性病例中１１例合并丙型肝炎病毒感染（１１／１５）。结论静脉毒瘾者是ＨＧＶ感染的高危人群；不洁注射是获得ＨＧＶ感染的重要途径。     

聚合酶链反应检测HGV RNA

庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)呈全球性分布。在志愿供血员中 HGV 感染率约为1.7%,职业供血员中为12.9%,在一些不明原因肝病患者中约为9%。HGV 感染可表现为急性、慢性或暴发性肝炎。目前采用聚合酶链反应检测 HGV RNA 是诊断 HGV 感染的主要手段。我们在 HGV5′端非翻译区(5′UTR)设计引物。建立了检测 HGV RNA 的逆转录-套式-聚合酶链反应(RT-Nested-PCR),并用于 HGV感染的诊断。材料与方法一、标本来源     

RT-PCR法检测HGV RNA和ELISA法检测抗-HGV意义探讨

目的:探讨检测HGV RNA和抗-HGV的临床意义。方法:采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术和ELISA法分别对351例住院肝炎患者血清中HGV RNA和抗-HGV进行检测。结果:351例中有32例(9.11％)HGV RNA阳性,34例(9.68％)抗HGV阳性,5例(1.41％)两项同时阳性;在11例患者不同住院期间的检测中发现,7例检测结果无变化,1例HGV RNA阴转,1例抗-HGV阴转,2例抗-HGV阳转。结论:HGV RNA和抗-HGV同时阳性的病例比较少。大多数情况两者不是同时存在,诊断意义可能有所差异;HGV RNA阳性表示现症感染,而抗-HGV阳性可能是感染后期或恢复期的标志。在HGV感染过程中会出现HGV RNA阴转或抗-HGV阴转和阳转的可能。     

慢性重型肝炎及肝炎肝硬化患者HGV感染状况分析

庚型肝炎病毒 (ＨＧＶ)可引起急性和慢性肝炎 ,且可与乙型肝炎病毒 (ＨＢＶ)、丙型肝炎病毒 (ＨＣＶ)同时或重叠感染。本文应用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应法 (ＲＴ ｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ)检测了 2 64例慢性重型肝炎患者和 466例肝炎肝硬化患者 (共 73 0例 )中ＨＧＶ的感染情况 ,现报     

聚合酶链反应和杂交试验检测上海地区庚型肝炎病毒感染的初…

为探讨上海地区庚型肝炎病毒感染的现状，采用逆转录－套式－聚合酶链反应检测庚肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ／ＧＢＶ－Ｃ）核酸（ＨＧＶ ＲＮＡ）。结果在各类患者和因员中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检出率分别是；血液透析和肾移植为１５．７％，丙型肝炎为３．３％、乙型肝炎为０、散发性非Ａ－Ｅ型肝炎为０、义务因员为７．５％。提示ＨＧＶ杂多为无闰状或亚临床型，常与ＨＣＶ重叠感染，并与输血密切相关，作者肯定了上海地区存在庚型肝炎，指出筛选     

定量聚合酶链反应在检测丙型肝炎病毒感染血清中的应用

定量聚合酶链反应在检测丙型肝炎病毒感染血清中的应用李伯安马洪滨薛净乔小红程云作者单位：１０００３９北京解放军第３０２医院附表ＰＣＲ定性与ＰＣＲ定量比较项目ＨＣＶＲＮＡ定量结果（拷贝／微升）＜１０１１０１～１０５＞１０５合计巢式（＋）４７７１６９７定性...     

重庆地区HGV感染的分子流行病学

目的 探讨重庆地区HGV感染和基因型特征，了解致病性和传播途径。方法 用RT-PCR和ELlSA方法检测685例献血员和76例血液透析患者HGV感染状况，比较肝功能和重叠感染情况并进行部分病例随访；进行HGV 5-NCR测序。结果 本地存在HGV感染．血液透析患者HGV RNA阳性率(36％)明显高于献血员抗-HGV阳性率(3％)，约半数透析患者HGV合并HCV和HBV感染；基因分型表明属于第3组3b亚型。结论 HGV主要经血传播，感染HGV透析患者未发现有明显致病性；基因分型有助于深入探讨病毒致病性和变异。     

肾透析患者血清中庚型肝炎病毒核酸的检测和与乙、丙型肝炎病毒同时感染分析

目的:了解肾透析患者庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)合并感染的状况。方法:应用逆转录多聚酶链反应扩增庚型肝炎病毒基因,采用蛋白酶K裂解法提取血清中HGV RNA,逆转录为cDNA后进行巢式扩增,获得238bp的特异性片段。用此方法对28例肾透析患者血清标本进行检测。结果:发现28例患者血清中有4例HGV RNA阳性。这4例患者同时合并HCV感染,其中2例为HBV、HCV、HGV合并感染。结论:肾透析患者是HGV感染的高危人群,HGV在肾透析患者中常与HCV、HBV合并感染。     

186例病毒性肝炎血清中HGV RNA检测

笔者应用逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测186例病毒性肝炎患者血清庚型肝炎病毒核糖核酸(HGV-RNA),以了解广西玉林地区庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)在肝炎患者中的感染状况,结果如下。 1 对象和方法 1.1 检测对象 186例均为1996年5月～1997年2月住我院传染科的病毒性肝炎患者,男150例,女     

A cross-sectional study on HGV infection in a rural population

ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＡＩＭＴｏｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｔｈｅｅｐｉｄｅｍｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆＨＧＶｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ａｎｄｔｏｃｏｍｐａｒｅｗｉｔｈＨＢＶａｎｄＨＣＶｉｎｆｅｃｔｉ...     

High incidence and prevalence of HIV-1 infection in high risk population in Calcutta,India

HIV-1 infection in India has been increasing steadily over the last decade. In the absence of potent antiviral therapy, estimates of HIV infection are needed to monitor the epidemic, institute prevention strategies in target populations and determine the suitable populations for vaccine studies. In this report we present the HIV-1 seroprevalence and annual estimates of seroincidence in a high risk population from Calcutta, the most populous city in the eastern part of India. In 1206 high risk subjects tested over two years between February of 1999 and December 2000, we have determined an overall seroprevalence of 40.1% using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay followed by a confirmatory Western blot testing. Furthermore, using a newly described Standardized Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV-1 Seroconversion (STARHS), we have estimated an annual seroincidence rate of about 7% in this population during this two-year study. Such a high annual seroincidence rate makes this population well suited for studies of HIV-1 prevention, including vaccine trials.     

HCV infection in the general population of a Greek island: prevalence and risk factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although HCV seroprevalence in blood donors in Greece is low (0.2-0.4%) epidemiologic characteristics of HCV infection in the general population have not been studied enough. The objective of this study was to examine the seroprevalence of HCV infection and associated risk factors in the general population of Zakinthos, a Greek island with a well-defined mixed (urban and rural) population. METHODOLOGY: A household health survey was carried out in a randomly selected sample of 718 adults. A questionnaire was completed and a blood sample was obtained from all participants. Serum samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by third generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and supplemental test. The influence of sociodemographic characteristics and possible associated risk factors on the HCV seroprevalence was investigated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall anti-HCV prevalence was 1.25%. A well-defined rural area with a significant higher prevalence (6.8% vs. 0.62%; P < 0.001) was identified. There was a trend of increasing prevalence with age, with a significant difference (P < 0.027) between the age groups 15-44 (0%) and over 45 (2.15%). The logistic regression analysis confirmed a significant association between anti- HCV positivity and: increasing age (P < 0.001), history of blood transfusion (0.0001), intramuscular injections (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this field-survey in a well-defined general population, indicates that HCV seroprevalence (1.25%) is much higher than that of blood donors in the same area. The increasing prevalence with age and the association with parenteral exposure indicates that HCV infection can mainly be attributed to parenteral techniques in the past. The identification of a concrete rural area with particularly high seroprevalence needs further study of the whole population of the area.     

Low peptic ulcer and high gastric cancer prevalence in a developing country with a high prevalence of infection by Helicobacter pylori

We compared the prevalence rates of peptic ulcer (duodenal and gastric) and gastric cancer in 1,796 dyspeptic Peruvian patients with those reported in 2,883 similar patients from developed countries. The prevalence of total peptic ulcer was significantly lower, and that of gastric cancer significantly higher, in the Peruvian patients. The prevalence of gastric ulcer was lower but not significantly so. We deduced that the significantly lower prevalence of total peptic ulcer was directly related to the low prevalence rate of duodenal ulcer. We hypothesize that the reason for these differences was probably a higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis with hypochlorhydria in the Peruvian patients. Hypochlorhydria decreases the predisposition to peptic ulcer (especially duodenal ulcer), and chronic atrophic gastritis may predispose an individual to gastric cancer.     

The RIPASA score is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in a western population

Aim

The definitive diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) requires histopathological examination. Various clinical diagnostic scoring systems attempt to reduce negative appendectomy rates. The most commonly used in Western Europe and the USA is the Alvarado score. The Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha appendicitis (RIPASA) score achieves better sensitivity and specificity in Asian and Middle Eastern populations. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the RIPASA score in Irish patients with AA.

Methods

All patients who presented to our institution with right iliac fossa pain and clinically suspected AA between January 1 and December 31, 2015, were indentified from our hospital inpatient enquiry database and retrospectively studied. Operating theatre records and histology reports confirmed those who underwent a non-elective operative procedure and the presence or absence of AA. SPSS version 22 was used for statistical analysis. Standard deviation is provided where appropriate.

Results

Two hundred eight patients were included in the study (106/51% male, mean age 22.7 ± 9.2 years). One hundred thirty-five (64.9%) had histologically confirmed AA (mean symptom duration = 36.19 ± 15.90 h). At a score ≥7.5, the previously determined score most likely associated with AA in Eastern populations, the RIPASA scoring system demonstrated a sensitivity of 85.39%, specificity of 69.86%, positive predictive value of 84.06%, negative predictive value of 72.86% and diagnostic accuracy of 80% in our cohort.

Conclusion

The RIPASA score is a useful tool to aid in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the Irish population. A score of ≥7.5 provides sensitivity and specificity exceeding that previously documented for the Alvarado score in Western populations.

What does this paper add to the literature?

This is the first study evaluating the utility of the RIPASA score in predicting acute appendicitis in a Western population. At a value of 7.5, a cut-off score suggestive of appendicitis in the Eastern population, RIPASA demonstrated a high-sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and diagnostic accuracy in our cohort and was more accurate than the commonly used Alvarado score.

     

HIV infection in a high prevalence hemodialysis unit

The number of intravenous drugs users (IVDUs) developing end-stage renal disease at our institution increased 400% between 1981 and 1987. During this period the total number of IVDUs in our catchment area remained stable and referral patterns to our hospital were unchanged. A serologic, clinical and risk-factor survey for HIV infection was conducted in our maintenance hemodialysis unit with the objective of evaluating the interrelationship between HIV infection and the increasing incidence of renal failure in IVDUs. The risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV in a hemodialysis unit with an expected high prevalence of infection was also investigated. The effect of HIV seropositivity on the clinical course of patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis was evaluated prospectively. Twenty-seven (39%) out of 70 maintenance hemodialysis patients tested were seropositive for HIV. Twenty-three (88%) out of 26 IVDUs receiving dialysis were seropositive for HIV. Despite marked CD4 cell depletion (mean CD4 cell count 225), none of the seropositive patients had AIDS when first evaluated and only one developed AIDS during 12 months of follow-up. None of the dialysis staff members or dialysis patients without HIV risk factors was seropositive for HIV. IVDUs who develop end-stage renal disease appear to have a high rate of infection with HIV. We can expect that the number of HIV-infected dialysis patients will continue to increase. Fortunately, even in a high prevalence hemodialysis unit, the risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV appears to be low.     

The prevalence of coronary heart disease in the multiethnic and high diabetes prevalence population of Mauritius

Abstract. The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined in a population survey in Mauritius where the prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes and mortality from CHD are amongst the highest in the world. Men and women aged 35–74 years of all major ethnic groups were included: Asian Indians (Hindus and Muslims). Creoles and Chinese. ECG abnormalities suggesting either ‘probable CHD’ or ‘possible CHD’ were defined using standard criteria. The overall prevalence of probable CHD was 2.7% in men and 0.9% in women, and that of probable or possible CHD together 17.8% in men and 33.3% in women. The prevalence of CHD did not vary significantly between the four ethnic groups. In the multivariate analyses, age and high blood pressure were the most important independent predictors of ECG abnormalities. Neither diabetes nor serum insulin seemed to contribute independently to the prevalence of CHD. This survey confirmed the high ranking of Mauritius in international mortality statistics. The high rates of CHD seen in Asian Indians, African-origin Creoles and Chinese in the rapidly developing country of Mauritius may be a pointer to future problems in their regions of origin.