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1免疫缺陷病原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的临床筛查工作已在我国部分地区开展,但全国范围内新发病例仍很少,提示儿科医师尚应加强警觉,逐步在相对发达地区基层医院建立免疫缺陷病初筛手段。PID是免疫学研究的天然模型,疾病相关基因的突变与表现型的关系对阐明靶基因的功能十分重要。随着PID病例逐渐累积,将可能在今后数年提供中国大陆PID基因突变特点与疾病表现的初步数据。重庆医科大学儿童医院分析了9例Wiskott Aldrich综合征患儿,发现其中4例患儿存在3种新型突变,但所有患儿均具有典型临床表现,扫描电镜检测其淋巴细胞异常亦相似[1]。其…     

功能获得性基因突变与原发性免疫缺陷病

以常染色体隐性遗传(AR)和X-连锁隐性遗传(XR)方式起病的原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)多表现为功能丧失性突变(LOF),LOF造成相关免疫基因不表达或表达不足、表达产物功能完全丧失或明显降低进而引发PID。而以常染色体显性遗传(AD)方式起病的PID除可表现为LOF外,还可表现为功能获得性突变(GOF),GOF可造成相关免疫基因功能增强或异常活化,进而引起相关临床表现。目前已发现18种PID由GOF基因突变所致,其临床表型复杂,免疫学异质性明显,常以自身炎症或自身免疫为主要表现,伴或不伴其他经典PID的临床特征如反复感染、过敏、肿瘤等。     

特殊健康状态儿童预防接种专家共识之三——原发性免疫缺陷病的预防接种

正1概况原发性免疫缺陷病(primary immunodeficiencydisease,PID)是指由遗传因素或先天性免疫系统发育不良导致免疫系统功能障碍的一组综合征,可累及固有免疫和(或)适应性免疫。常见的临床表现包括反复、严重感染,特殊病原微生物感染等,或者表现为自身免疫(炎症)性疾病,严重过敏症状及肿瘤等。根据最新国际免疫学会的分类,将PID分为     

有血液特征的原发性免疫缺陷病

某些原发性免疫缺陷病(PID),如性连锁丙种球蛋白血症、严重联合免疫缺陷病、普通变异型免疫缺陷病、Chediak-Higashi综合征、Wiskott-Aldrich综合征等临床与血液学表现均有相似之处,均易并感染及恶性肿瘤,常导致一个或多个细胞系列抑制和(或)功能缺陷.血液学表现虽不能作为PID的诊断依据,但对鉴别诊断、合并症判断、预后判断及指导治疗均有重要的临床意义.     

单中心174例原发性免疫缺陷病临床预警症状的初步探讨

目的 分析并总结原发性免疫缺陷病（PID）患儿的临床感染特征和预警症状,了解预警症状对PID早期识别的应用价值。方法 参考2011年免疫学会国际联合会(IUIS)PID分类委员会公布的方案、泛美免疫缺陷病组(PAGID)和欧洲免疫缺陷病协会(ESID)提出的PID诊断和分类标准,在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2000年10月至2011年11月病例检索系统检索出院诊断中含有上述PID分类疾病的病历,对于诊断低丙种球蛋白血症和联合免疫缺陷的患儿除外继发性免疫缺陷病,逐份查阅病历重新诊断,并做出明确、可以和可能诊断,以明确、可以诊断的病例进行预警症状的分析。结果 ①174例PID患儿进入分析,男女比例为4.4∶1,其中抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷101例(58.0%),严重联合免疫缺陷病（SCID）34例(19.5%),吞噬细胞功能缺陷19例(10.9%),定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征10例(5.7%),免疫失调性疾病10例(5.7%)。②75例(43.1%)存在反复呼吸道感染,以抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷最为常见,与SCID间差异有统计学意义;卡介苗接种后异常反应在慢性肉芽肿病（CGD）中最多见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷和SCID比较差异有统计学意义;腹泻病在定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征中较常见,败血症在SCID和CGD患儿中较常见,但PID各类型间比较差异无统计学意义。③72例(41.4%)患儿存在营养发育落后,PID各类型间差异无统计学意义;淋巴结、肝和脾肿大以CGD和免疫失调性疾病最为常见;鹅口疮在SCID中常见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷差异有统计学意义;肛周脓肿以CGD多见,与其他PID类型比较差异有统计学意义。107例(61.5%)有明确微生物学证据。④PID患儿共电话随访到85例(48.8%),其中死亡28例(32.9%)。⑤124例为明确和可以诊断PID,其中106例(85.5%)具备≥2条预警症状。静脉应用抗生素清除病灶(96.0%)、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓(41.1%)、反复呼吸道感染(41.9%)和PID家族史(22.6%)在不同类型PID中均占有较高的比例。结论 预警症状对PID有着很好的提示作用,需要静脉应用抗生素清除病灶、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓和PID家族史对PID有预警意义,中耳炎、中枢神经系统感染和反复呼吸道感染在抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷中较为多见, 深部脓肿、卡介苗接种后异常反应对CGD有预警意义。慢性反复发作性腹泻对PID预警作用值得进一步关注。     

高IgE综合征1例并基因分析

<正>高IgE综合征(hyper-IgE syndrome,HIES)又称Job综合征(Job's syndrome),是一种原发性免疫缺陷病,病变可累及多器官,其主要临床表现为皮肤和肺部反复化脓性感     

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1免疫缺陷病的概念及分类免疫缺陷病(immunodeficiencydisease,IDD)是指免疫系统中任何一个成分或多个成分的缺乏或功能缺陷导致免疫功能障碍,引起机体防御功能下降或部分下降,并由此而引起的一组临床综合征。因遗传因素,如基因突变、缺失等所致免疫功能缺陷称为原发性免疫缺陷病(primaryimmu nodeficiencydisease,PID),因后天因素所致的免疫缺陷称为获得性和继发性免疫缺陷病(secondaryimmunodeficien cy,SID)[1,2]。PID包括原发性B细胞缺陷、原发性T细胞缺陷、联合免疫缺陷、补体系统缺陷和吞噬细胞缺陷等;SID由营养不良、感染、药…     

原发性免疫缺陷病早期诊断和临床干预

原发性免疫缺陷病(primary immunodeficiency disease,PID)是一组遗传异质性疾病,是由于免疫系统发育和(或)功能异常所致。到目前为止,已经明确的PID种类已经达150多种,其临床主要表现为患者易发生感染、自身免疫和肿瘤。近年来随着研究的深入,关于其发病机制和临床治疗均取得了突破性进展。如能早期诊断可及时对PID患者进行干预,从而减少并发症,提高生活质量,改善预后,尤其是对于特定类型的PID如重症联合免疫缺陷(severe     

以血细胞减少为首发表现的儿童原发性免疫缺陷病23例临床分析

目的回顾血细胞减少为首发表现的原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的病例资料,了解PID并发免疫性血细胞减少的临床特点,为临床诊疗工作提供帮助。方法收集我院血液肿瘤中心自2012年1月至2014年7月间收治的23例以免疫性血细胞减少为首发表现的PID患儿临床资料并进行回顾性分析。结果23例中男14例,女9例,男:女=1.55:1;中位发病年龄11(1~107)个月,中位病程3个月(2 d~38个月);经过临床及实验室确诊联合免疫缺陷病6例、伴有其他症状的免疫缺陷病(湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征)5例、以抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷病(包括选择性IgA缺乏及普通变异型免疫缺陷病)7例、吞噬细胞功能缺陷(先天性中性粒细胞减少)1例、淋巴细胞凋亡缺陷(自身免疫性淋巴增殖性疾病)4例;其中14例进一步得到基因诊断证实。23例中以溶血性贫血为表现者9例、血小板减少9例,两系血细胞减少2例及全血细胞减少3例。对常规免疫治疗有效者4例(17.4%),部分有效者11例(47.8%),复发者3例(13.0%),无效者5例(21.7%,其中死亡1例)。结论PID并发免疫性血细胞减少常于婴儿期起病、男性多见,虽可影响两系及以上血细胞,但以单系免疫性血细胞减少为主;对常规免疫治疗效果欠佳、病程常迁延反复。诊断需结合临床及相关实验室检查,还可借助基因诊断。临床医生对常规免疫治疗效果不佳的儿童(尤其是婴幼儿)免疫性血细胞减少,需要注意存在PID的可能。     

原发性免疫缺陷病造血干细胞移植和基因治疗

原发性免疫缺陷病(primary immunodeficiency disease,PID)是一组以先天免疫缺陷为特点的遗传性疾病,中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、补体等免疫细胞缺陷可导致患儿严重感染而早期死亡。随着基础免疫学不断发展,PID所包含的疾病数量不断增长,目前已明确100多种疾病由120余种基因突变所致,且仍以每年新发现3～4种病种的速度增长[1]。国外PID发病率为1/万～2/万。我国PID患儿多数不能得到及时诊断,获得分子生物学、基因诊断的病例更是寥寥无几。普通变异型免     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.