Force feedback and basic laparoscopic skills

Background  Not much is known about the exact role of force feedback in laparoscopy. This study aimed to determine whether force feedback influences movements of instruments during training in laparoscopic tasks and whether force feedback is required for training in basic laparoscopic force application tasks. Methods  A group of 19 gynecologic residents, randomly divided into two groups, performed three laparoscopic tasks in both the box trainer and the virtual reality (VR) trainer. The box-VR group began with the box trainer, whereas the VR-box group began with the VR trainer. The three selected tasks included different levels of force application. The box trainer provides natural force feedback, whereas the VR trainer does not provide force feedback. The performance of the two groups was compared with regard to time, path length, and depth perception. Results  For the tasks in which force plays hardly a role, no differences between box-VR group and the VR-box group were found. During a task in which force application (pulling and pushing forces) plays a role, the box-VR group outperformed VR-box group in the box trainer. Moreover, training with the box trainer had a positive effect on subsequent performance of the task with the VR trainer. This was not found the other way around. No differences were found between box-VR and the VR-box group in tasks not requiring force application. Conclusion  Force feedback influences basic laparoscopic skills during tasks in which pulling and pushing forces are applied. For these tasks, the switch from the trainer without force feedback to the one with natural force feedback has a detrimental effect on performance. Therefore, training for tasks in which forces play an important role (e.g., stretching, grasping) should be done using systems with natural force feedback, whereas eye–hand coordination can be trained without force feedback.     

Upper body position analysis of different experience level surgeons during laparoscopic suturing maneuvers using optical motion capture

Background

This study aimed to analyze the posture patterns of surgeons with two different skill levels during laparoscopic surgery using an optical motion capture system.

多通道引导管在腹腔镜下胆总管切开探查术中的应用

目的探讨多通道引导管 (multipleinstrumentguide ,MIG)在腹腔镜胆总管切开探查(laparoscopiccholedochotomy ,LCD)中应用的意义。 方法回顾性分析比较MIG使用前后LCD的探查时间、探查结果、并发症发生及胆道镜损坏情况。结果 2 5例应用MIG的胆总管切开探查手术均顺利恢复 ,无中转开腹 ,术后无胆漏、出血 ,无结石残留 ,无胰腺炎发生。取出胆总管结石平均每例 6枚 ,探查过程用时 30min ,无胆道镜损坏。 38例采用常规方法探查胆总管后无出血、胆漏 ,并发无症状淀粉酶升高 2例 ,结石残留 1例。取出胆总管结石平均每例 5枚 ,探查过程用时 6 0min ,胆道镜损坏 6次。结论MIG能简化LCD的过程 ,缩短手术时间 ,提高手术的安全性 ,并能有效地保护胆道镜。     

The influence of experience and camera holding on laparoscopic instrument movements measured with the TrEndo tracking system

Background Eye–hand coordination problems occur during laparoscopy. This study aimed to investigate the difference in instrument movements between the surgeon him- or herself holding the camera and an assistant holding the camera during performance of a laparoscopic task and to check whether experience of the surgeon plays a role in this issue. Methods The participants were divided into three groups: experts, residents, and novices. Each participant performed positioning tasks using the right (R) and left (L) hands. During these tasks, the camera was manipulated either by the participant (C_self) or by an assistant (C_assistant). Movements of instruments were recorded with the authors’ new TrEndo tracking system. The performance was analyzed using five kinematic parameters: time, path length, three-dimensional (3D) motion smoothness, 1D motion smoothness (along the axis), and depth perception. Results A total of 46 participants contributed. Three tests were performed: test 1-LC_self, test 2-LC_assistant, and test 3-RC_assistant. In all the tests, the experts performed better than the residents and novices in terms of time, path length, and depth perception. The novices performed better in tests 1-LC_self and 2-LC_assistant than in test 3-RC_assistant in terms of path length, 3D motion smoothness, and depth perception. Conclusions Laparoscopic experience and the camera-holding factor influenced the performance of laparoscopic tasks on the simulator. Time, path length, and depth perception clearly discriminate between different levels of experience in laparoscopy, whereas 3D and 1D motion smoothness play a limited role. Novices experienced more difficulties when an assistant held the camera. Therefore, self-manipulation of the camera seems to improve novices’ eye–hand coordination.     

腹腔镜模拟训练系统用于腹腔镜手术基本技能训练的研究

目的:总结腹腔镜模拟训练系统对不同操作组腹腔镜手术基本技能的提高情况。方法:本科实习生组、研究生无腹腔镜操作经验组、本院进修医师无腹腔镜操作经验组,分别使用腹腔镜模拟训练系统练习镜下夹取黄豆、缝合及器械打结技术,2周后进行统计学分析。结果:操作训练前,本科实习生夹取黄豆、缝合技术及器械打结技术明显不如本院研究生及进修医师(P<0.05),经过2周训练,较简单的技能操作如夹取黄豆和研究生及进修医师无统计学差异(P>0.05),较复杂的技能操作如缝合技术、绕线打结练习训练前、后和本院研究生及进修医师相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但是3组人员训练后与训练前相比,腹腔镜的基本技能操作均显著提高(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜模拟训练系统能提高腹腔镜手术操作者的基本技能,值得推广。     

腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的并发症及其防治

目的探讨应用腹腔镜行小儿腹股沟斜疝内环口关闭术的临床应用价值和并发症的防治方法。方法回顾分析60例11个月～12岁腹股沟斜疝患儿应用自行改制的手术器械实施经腹腔镜内环口关闭术的临床资料。结果60例手术时间5～8rain,治愈59例,复发1例,平均住院日3～5d。结论应用该项技术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝,虽具有创伤小、手术时间短、副损伤小、恢复快、住院时间短、不留手术瘢痕等优越性,但仍存在一定并发症。     

精准腹腔镜胃袖状切除术治疗肥胖症的疗效

目的探讨精准腹腔镜胃袖状切除术（LSG）治疗肥胖症的疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年8月至2013年7月暨南大学附属第一医院收治的50例施行精准LSG治疗肥胖症患者的临床资料。记录术前、术后患者BMI、并发症情况以及相关代谢性疾病缓解情况。结果50例患者均顺利完成LSG,手术时间为（59±10）min,出血量为（10±4）ml,术后住院时间为（5．2±1．1）d。术后患者未发生严重并发症。术后随访时间〉1年的23例患者多余体质量减少率（EWL）为80％±18％,BMI下降（10．1±3．4）kg／m2;术后随访6～12个月的13例患者EWL为71％±15％,BMI下降（8．6±2．3）kg／m2;随访1～6个月（不含6个月）的14例患者EWL为28％±12％,BMI下降（4．2±1．6）kg／m。。6例合并胰岛素抵抗患者恢复正常;6例合并脂肪肝患者,5例血脂水平下降,1例变化不明显;4例合并2型糖尿病患者中,3例无需药物控制血糖,1例口服降糖药物控制良好;3例合并高血压患者停用降压药物血压控制良好。结论施行精准LSG治疗肥胖症,术中采取精细、准确的操作,减少术中、术后并发症,可取得满意疗效,使患者获益。     

腹腔镜肝切除术患者细胞免疫功能的变化

目的 探讨腹腔镜下肝切除术对机体细胞免疫功能的影响。方法 选择15例ASAⅡ-Ⅲ级择期行腹腔镜下肝切除术的患者(LH组),观察其术前、术后第1天、术后第3天的外周血淋巴细胞亚群及IL-6和TNF-α的变化,并与同期15例开腹肝切除术患者(OH组)进行对比。结果 两组患者术后第1天成熟T淋巴细胞(CD3 )、辅助T淋巴细胞(CD4 )、抑制性T淋巴细胞(CD8 )较术前均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05),而IL-6、TNF-α较术前升高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第3天LH组患者的CD3 、CD4 、CD8 以及IL-6、TNF-α基本上恢复至术前水平,而OH组患者CO3 、CD4 、CD8 仍低于术前、IL-6、TNF-α高于术前,组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 与开腹肝切除术相比,腹腔镜下肝切除术对患者细胞免疫功能影响轻且恢复快。     

腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的器械改进与应用研究

目的：探讨自行改进的手术器械应用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝内环口关闭术的应用价值。方法：回顾分析60例11个月～12岁的小儿腹股沟斜疝患儿应用自行改进的手术器械实施经腹腔镜腹股沟斜疝内环口关闭术的临床资料。结果：60例手术时间5～8min,治愈59例,复发1例,平均住院3～5d。结论：应用该技术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝,具有创伤小、手术时间短、副损伤小、恢复快、住院时间短、手术疤痕小等优越性。     

切开复位内固定结合外固定治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

2005年1月～2011年12月,我科对12例肘关节恐怖三联征患者采用切开复位内固定结合外支架固定治疗,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组12例,男7例,女5例,年龄29～67岁。桡骨小头骨折按改良Mason分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型1例;尺骨冠状突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型3例。12例患者均合并内、外侧副韧带损伤。伤后至手术时间2 h～8 d。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术的疗效观察

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术的技术与临床价值。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术行肾盂输尿管切开取石术24例,术前未行其他治疗。结果:24例均取石成功,其中1例5岁患儿改开放手术留置输尿管支架外引流管;手术时间55～210min,平均103min;术中出血量5～30ml,平均17.5ml。术后肠功能恢复时间12～24h,漏尿时间0～3d,日漏尿量0～50ml。术后4d拔除腹膜后引流管;术后住院5～7d;20例获随访2～12个月,患者肾功能均得到改善,无肾盂输尿管狭窄发生。结论:后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术具有创伤小、患者康复快、疼痛轻等优点,是微创治疗上尿路结石可选择的方法,对于较大的肾外型肾盂、输尿管上段结石可作为首选的治疗方法。     

Function of the shoulder joint after pectoralis major transfer--tracking movement and its electromyographical study

In 11 cases of pectoralis major transfer, tracking movement was performed in the scapular and sagittal planes for both shoulder joints to compare the tracking movement ability of the operated shoulder and the unoperated shoulder. At the same time, electromyograms were taken of the upper trapezius, the middle deltoideus, the pectoralis major and the rhomboideus to compare the EMG amplitude of the operated shoulder and the unoperated shoulder. For all movement at average values, tracking movement ability was better in the operated shoulder. From these findings, it is thought that pectoralis major transfer increases shoulder stability at the time of movement. The increase in EMG amplitude of pectoralis major of the operated shoulder is considered to result from the action of the transferred pectoralis major, which serves as an effective abductor of the scapula, also taking into account the early occurrence of scapular abduction.     

腹腔镜联合TEM器械行腹部无辅助切口结直肠癌体外根治切除术27例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜联合TEM器械行腹部无辅助切口高位直肠癌和乙状结肠癌体外根治性切除术的手术方法和适应证。方法回顾性分析27例患者的手术操作过程以及愈后情况。结果27例患者均顺利完成手术,无术后并发症发生。结论腹腔镜联合TEM器械行腹部无辅助切口高位直肠癌和乙状结肠癌体外根治性切除术是一种安全可靠的、更加微创的手术方式。     

Impact of the mesh fixation technique on operation time in laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias

Background

Fixation of the prosthesis is one of the critical components of laparoscopic repair of ventral and incisional hernia (LRVIH). The impact of the fixation technique used on operative time has never been analyzed. We compared the duration of the operation according to the fixation technique used in a series of 138 patients with primary umbilical hernia.

Methods

All patients underwent a straightforward repair by using completely standardized techniques. One hundred and seven patients had mesh fixation with a single crown of tackers (ProTack^®, TycoUSS, Norwalk, CT) and eight transabdominal sutures (TAS). Thirty-one patients had mesh fixation with a double crown of tackers (DC) without TAS.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, sex, hospital stay, and morbidity between the two groups. Mean operating time for the technique with TAS was 50.6 min compared to 41.4 min for the DC technique. The mean difference in operating time was 9.2 min. This difference was significant (P = 0.002). During a mean follow-up of 26.4 months, there were no recurrences in the entire series.

Conclusions

The difference in operative times between the two operative techniques can be entirely accounted to the difference in the time needed for insertion of eight TAS as compared to the time needed for application of an inner crown of tackers. This strongly indicates that insertion of every single TAS prolongs LRVIH for approximately 1 min. As long as no significant differences between the two fixation techniques are demonstrated on issues of recurrence, complications, and postoperative pain, the time difference we have measured might be an argument in favor of the DC technique, especially when mesh fixation would require a large number of TAS.

     

尺骨鹰嘴粉碎性骨折短缩固定后对肘关节功能影响的临床观察

尺骨鹰嘴粉碎性骨折,特别是位于滑车切迹中段的骨折,固定过程中可能会出现尺骨鹰嘴短缩,使鹰嘴变小和尺骨滑车切迹弧度发生改变,导致肘关节脱位影响肘关节的功能。从2003年至2007年4年期间共收治25例患者进行了尺骨鹰嘴截骨手术，报告如下。     

肘关节伸直桡偏固定治疗新鲜孟氏骨折脱位

自2000-2004年采用肘关节伸直桡偏固定的方法,保守治疗31例新鲜闭合性孟氏骨折脱位,经1~3·17年的随访观察,功能满意,总结如下。1临床资料本组31例患者中男19例,女12例;年龄3~45岁,平均18·7岁。14岁以上者17例。31例均为新鲜闭合性骨折。根据Bado分类标准:Ⅰ型(伸直型)20例,Ⅱ型(屈曲型)8例,Ⅲ型(内收型)3例。合并损伤:3例伴有桡神经深支损伤,1例合并同侧锁骨骨折,2例合并对侧胫腓骨骨折。2治疗方法在X线透视下,患者仰卧,肩关节外展90°;一助手握持上臂或在腋窝下双手牵拉,另一助手握持腕部。两助手轻轻用力作对抗牵引,逐渐伸直肘关节。术…     

"漂浮肩"损伤手术时机对肩关节功能的影响

目的了解肩胛颈骨折并同侧锁骨骨折的手术时机是否会对肩关节功能恢复产生影响。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月在西安市红会医院骨显微修复外科手术治疗的肩胛颈骨折并同侧锁骨骨折患者，根据收伤后手术时机是否超过10 d分为2组。采用等级资料的非参数检验、独立样本t检验比较2组患者手术1年后肩关节活动功能情况、Herscovici功能评分，及肩关节并发症情况。 结果共纳入28例患者，早期手术组17例、延期手术组11例。2组患者手术1年后肩关节活动功能分级(Z ＝－1.715)、Herscovici功能评分(t ＝－1.286)基本一致，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访1年，早期手术组肩关节出现外展受限1例，延期手术组肩关节外展受限2例、关节炎1例。 结论采用单纯锁骨内固定术治疗肩胛颈骨折并同侧锁骨骨折，早期或延期手术对肩关节功能恢复无明显影响。     

延长吸氧对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛的影响

目的 :探讨延长吸氧对腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)后肩部疼痛的影响。方法 :15 0例LC患者 ,随机分为延长吸氧组 (n =80 ) ,常规吸氧组 (n =70 ) ,观察两组间LC术后肩部疼痛情况。结果 :延长吸氧组LC术后肩部疼痛发生率明显低于常规吸氧组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且其肩部疼痛程度也较常规吸氧组轻 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :延长吸氧能改善LC术后肩部疼痛。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)对机体红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法 :以红细胞C3 b受体花环率、红细胞免疫复合物花环率、肿瘤红细胞花环率及CD3、CD4、CD8细胞作为观测指标 ,测定 6 0例LC患者术前、术后第 1天和第 3天免疫指标的变化。结果 :LC患者术后第 1天的上述免疫指标虽有轻度障碍 ,但没有显著性意义 ,且术后第 3天迅速恢复。结论 :LC患者手术前后红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞免疫功能没有明显障碍 ,是患者术后能迅速康复的免疫依据