前路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤安全置钉的解剖学研究

目的 研究前路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤的安全置钉位置.方法 15具标本经测量并比较L4.5神经根前支外缘至骶髂关节的上缘、中点、下缘三点距离后,找出离神经根较远的位置.结果 L4、5神经根前支外缘至骶髂关节的距离,上缘与中点的比较无统计学差异,而下缘与其他两点的比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 骶髂关节骨折脱位前路钢板固定时L5神经根较L4神经根受损伤的可能性更大,前路钢板内固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位时骶骨翼侧的剥离不应超过骶髂关节内侧20 mm,安全放置钢板及骶骨翼侧螺钉固定的最佳固定位置范围位于骶骨翼中上区域.     

前路双钢板与后路经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离的临床对比研究

目的比较前路切开复位双钢板与后路闭合复位经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2013年6月广东省第二人民医院收治的24例骶髂关节分离患者的临床资料,其中12例患者行前路切开复位双钢板内固定(前路组),另12例行后路闭合复位经皮空心螺钉内固定(后路组)。对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间和并发症发生情况;术后定期影像学检查观察骶髂关节分离在各个平面的残留距离;术后1年采用Matta评分标准评估疗效优良率。结果后路组和前路组手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间分别为(85±8)min、(13.6±2.5)m L、(16.4±2.4)mm、(9.5±1.4)d和(100±10)min、(440.8±41.4)m L、(142.9±11.3)mm、(17.8±1.8)d,后路组上述指标均明显优于前路组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者全部获得有效随访,平均随访时间15.3个月(12~18个月)。未见感染或神经、血管损伤病例,无一例出现内固定松动、断裂。术后1年影像学检查显示骶髂关节分离在各个平面上的残留距离均在0.5 cm以内。术后1年两组Matta评分优良率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论后路经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离可获得与前路双钢板内固定相似的临床疗效,同时还具有创伤小、出血量少、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点。     

检查骶髂关节脱位复位情况的一种新的后路方法

目的 介绍一种新的后路方法,在手术中能直接检查骶髂关节脱位（SIJD）的复位情况,并能引导骶髂螺钉置入.方法 12具正常国人成人甲醛固定湿润尸体标本.自L4、5水平至髂后下棘沿椎旁肌肉外侧纵行切口,延伸至髂后下棘下方.显露L5横突、髂后上棘及骶髂关节后、上表面.切开骶髂骨间韧带模拟创伤性脱位,用食指自L5横突下方钝性分离出一定空间,触摸骶髂关节后、上面及骶翼.结果有8具标本通过后部切口能够看到位于L5横突外前方的股神经和闭孔神经.有1具标本在L5横突下方间隙可以触摸到骶髂关节后、上面及骶翼,2具标本L5横突下方间隙狭窄,需要切开部分髂腰韧带;1具标本食指无法通过.SIJ脱位的不同方向可以通过触摸SIJ后、上表面来辨别.结论 骶髂关节和骶翼的后上表面能够直接用手指触摸到或在直视下看到,这种方法有助于术中检查骶髂关节破裂的复位情况,同时能引导骶髂螺钉置入.     

用螺纹压缩杆促使骨盆骨折的后侧稳定——病例报告和力学试验

对伴有耻骨联合分离及骶髂关节脱位的不稳定骨盆骨折,在治疗方法上尚有分歧。有外固定支架、外固定和切开复位内固定等方法,但均缺少术后对骶髂关节稳定性生物力学研究。作者对2例上述的不稳定骨盆骨折按新的生物力学概念,采取骶髂关节切开复位,螺纹压缩杆贯穿固定两侧骶后上棘,以稳定骶髂关节,而骨盆前面用三角形Pittsburgh支架固定。为证明这一治疗方法的效果,作者用4具尸体骨盆标本作纵向压力和扭转负荷试验,研究骶髂关节的稳定性。试验结果:骨盆后部使用螺纹压缩杆固定后,骨盆稳定性及抗负荷能力大大增加。虽然存在不同骶髂关节的耳状面骨隆起程度各不相同的几何面差异,但在后侧固定后,每个试验骨盆负荷强度大大地相对增加。作者又报告     

前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离损伤

目的总结前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离的手术方法。方法自1998年以来,采用前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离21例,髂腹股沟入路显露骶髂关节,刮除耳状关节面的软骨,关节复位后用1～2块重建钢板固定,关节间隙植骨融合。结果18例患者获9个月～3.5年(平均2.1年)随访。全部患者下地行走,14例无疼痛,4例轻度疼痛,均无骨盆畸形、下肢短缩等发生。X线复查见手术侧骶髂关节全部骨性融合。结论前路钢板螺钉内固定能有效恢复骶髂关节的稳定性,具有手术操作简单、创伤小、疗效可靠的优点。     

前路枕骨髁至枢椎螺钉内固定技术

该文作者报道一种前路自枢椎经两侧寰枢关节至枕骨髁螺钉内固定的枕颈融合技术,并与传统的后路枕颈融合内固定技术进行生物力学比较研究。具体方法是:采用6具新鲜成人完整标本,将枢椎齿突予以切除造成枕寰枢不稳,分别采用后路钢丝结扎、后路C1/C2经关节螺钉加钢板内固定和前路枢椎至枕骨螺钉内固定技术进行枕颈融合,每组各2具标本。运用光电测定系统对三组标本进行生物力学测定,主要检测各运动节段(Oc～C1、Cl～2)之间的运动范围(ROM)和中立区(NZ)的运动参数。对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果显示:在屈曲和伸展运动时,后路经关节螺钉加钢板内固定具有最大的力学稳定性,优于后路钢丝结扎和前路枢椎一枕骨螺钉技术。在侧屈和旋转运动时,前路枢椎一枕骨螺钉技术与后路经关节螺钉加钢板内固定技术在生物力学稳定性上无显著差异,均优于后路钢丝结扎技术。该文作者认为,前路枢椎一枕骨螺钉技术在枕颈融合时,可提供足够的力学稳定性;其技术设计简单,符合微创原则,尤其适用于后路枕颈融合失败后的翻修手术。     

前路双钢板螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离损伤

目的总结前路双钢板螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节分离的手术方法。方法采用骶髂关节前路切开复位加双钢板内固定治疗骶髂关节分离19例,术前、后均行X线片、CT三维重建检查并通过X线片随访。结果术后随访6～20个月,根据Denis评估标准:优13例,良3例,可3例。结论骶髂关节前路双钢板内固定术能直视复位,能有效恢复骶髂关节的稳定性,具有手术操作简单、创伤小、疗效可靠等优点。     

下腰椎侧方入路中相关神经的临床解剖学研究

[目的]研究下腰椎侧方入路中相关神经的应用解剖学特点,为该手术人路提供解剖学依据.[方法]观测21具成人尸体标本L3～S1神经根前支、闭孔神经及腰交感干的走行及与周围结构的毗邻关系.[结果]L3～S1神经根前支位置及走行相对恒定;骶髂关节间隙最上缘至L4.5神经根前支外侧缘及闭孔神经外侧缘的水平距离分别为(18.96±2.59) mm,(23.29±2.48) mm,(15.49±3.01) mm;骨盆界线与骶髂关节间隙交点至腰骶于外侧缘的水平距离为(6.20±2.08)mm;骶骨岬前外侧缘到第1骶前孔上缘切线的垂直距离为(28.73±2.93) mm.[结论]下腰椎侧方神经的走行及解剖学形态具有一定规律性,在下腰椎侧方手术入路中,可有效避开或牵开这些结构,避免术中损伤.     

前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位的疗效分析

目的探讨前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-12采用髂腹股沟入路切开复位骨盆重建接骨板加骶髂关节星形接骨板内固定治疗的24例髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位。髋臼骨折复位质量按Matta复位评分标准评定。骶髂关节分离复位评定采用PACS系统分别对术前及术后的CT横断面及矢状面骶髂关节间隙最宽处进行测量。髋关节功能采用Majeed评分标准评定。结果术前CT横断面骶髂关节间隙为(11.86±3.43)mm,术后为(4.05±0.76)mm,手术前后差值为(7.58±2.87)mm;术前CT矢状面骶髂关节间隙为(16.29±3.84)mm,术后为(4.27±0.95)mm,手术前后差值为(11.83±3.19)mm;结果显示术后髋臼及骶髂关节脱位复位良好。24例均获得随访7~30个月,平均12.8个月。骨折愈合时间3~9个月,平均4.8个月。髋臼骨折复位质量按Matta标准评定:优13例,良8例,可3例,优良率为87.5%。髋关节功能采用Majeed评分标准评定:优7例,良11例,可5例,差1例,优良率为75.0%。结论前侧髂腹股沟入路骨盆重建接骨板加骶髂关节星形接骨板内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位是一种简单有效的方法,具有操作安全、骨折复位满意、术后疗效肯定的优点。     

改良钉棒系统治疗垂直不稳定骨盆骨折的生物力学研究

目的 探讨改良钉棒系统治疗垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折,并分析其生物力学性质.方法 在8例尸体骨盆标本上造模成垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折,分别行TOS术式固定、骶髂螺钉固定、改良钉棒系统固定,检测1000 N载荷下骨盆刚度、骨折分离移位距离及局部应变改变.结果 骨盆标本骨折模型采用各种不同固定方式,经生物力学测试,改良钉棒系统在载荷1000 N下刚度(224.3±18.3)N/mm及骨折分离移位距离(1.98±0.24)mm,明显优于骶髂螺钉固定(169.10±17.60)、(8.08±0.71)mm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),与TOS(233.20±12.90)、(1.62±0.31)mm比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 改良钉棒系统是一种生物力学性能较好的治疗垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的新方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.