长柱金丝桃的化学成分

目的:研究长柱金丝桃Hypericum ascyron L.的化学成分。方法:多种色谱方法进行分离纯化,波谱解析结合理化鉴定确定化合物结构。结果:分离得到了10个化合物:槲皮素(1),山柰酚(2),金丝桃苷(3),槲皮素-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷(4),19α-羟基乌苏酸(5),6β,19α-二羟基乌苏酸(6),3β,19α-二羟基乌苏烷-24,28-二酸(7),正二十九烷醇(8),β-谷甾醇(9),豆甾醇(10)。结论:化合物4~10均为首次从该植物中得到。     

卵叶远志地上部分化学成分研究

目的系统研究卵叶远志Polygalasibirica地上部分的化学成分。方法采用各种柱色谱方法进行分离,运用1H-NMR和13C-NMR等方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果分离、鉴定了12个化合物。分别为熊果酸(1)、2α,3β,19α-三羟基乌索-12-烯-23,28-二羧酸(2)、3β,19α-二羟基乌索-12-烯-23,28-二羧酸(3)、3β,19α-二羟基齐墩果-12-烯-23,28-二羧酸(4)、邻羟基苯甲酸(5)、间二羟基苯甲酸(6)、4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯甲醛(7)、正三十一烷(8)、正三十烷醇(9)、正十八烷酸(10)、α-十四烷酸甘油酯(11)和α-二十二烷酸甘油酯(12)。结论化合物1~4为从本属植物中首次分离得到的区别于常规远志皂苷元的三萜类化合物;其余化合物均为首次从本植物中分离得到。     

糙苏根的化学成分研究

目的:研究糙苏根的化学成分.方法:用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱等多种柱色谱分离,制备高效液相色谱纯化,得到单体化合物,用各种有机波谱鉴定化合物结构.结果:分离得到13个化合物,鉴定为齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,1),2α-羟基乌苏酸(corosolic acid,2),3β,23-二羟基-12-烯-28-齐墩果酸(hederagenin,3),2α,3β,23-三羟基-12-烯-28-齐墩果酸(arjunolic acid,4),2α,3β,23,24-四羟基-12-烯-28-齐墩果酸(belleric acid,5),3β-hydroxy-29-al-12-en-28-oleanoic acid(6),butyrospermol (7),β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,8),β-胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,9),咖啡酸(caffeic acid,10),3-甲氧基4-羟基-苯甲酸(vanillic acid,11),对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxy-benzoic acid,12),3,4-二羟基-苯甲酸(3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid,13).结论:化合物3～9,11～13为首次从糙苏中分离得到的化合物.     

独子藤根皮醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分研究

目的研究独子藤Celastrusmonospermus根皮醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分。方法采用硅胶、反相硅胶和凝胶等柱色谱方法进行分离纯化,通过波谱学数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从独子藤根皮醋酸乙酯部位中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为美登木酸(1)、对羟基苯甲酸(2)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(3)、大子五层龙酸(4)、3-氧代-2β-羟基木栓烷-29-酸(5)、雷公藤红素(6)、3α,22β-二羟基齐墩果烷-12-烯-29-酸(7)、直楔草酸(8)、21-氧代-2α,3α,22β-三羟基-29-降-木栓烷-24,2β-内酯(9)、2,3-二氧代-6α,10-二羟基-24-降-木栓烷-4,7-二烯-29-酸(10)、2α,3β,19α,23-四羟基-齐墩果烷-12-烯-28-酸(11)、2α,3β-二羟基-齐墩果烷-12-烯-23,28,30-三酸(12)。结论化合物1、3、7、10～12为首次从本植物中分离得到,3、11、12为首次从本属植物中分离得到。     

白木香叶化学成分的研究

目的:研究白木香叶的化学成分,为白木香的综合利用提供依据.方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、重结晶等方法进行分离纯化,运用NMR,Ms等波谱学方法进行结构鉴定.结果:从白木香叶中分离鉴定了13个化合物,分别为7-羟基-5,4'-二甲氧基.黄酮(1),洋芹素-7,4'-二甲醚(2),木犀草素-7,3',4'一三甲醚(3),异紫堇啡碱(4),对羟基苯甲酸(5),正三十二(烷)醇(6),正三十一烷(7),α-豆甾醇(8),表木栓醇(9),木栓烷(10),木栓酮(11),芫花素(12),5,4'-二羟基_7,3'-二甲氧基黄酮(13).结论:化合物4为首次从该属中分离得到,化合物1,6～11,13为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

桃仁凝血因子Xa抑制活性部位分析

目的:研究中药桃仁的化学成分及其对凝血因子Xa(FXa)的抑制活性。方法:采用生色底物法和连续速率法进行FXa抑制活性测定,利用多种柱色谱技术对活性部位进行分离纯化,并通过波谱分析方法鉴定各化合物的结构。结果:桃仁乙酸乙酯萃取部位对FXa的抑制率高达60.27%,为抑制FXa的活性部位;从活性部位中分离鉴定出10个化合物,分别鉴定为9-十八碳烯酸-2',3'-二羟基丙酯(1),胡萝卜苷(2),扁桃酰胺(3),苯甲酸(4),2-羟基-9-十八碳烯酸(5),正十七烷酸(6),9-十八碳烯酸甲酯(7),对羟基苯甲酸(8),棕榈酸(9),苦杏仁苷(10)。结论:桃仁乙酸乙酯萃取部位为抑制FXa的活性部位,从活性部位中分离得到的化合物1和3首次从该科植物中分离得到,化合物5~8首次从该植物中分离得到。     

金沙绢毛菊化学成分的研究

目的:对菊科植物金沙绢毛菊Soroseris gillii的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定.方法:95%乙醇提取后分别以石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,石油醚和乙酸乙酯部位用硅胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱技术鉴定结构.结果:从金沙绢毛菊中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别鉴定为3β,8α-二羟基-11αH-愈创木烷-4(15),10(14)-二烯-12,6α-内酯(1)、伞形花内酯(2)、豆甾醇(3)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(4)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(5)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(6)、胡萝卜苷(7).结论:化合物1～7均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物1和2为首次从绢毛苣属植物中分到.     

番石榴果实中三萜类成分研究

目的:研究番石榴果实的化学成分.方法:采用各种色谱技术分离,波谱法进行结构鉴定.结果:从番石榴果实中分离得到9个乌苏烷型三萜类化合物:乌苏酸(1),1β,3β-二羟基乌苏烷-12烯-28-酸(2),2α,3β-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(3),3β,19α-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(4),19α-羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖(5),3β,23-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(6),3β,19α,23-三羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(7),2α,3β,19α,23-四羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸(8),3α,19α,23,24-四羟基-12-烯-28乌苏酸(9).结论:化合物2,5-9为首次在该植物中分离得到.     

牛尾菜抗氧化活性成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、制备HPLC色谱等多种分离色谱法分离纯化牛尾菜Smilax riparia中的化学成分,进一步以1H,13C-NMR和质谱等有机波谱学方法鉴定各单体化合物的结构。从牛尾菜中分离得到13个化合物,分别为5-甲氧基-[6]-姜酚(1),脱氢松香酸(2),北美芹素(3),2-甲基苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(5),异香草醛(6),香草酸(7),对羟基桂皮酸(8),对羟基桂皮酸甲酯(9),对羟基苯甲醛(10),阿魏酸甲酯(11),苯甲酸(12),5-羟甲基糠醛(13)。其中化合物1～4,8～12为首次从该属植物中分离得到,所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。DPPH法评价各化合物的抗氧化活性结果表明,化合物1,5～11显示了明确的抗氧化活性。     

鬼箭羽化学成分的研究(Ⅲ)

目的研究鬼箭羽Euonymus alatus的化学成分。方法采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、大孔树脂、制备高效液相色谱仪等柱色谱及重结晶等方法分离纯化,通过理化常数测定和光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果 从中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为3β-羟基-21αH-何帕-22(29)-烯-30-醇(1)2、α,3β-二羟基乌苏-12烯-28-酸(2)、1,30-三十烷二醇(3)、正辛烷(4)、正壬烷(5)、正二十四烷酸(6)、β-胡萝卜苷(7)、羽扇豆醇(8)、山柰酚(9)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯(10)。结论化合物1~6为首次从该植物中得到,其中化合物1~5首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.