Resected gastric volume has no influence on early weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Background

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become a popular procedure for treatment of obesity, but it is still undecided whether resected gastric volume (RGV) is related to weight loss after LSG.

腹腔镜胃袖状切除术胃漏的诊断和处理

近年来,肥胖症及肥胖相关的2型糖尿病已成为威胁人类健康的严重问题,随之兴起的减重手术也逐渐被人们所认可。其中腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, LSG)具有技术简单、减重效果显著、并发症发生率更低等优点,因此得到临床医师的青睐。胃漏是LSG术后最为棘手的并发症,发生率为2%～5%,具有治疗周期长、花费成本高的特点。其发病的具体机制尚未阐明,治疗方案仍富争议,国内外研究提出了多种解释及相关处理策略,本文现对目前的研究进展做一总结。     

Complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has recently become a feasible option in the management of morbid obesity. The objective of this study was to examine the morbidity and mortality arising from LSG as a primary procedure for weight loss. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 164 patients who underwent LSG from 2004 to 2007. Patients underwent LSG as a primary procedure or as revisional bariatric surgery. The short-term morbidity and mortality were examined. RESULTS: One-stage LSG was performed in 148 patients. The major complication rate was 2.9% (4 of 149), including 1 leak (0.7%) and 1 case of hemorrhage (0.7%)-each requiring reoperation-1 case of postoperative abscess (0.7%), and 1 case of sleeve stricture that required endoscopic dilation (0.7%). One late complication of choledocholithiasis and bile duct stricture required a Whipple procedure. LSG was used as revisional surgery in 16 patients (9%); of these, 13 underwent LSG after complications related to laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 1 underwent LSG after aborted laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and 2 underwent LSG after failed jejunoileal bypass. One of these patients developed a leak and an abscess (7.1%) requiring reoperation. One case was aborted, and 2 cases were converted to an open procedure secondary to dense adhesions. No patient died in either group. All but 3 cases were completed laparoscopically (98%). CONCLUSION: LSG is a relatively safe surgical option for weight loss as a primary procedure and as a primary step before a secondary nonbariatric procedure in high-risk patients.     

Cost analysis of leak after sleeve gastrectomy

Background

Leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are serious complications of this procedure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the costs of leaks after LSG.

Setting

Private hospital, France.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on a prospective cohort of 2012 cases of LSG between September 2005 and December 2014. Data were collected on all diagnostic and therapeutic measures necessary to manage leaks, ward, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Additional outpatient care was also analyzed.

Results

Twenty cases (0.99%) of gastric leak were recorded. Fifteen patients had available data for cost analysis. Of these, 13 patients were women (86.7%) with a mean age of 41.4 years (range 22–61) and mean BMI of 43.2 kg/m² (range 34.8–57.1). The leaks occurred after 7.4 days (±2.3) postoperatively. Only one gastric leak was recorded for the last 800 cases in which absorbable staple line reinforcement was used. Mean intra-hospital cost was 34398 € (range 7543–91,632 €). Prolonged hospitalization in ICU accounted for the majority of hospital costs (58.9%). Mean additional outpatient costs for leaks were 41,284 € (range 14,148–75,684€).

Conclusions

Leaks after LSG are an expensive complication. It is therefore important to take all necessary measures to reduce their incidence. Our data should be considered when analyzing the cost effectiveness of staple line reinforcement usage.

     

胃袖状切除复胖后再次胃袖状切除术

目的:探讨腹腔镜胃袖状切除术后再次胃袖状切除术的疗效及安全性。方法:回顾分析2016年6月至2018年1月因首次腹腔镜胃袖状切除术后复胖而再次行胃袖状切除术(ReSG)附加小肠转流术7例患者的临床资料,观察手术时间、住院时间、身体质量指数(BMI)变化情况及围手术期并发症。术前7例患者均行上消化道造影,显示胃底残留或残胃扩张。结果:7例手术均顺利完成,无术中并发症发生。中位手术时间125(110,150)min;中位住院时间8(7,9)d;ReSG术前BMI平均(27.6±2.1)kg/m~2,ReSG术后12个月BMI降为(22.3±2.1)kg/m~2。术后1例患者出现机械性肠梗阻,无其他术后并发症发生。结论:再次胃袖状切除术对于因胃底残留或残胃扩张而复胖的胃袖状切除术后患者是安全、有效的修正术式。     

Three-trocar laparoscopic duodenal switch after sleeve gastrectomy

Laparoscopic duodenal switch is a recognized bariatric procedure, which can be performed in one step or as a second step after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Mainly, indications as primary surgery are super-obese or super super-obese patients, and after LSG indications are the presence of insufficient weight loss or weight regain, associated with morbid obesity co-morbidities, without gastroesophageal reflux. In this video, the authors report the technique of reduced port laparoscopic duodenal switch after LSG. The procedure is performed using a 12-mm trocar in the umbilicus, a 5-mm trocar in the right flank, and a 5-mm trocar in the left flank. One or more temporary percutaneous sutures are passed into the hepatic ligaments to increase the exposure of the first duodenum. The optical system is switched from 10 mm to 5 mm and introduced in the left 5-mm flank trocar at the step of the linear stapler insertion through the umbilical trocar. Classic construction with 150-cm alimentary limb and 100-cm common limb is performed. The duodeno-jejunostomy is fashioned in an end-to-side handsewn technique and the jejuno-ileostomy in the side-to-side semimechanical linear stapler technique. Both Petersen and mesenteric defects are closed. The umbilical access is finally meticulously closed, avoiding incisional hernia. Reduced port laparoscopic duodenal switch after LSG is a safe and feasible technique. Besides the enhanced cosmetic outcomes, this surgery is associated with a reduced use of painkillers, fewer trocar complications, and quick patient convalescence.     

Portomesenteric vein thrombosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Introduction

Portal and mesenteric vein thrombosis are relatively uncommon surgical complications, with difficult diagnosis and potentially severe consequences due to higher risk of bowel infarction. The purpose of this study was to present a series of patients who developed postoperative portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy between June 2005 and June 2011 who developed portal vein thrombosis. Demographic data, personal risk factors, family history of thrombosis, and postoperative results of thrombophilia study were analyzed in this study.

Results

A total of 1,713 laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomies were performed. Seventeen patients (1 %) developed portal vein thrombosis after surgery. Of the 17 patients, 16 were women, 8 had a history of smoking, 7 used oral contraceptives, and 2 had a family history of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. All patients were discharged on the third day of surgery with no immediate complications. Symptoms presented at a median of 15 (range, 8–43) days after surgery with abdominal pain in most cases. One case required emergency laparotomy and splenectomy because of an active bleeding hematoma with massive portomesenteric vein thrombosis. In 11 cases, a thrombosis of the main portal vein was identified, in 15 the right portal branch was compromised, and in 10 the left portal branch. Eleven patients presented thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein, and ten patients presented a concomitant thrombosis of the splenic vein. A massive PMVT was presented in six cases. Seven patients had a positive thrombophilia study.

Conclusions

Portal vein thrombosis and/or mesenteric thrombosis are relatively uncommon complications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. In this series, the portomesenteric vein thrombosis was the most common complication after LSG in a high-volume center.     

Gastric leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: management with endoscopic double pigtail drainage. A systematic review

Gastric leak remains the main complication after sleeve gastrectomy, but there are no standardized guidelines for its treatment. Good results have been reported using endoscopic double-pigtail stent. To estimate its effectiveness, we carried out this systematic review. Eleven eligible articles were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 385 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled proportion of successful leak closures by using double pigtail drainage was 83.41%. The proportion of successful leak closures by using double pigtail drainage by experienced operators as first-line treatment was 84.71%. Our review suggested that double-pigtail stent could be a valid approach to manage the postbariatric gastric leak, with low rate of complications and a good tolerance by patients. More high-quality studies with large samples sizes should be undertaken to better evaluate and compare the variety of techniques available.     

Results and complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Purpose

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has gained popularity and acceptance among bariatric surgeons, mainly due its low morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of SG on weight loss, and to determine the postoperative course, clinical presentation and treatment of complications after SG.

Methods

Between January 2006 and October 2012, 153 consecutive patients underwent SG. All data were prospectively collected in a computerized database.

Results

This series comprised 119 females and 34 males with a median age of 46 years and a median preoperative BMI of 42.3 kg/m². The median EWL was 53.0 % after 18.4 months of follow-up. The median postoperative BMI was 33.3 kg/m² (range 19.7–56.1 kg/m²). Eight patients (5.2 %) required re-laparoscopy to manage postoperative hemorrhage (3.3 %) and leakage (1.9 %). Neither abdominal drains nor postoperative contrast-swallow studies were successful in diagnosing hemorrhage or leaks in our patients.

Conclusion

SG is an effective procedure to achieve significant short-term weight loss. Clinical signs, such as tachycardia, pain, fever and hypotension, provide the best evidence of the presence of postoperative leakage or bleeding. An early diagnosis of these complications is the key to ensuring adequate treatment with immediate re-laparoscopy.     

Endoscopic closure of persistent gastric leak and fistula following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

IntroductionConservative management for gastric leak and fistulae after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) often results in prolonged hospitalization as well as requirement of TPN or recurrent surgery (Casella et al., 2009) [1]. Endoscopically-placed stents are an additional non-invasive method, but are associated with the complication of stent migration in up to 50% of cases (Casella and co-workers, 2009) [1,4]. As other non-invasive means of treatment are absent, we believe this case demonstrates a new technique for multiple gastric leaks following LSG in patients without sepsis or peritonitis.Presentation of caseA patient developed a staple line gastric leak that persisted for 10 weeks following LSG despite multiple modalities of treatment. She refused to undergo stent placement, so via esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), fistula margins were cauterized with argon plasma coagulation and a fibrin sealant was injected to include the surrounding area. Endoclips were placed along the fistula tracts. A repeat procedure was required. Follow up imaging confirmed resolution of gastric leak and patient did not experience additional complications.DiscussionThe patient was able to discontinue TPN and return to an oral diet. Both procedures were well tolerated and did not require hospitalization.ConclusionEndoscopic management of multiple gastric leaks and fistulae using fibrin seal, endoclips, and cauterization appears to be a promising noninvasive form of treatment with a lower associated morbidity and shortened hospitalization.     

Management of gastrobronchial fistula after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundGastric fistula (GF) is a serious complication after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Furthermore, gastrobronchial fistula (GBF) may appear some time after a primary LSG. The objective of this study was to characterize GBF after LSG and establish standardized treatment procedures.MethodsAll patients undergoing surgery for GBF after LSG at a public university medical center in France between November 2004 and January 2013 were included in this study. Surgical and perioperative care was standardized. The primary efficacy criterion was the complication rate. Secondary efficacy criteria were the mortality rate, surgical data, types of complications, and the length of stay (LOS) in hospital.ResultsSix patients were treated for GBF after LSG: 2 presented GBF after primary LSG performed in our institution and 4 had been referred by tertiary centers. The median (range) time to onset of GBF after LSG was 136 days (99–238 d). Preoperative refeeding was performed in 5 cases. The median time interval between the discovery of GBF and its surgical treatment was 31 days (7–137 d). Five patients underwent simultaneous abdominal and thoracic procedures. The abdominal procedures consisted of total gastrectomy (n = 1) and 60-cm Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal anastomosis (n = 6). There were no postoperative mortalities. Four postoperative complications occurred (66.6%), 2 of which were postoperative fistulas (33.3%) requiring revisional surgery. The median time to oral refeeding was 10 days (8–65 d) and the median LOS was 14 days (13–25 d).ConclusionsOur treatment of GBF is based on effective drainage with endoscopic procedures, allowing optimal preoperative refeeding before combined abdominal and thoracic surgery. For the abdominal procedure, we prefer a 60-cm Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal anastomosis to total gastrectomy, because the former is simpler and minimizes the long-term risk of postoperative malabsorption.     

Outcomes of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with esophagojejunal reconstruction for chronic staple line disruption after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundSleeve gastrectomy is now a frequently performed bariatric procedure for severely obese patients and may have the lowest frequency of short-term or long-term complications. The aim of this study is to describe our experience in managing chronic proximal leaks with a proximal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (PGEJ).MethodsA retrospective review was performed of all patients having proximal chronic staple-line disruptions (CSLD) after undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.ResultsFifteen patients had proximal CSLD and were treated with PGEJ. There was 1 (6.6%) releak in this group, which resolved with nonoperative treatment. Other postoperative morbidities in this series included partial small bowel obstruction (n = 1) and subhepatic bile collection (n = 1), both of which resolved without operative intervention.ConclusionPGEJ appears to be a safe and effective procedure for chronic staple-line disruptions after sleeve gastrectomy.     

Outcome of idiopathic intracranial hypertension after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) predominantly affects young, obese women and presents with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, such as headaches and visual impairment.ObjectiveWe aim to present our experience in the management of IIH.SettingUniversity Hospital.MethodsObese IIH patients who had a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy during the study period (2 years) were included. Data were retrieved from prospectively collected database. Headaches, visual alterations, and medications or interventions used to treat are discussed.ResultsThe study included 16 obese women with IIH. Mean age was 31 ± 2 years (range, 25–44 yr) and mean body mass index was 46 ± 4 kg/m² (range, 42–53 kg/m²). Main symptoms and signs were chronic headaches (14), impaired vision (15), vision loss (1), papilledema (6), and field defects in 4 patients. Symptoms were present for a mean of 5 years (4–11). History of medical treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide) and thecoperitoneal shunting was present in 12 and 9 patients, respectively. Mean lumbar puncture opening pressure was 41.2 ± 21- (range, 30–64) cm water. At 12 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, body mass index and percentage excess weight loss were 27.8 ± 1 kg/m² and 75.2 ± 2%, respectively. Symptoms gradually improved with complete resolution in all but 2 patients (87.5%).ConclusionThe present work emphasizes the role of bariatric surgery in the management of obese patients with IIH. Larger, prospective, controlled studies are needed.