剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的临床观察

随着社会的进步 ,剖宫产产妇迫切要求术后镇痛。我院自 2 0 0 2年以来对 86例要求术后镇痛的产妇行硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA ) ,效果满意 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料 :选择自愿要求 PCEA的初产妇 86例为观察对象 ,而未采用 PCEA的初产妇 86例为对照组。1.2　镇痛方法 :PCEA组 :手术结束时将 PCA泵与硬膜外导管连接并开始给药 ,配方为 0 .75 %布比卡因 10 m l,芬太尼0 .3mg,氟哌啶 5 mg,加生理盐水至 6 0 m l,速度为 2 ml/ h。对照组 :术毕拔管 ,手术当晚自觉疼痛时给予肌注哌替啶 5 0～10 0 mg。1.3　观察指标 :观察术后…     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的:探讨硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)对剖宫产产妇泌乳的影响。方法:选择硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产术的产妇420例,随机分为镇痛组及对照组。镇痛组:232例,术后保留硬膜外导管连接镇痛泵,施行硬膜外(布比卡因+芬太尼+生理盐水)自控镇痛(PCEA);对照组:188例,术毕拔管,术后根据病情肌肉注射盐酸哌替啶,均观察48 h。结果:镇痛组视觉模拟评分(VA S)得分明显低于对照组(P<0.01),泌乳开始时间及喂奶次数、泌乳量均比对照组早且多(P<0.01)。结论:剖宫产术后施行PCEA,镇痛效果确切,安全,使泌乳提前,泌乳量多,能有效提高母乳喂养率。     

硬膜外自控镇痛泵用于剖宫产术后的临床观察

目的 观察硬膜外自控镇痛泵用于剖宫产术后的镇痛效果及其对母婴的影响.方法 选择硬膜外麻醉剖宫产术产妇200例,随机分观察组和对照组各100例,观察组术毕接镇痛泵行硬膜外自控镇痛（Patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA）48h拔管,对照组术毕即拔管,术后未给任何药物,观察两组术后镇痛效果,肛门排气时间,拔尿管后排尿情况,产后出血情况,产妇泌乳,母乳喂养,新生儿体重丢失及早期新生儿黄疸情况.结果 观察组镇痛效果显著好于对照组;两组产妇肛门排气时间,拔尿管后排尿情况,产后出血情况无明显差别.术后24h内开始泌乳、哺乳次数多于10次的例数均显著多于对照组（P＜0.01）;观察组新生儿早期高胆红素血症的发生率、体重丢失超重发生率均显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 剖宫产术后PCEA不但能产生良好的镇痛效果,不延长肛门排气时间,不影响拔尿管后排尿情况,不增加产后出血量,还有助于增加母乳喂养次数,提高母乳喂养的成功率,减少新生儿早期因哺乳不足而出现的并发症.     

剖宫产术后自控镇痛对母乳喂养影响的临床观察

目的观察剖宫产术后自控镇痛对产后泌乳的影响。方法140例硬膜外麻醉剖宫产的产妇随机分为镇痛组和对照组,各70例。镇痛组术后施行自控镇痛,对照组采用传统方法（术后6～8h肌内注射盐酸哌替啶）镇痛。观察2组术后24h内母乳喂养情况。结果镇痛组24h内泌乳及24h内哺乳次数≥10次的产妇所占的比例均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论剖宫产术后自控镇痛能提早产妇早期哺乳及喂奶时间,有利于早开奶,明显提高了母乳喂养的成功率。     

剖宫产术后自控镇痛对母乳喂养影响的观察

目的观察剖宫产术后自控镇痛（PECA）对产后泌乳的影响。方法选择140例硬膜外麻醉剖宫产的产妇，随机分为2组：镇痛组70例，术后施行自控镇痛；对照组70例用传统方法（术后6～8h肌注盐酸哌替啶）镇痛。观察术后72h内母乳喂养情况。结果镇痛组泌乳时间及喂奶次数，均比对照组多、早。结论剖宫产术后自控镇痛，能提早产妇早期哺乳及喂奶时间，有利于早开奶，明显提高了母乳喂养的成功率。     

吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛对剖宫产术后母乳分泌和消化道蠕动的影响

目的观察剖宫产术后应用吗啡硬膜外病人自控镇痛对产妇泌乳和消化道蠕动的影响.方法选择80例拟行剖宫产的足月孕初产妇,在硬膜外麻醉下施行剖宫产术,术毕随机分成镇痛组和对照组(各40例),镇痛组术后用0.15%希比卡因和0.005%吗啡以2ml/h经硬膜外导管持续泵注行术后镇痛,对照组常规按需肌注哌替啶进行镇痛.观察镇痛镇静效果,泌乳时间及肛门排气时间(作为肠蠕动恢复的指标).结果镇痛组的镇痛效果明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).镇痛组泌乳时间比对照组提前(P＜0.05).镇痛组肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组(P＜0.01).结论吗啡行术后硬膜外病人自控镇痛能促进产妇泌乳,促进胃肠功能早恢复.     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对母婴健康的临床观察

目的探讨剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）对母婴健康的影响。方法选择硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产术的产妇共360例,把其随机分为两组：镇痛组180例,对照组180例;镇痛组是在剖宫产术后,保留硬膜外导管连接镇痛泵,施行硬膜外自控镇痛48小J~时。对照组180例是术毕拔除硬外管,术后6～8小时如果产妇出现疼痛难忍时肌注止痛剂。观察产妇肛门排气时间、排尿时间、乳汁分泌、新生儿黄疽的情况。结果观察组肛门排气时间明显早于对照组（P〈0．01）;观察组泌乳时间及喂奶次数比对照组早而且多;出现新生儿黄疸低于对照组;排尿时间无差异（P〉0．01）。结论剖宫产术后施行硬膜外自控镇痛,能及早促进母乳分泌,缩短肛门排气时间,提高母乳喂养成功率,增加母乳喂养次数,减少新生儿黄疸的发生,术后排尿情况不受影响。     

硬膜外自控镇痛对剖宫产妇术后恢复的临床观察

目的 观察硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)对剖宫产妇术后恢复的影响.方法 随机抽取我院自2005年9月～2006年9月剖宫产术后患者镇痛组(A组)50例,非镇痛组(B组)50例,两组均在腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产手术,两组的麻醉效果均优,手术均顺利.A组术毕硬膜外导管接自控镇痛泵后送回病房,B组术毕拔除硬膜外导管后送回病房.观察术后产妇的镇痛效果初乳时间及24h母乳喂养情况、首次肛门排气时间及不良反应.结果 A组镇痛效果明显,体能恢复快,产妇能舒适度过术后疼痛期,副作用与B组无明显差别.结论 剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对产妇术后的恢复更有利,对母婴无明显副作用.     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对母婴健康的临床观察

目的 探讨剖官产术后硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)对母婴健康的影响.方法 选择硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产术的产妇共360例,把其随机分为两组:镇痛组180例,对照组180例;镇痛组是在剖官产术后,保留硬膜外导管连接镇痛泵.施行硬膜外自控镇痛48小时.对照组180例足术毕拔除硬外管,术后6～8小时如果产妇出现疼痛难忍时肌注止痛剂.观察产妇肛门排气时间、排尿时间、乳汁分泌、新生儿黄疸的情况.结果 观察组肛门排气时间明显早于对照组(P<0.01);观察组泌乳时间及喂奶次数比对照组早而且多;出现新生儿黄疽低于对照组;排尿时间无差异(P>0.01).结论 刮宫产术后施行硬膜外自控镇痛,能及早促进母乳分泌,缩短肛门排气时间,提高母乳喂养成功率,增加母乳喂养次数,减少新生儿黄疸的发生,术后排尿情况不受影响.     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于剖宫产术后镇痛的效果观察(附60例分析)

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛的疗效.方法 60例腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产病人,随机分为两组:对照组术毕静脉注射芬太尼0.05 mg为负荷量,后接静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)泵,泵内药物芬太尼1.0 mg+格拉司琼6 mg,100 ml/48 h;试验组术毕静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg为负荷...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.