不同手术入路治疗前颅底沟通性肿瘤23例

目的 总结前颅底沟通性肿瘤的3种手术切除与修复方法.方法 采用颅面联合径路对16例鼻腔鼻窦颅沟通性肿瘤、鼻-眶-颅沟通性肿瘤切除,并同期行带蒂额肌帽状腱膜裂层颅骨瓣修复;3例眶颅沟通性肿瘤行额下进路手术切除,并行颞肌筋膜修补;4例经翼点入路,颞肌筋膜修补.结果 术后2例发生脑脊液漏,经对症治疗好转,未发生颅内感染.2年生存16例,3年生存7例,5年以上存活4例.结论 颅面联合径路、额下径路、翼点入路进行前颅底沟通性肿瘤切除,加以带蒂额肌帽状腱膜裂层颅骨瓣、颞肌筋膜瓣修复,切除范围安全、彻底,修复方便、可靠,是一种较为理想的手术切除及修复方法.     

侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复重建

目的：探讨侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复。方法：回顾性总结182例侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复及愈后情况。病种包括听神经瘤（92例），颈静脉孔肿瘤（21例），颞下窝肿瘤（6例），鼻咽癌放疗后复发癌（4例），中耳癌（3例），桥小脑角的脑膜瘤（2例），蛛网膜囊肿（2例），颞骨鳞状细胞癌2例。修复部位包括硬脑膜、颅底骨、颧弓、颅底颞下窝的缺损。采用的材料有腹壁脂肪（113例）、颞肌及颞肌筋膜瓣（2g例）、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣（19例）、胸大肌皮瓣（2例）、人工脑膜（1例）、钛板（1例）。结果：采用的带血管颞肌及颞肌筋膜瓣、胸大肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣全部存活，用脂肪修复成功率为98．2％（111／113），脑脊液漏2例，无颅内感染发生。结论：根据侧颅底脑肿瘤的部位和不同类型的缺损，采用不同的修复材料和方法，肿瘤切除后颅底缺损的修复重建对术后功能的保留和恢复，避免脑脊液漏、颅内感染的发生，有着至关重要的作用，是侧颅底肿瘤手术成功的关键之一。     

鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术治疗

目的：探讨鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术方法。方法：经眉弓额窦前径路切除侵犯前颅底的鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤14例，7例前颅底骨质破坏直径在2cm以下，硬脑膜完整者未行前颅底修复；7例既有前颅底骨质破坏，又有硬脑膜缺损且直径在2．5cm以上者，以带蒂额肌骨膜瓣、帽状腱膜额骨膜瓣或带蒂颞肌筋膜骨膜瓣修复。结果：术后随访1～8年，11例恶性肿瘤中，2年存活1例，3年存活6例，4年存活2例，术后2年内死亡2例；3例良性肿瘤均健在。所有病例均未发生颅内外感染、脑脊液漏及脑膜脑组织膨出。结论：该术式接近病变部位，各鼻窦暴露满意，可直视下进行手术操作，并减轻了对额叶的牵拉作用，修补脑膜及止血均方便，是治疗累及前颅底肿瘤较好的手术方法。     

改良带蒂颅骨膜复合瓣修复前颅底缺损并脑脊液漏

目的:探讨采用改良带蒂颅骨膜复合瓣修复鼻颅底沟通肿瘤术中缺损并发脑脊液漏的临床效果.方法:回顾7例鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤术中致前颅底骨质缺损脑脊液漏7例的治疗效果,其中1例良性肿瘤,6例恶性肿瘤.转移的组织瓣以一侧颞浅动脉额支辅以同侧眶上、滑车上动脉为蒂.结果:7例患者切口一期愈合,1例因术后1个月放疗致游离额骨瓣部分坏死,经颞部切口引流愈合.组织瓣在鼻腔内组织面光滑.结论:改良带蒂颅骨膜复合瓣组织量大.血供可靠,制作简单,可以成为修复鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤术中前颅底缺损合并脑脊液漏的重要方法.     

经前颅底扩大硬脑膜外入路在脑脊液鼻漏修补术中的应用

目的探讨延迟性脑脊液鼻漏的修补方法。方法经前颅底扩大硬脑膜外入路,用骨蜡或自体骨片、带蒂骨膜瓣和生物蛋白胶-肌浆进行“三明治”式颅底修补方法,治疗外伤性脑脊液鼻漏15例,侵袭性垂体腺瘤并脑脊液鼻漏1例。结果所有病例均一次修补成功。结论经前颅底扩大硬脑膜外入路修补延迟性脑脊液鼻漏方法可靠,可避免多发漏口的遗漏,特别是对筛窦、蝶窦的混合型脑脊液漏可同时修补。     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

头皮冠状切口在耳鼻喉科前颅底手术中的应用

对鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵及颅底的7例（恶性4例，良性3例）采用头皮冠状切口施行前颅底手术，除1例巨大骨化纤维瘤未予完全切除外，余6例均完全切除病灶。4例恶性肿瘤中2例硬脑膜因肿瘤侵犯予以切除，3例良性肿瘤因硬脑膜变薄致术中撕裂，缺损的硬脑膜及颅底骨板均用帽状腱膜下层一颅骨膜瓣、颞肌筋膜瓣修补，大的颅底缺损用额肌肌皮瓣加固。良性肿瘤3例中，未完全切除的1例随访1年半病情稳定，另2例随访8年和6年无复发。4例恶性肿瘤中，3例分别随访6年、4年、17月无复发，1例术后18个月颅内复发死亡。所有病例未发生术后并发症。文中对该术式的优缺点以及颅底、硬脑膜的切除和修复问题进行了讨论。     

内镜下颅底重建的动物实验研究

目的 研究鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损及放疗对愈后的影响。方法 对10例新鲜白兔尸体的鼻中隔黏膜血供行解剖学研究。将20只健康新西兰大白兔作为实验动物,建立颅底缺损-脑脊液鼻漏模型并利用鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损,术后7、10d在鼻内镜下观察切口愈合及脑脊液鼻漏情况,术后21d随机抽出10只接受手术治疗的兔子作为实验组行颅脑放疗,其余10只作为对照组,放疗后1、14d实验组和对照组分别于鼻内镜下观察修复区域。 结果7例鼻中隔黏膜瓣血供由鼻中隔后下端进入,2例血供由近鼻中隔后端约1cm处进入,1例未见明显血管分布,成功构建了颅底缺损-脑脊液鼻漏模型并成功实施鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损手术20例,均全部存活,切口愈合良好,无脑脊液鼻漏,无组织膨出及神经功能缺失等并发症;10只接受术后放疗的兔子及对照组的10只兔子均全部存活,放疗组兔子切口愈合较慢。结论 鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损的动物实验模型设计可行,放疗对带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣有延迟愈合的影响。     

带蒂额肌帽状腱膜复合组织瓣Ⅰ期修复颅底缺损——附3例报告

目的；探讨颅内联合手术后颅底中央区穿通性缺损Ⅰ期修复重建的新方法。方法：采用带血管蒂的额肌帽状腱膜复合组织瓣修复重建３例颅底恶性肿瘤切除术后颅底中央区组织缺损，其中正中双蒂额肌帽状腱膜复合组织瓣２例，正中双蒂额肌帽状腱膜颅骨瓣１例。     

在颅底修复中带蒂复合组织瓣的应用

目的探讨在颅底病变切除后组织缺损修复中多种带蒂复合组织瓣的应用.方法术中应用颞肌复合组织瓣、额肌复合组织瓣、帽状腱膜组织瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣一期修复前颅底缺损10例,侧颅底缺损11例.结果21例均一期愈合,随访6月以上,无颅内感染,无脑脊液漏,无脑疝形成.结论带蒂复合组织瓣是一期修复颅底缺损的理想材料.需根据缺损部位和不同组织瓣的特点选择,大面积缺损可采用联合修复的方法.     

颅底术后骨质缺损的钛网重建

目的探讨钛网在颅底重建中的可行性和外科技术。方法回顾性分析2002年11月至2004年11月采用钛网修复的11例颅底缺损患者的临床资料及随访结果。结果11例患者中颅底肿瘤6例，颅底骨纤维异常增生症3例，脑膜脑膨出2例。手术人路：经颅面联合入路手术7例，经额入路及扩大经额入路3例，经面中部掀翻入路1例。修补中、侧颅底2例，前、中颅底及蝶鞍6例，前颅底及眶板3例。术后短期内3例患者有少量无症状性颅内积气，未经治疗而自愈；1例患者发生短暂性脑脊液鼻漏，局部明胶海绵填塞及碘纺纱条压迫后自愈。术后平均随访14．4个月，无钛网移位和颅内感染等并发症。结论钛网用于颅底大型骨质缺损修复是安全的、可行的。     

核磁共振与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底重建术后管理中的意义

目的:探讨核磁共振(MR)与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底修复术后管理中的意义。方法:回顾性分析8例应用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣内镜下修复颅底硬膜缺损的资料。其中7例术后(术后5～7d)和近期随访(术后3～7个月)MR和内镜检查资料完整,1例因金属植入物而行CT和内镜检查。2种检查方法配合应用,掌握与颅底重建成败相关的信息,包括术后颅内及颅底修复局部、组织瓣供区和鼻腔鼻窦黏膜术后转归状况,以掌握愈合规律,提高重建成功率。结果:MR结合内镜检查可以准确获取带血管蒂鼻中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内和修复局部的关键信息。MR可以排除术后常见的颅内并发症如颅内血肿、脑水肿或气颅,显示颅底缺损的位置及大致范围,提示组织瓣的位置及其与硬膜缺损边缘之间的重叠覆盖状态,定位术后脑脊液漏口。在术后和近期随访加强MR中,中隔瓣在颅底大致呈"C"形,7例中隔瓣均匀强化明显,提示血供佳。术后内镜检查证明7例中隔瓣无缺血坏死。6例组织瓣同颅底骨质愈合佳,1例内镜检查发现MR提示的脑脊液漏口并处理。中隔瓣在术后有一定程度的水肿和充血,近期随访时消失,组织瓣有缩小、变薄的征象,1例行CT和内镜检查者,中隔瓣发生坏死,因内衬人工硬膜完好,颅底一期愈合。内镜随访鼻腔鼻窦黏膜水肿在术后近期随访时明显减轻或消失,中隔瓣供区处裸露的中隔软骨在2个月左右被黏膜覆盖。结论:MR结合内镜检查可获取血管化中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内外关键信息。排除术后并发症,掌握与修复成败密切相关的信息如组织瓣位置,血供及缺损处愈合情况,定位术后脑脊液漏的位置等,为及时处理并发症提供准确信息。所得结果可以提高外科和放射科医师对中隔瓣修复颅底缺损术后康复过程的认识,提高对修复失败情况的辨识和处理能力。     

Endoscopic reconstruction of anterior and middle cranial fossa defects using acellular dermal allograft

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in reconstructing defects of the anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base using endoscopic placement of acellular dermal allograft (AlloDerm, LifeCell Corp., The Woodlands, TX). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: In all cases, the skull base repair was completed with a similar technique. After identification of the defect boundaries, endoscopic transnasal repair was performed through placement of a layered reconstruction of acellular dermal allograft, septal bone/cartilage, and acellular dermal allograft, which were all placed on the intracranial side of the defect. A mucosal free graft was draped over the reconstruction. Fibrin glue was used to hold the mucosal graft in place, and the reconstruction was supported by both absorbable and nonabsorbable nasal packing. RESULTS: Eight patients with nine skull base defects underwent the procedure for repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. All defects were successfully repaired. One patient underwent successful reconstruction of bilateral ethmoid roof defects that resulted from endoscopic resection of ethmoid adenocarcinoma. Twenty-four patients underwent primary resection of hypophyseal adenomas. Twenty-three patients had macroadenomas, and intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks were noted in 11 patients. Sellar repairs after trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy were successful in 22 of 24 patients. One patient with hypophysectomy required reoperation (1 of 24 [4%]) for secondary closure of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Serious complications were avoided in all patients. Patients were followed for a period ranging from 5 to 57 months (mean period, 34 mo). CONCLUSIONS: Acellular dermal allograft can be successfully used for the reconstruction of anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base defects. This allograft, which is easy to manipulate endoscopically, provides an effective seal and barrier in skull base reconstruction and avoids the need for a donor site.     

Long-term endonasal endoscopic review of successful duraplasty after endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to examine the long-term endonasal endoscopic morphological appearance of successful duraplasty after endoscopic skull base surgery for different pathology. METHODS: This study included 65 patients who underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery for different skull base lesions with successful duraplasty. Forty patients had pituitary adenomas, 25 with macroadenomas and 15 with microadenomas. Twenty patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea of different etiologies and three patients with meningoencephalocele were included. There were two patients with skull base meningiomas, 1 with an extensive greater wing meningioma reaching the nasal cavity and the 1 with recurrent olfactory groove meningioma. Different types of autologous materials were used in reconstructing the skull base defect. Clinical follow-up with endoscopic nasal examination was done routinely 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. CT and MRI were performed when indicated. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 8 years. RESULTS: Starting from 3 months after surgery to the rest of the follow-up period, endonasal endoscopic view of the site of duraplasty showed that with small skull base defect (<5 mm), there was neither dural pulsation nor prolapse. With moderate-size defect (5-10 mm) there was dural pulsation without prolapse. With larger defect (>10 mm) there was dural pulsation and prolapse. These findings were constant regardless of the etiology of the lesion and the reconstruction material used. CONCLUSION: This long-term study showed that dural pulsation and prolapse at the site of the successful duraplasty is a function of the size of the bony defect and does not depend on the pathology of the lesion or the autologous material used for reconstruction. For any future endonasal procedure for these patients, the surgeons should be fully aware of the state of duraplasty to avoid any complication.     

3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的 探讨3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤及颅底功能重建手术中的作用。 方法 对21例鼻颅底恶性肿瘤患者术前行鼻窦冠状位CT或MRI扫描,并行3D影像重建及模型打印,根据3D成像及模型了解鼻颅底恶性肿瘤侵及范围、颅底及眶壁骨质的缺损大小形状,制定鼻内镜手术术式、肿瘤精准切除范围及颅底功能精准重建方法。 结果 患者肿瘤均一次手术全切除,其中6例行颅底功能精准重建术,无脑脊液鼻漏及颅内感染并发症。术后病理示鳞癌9例,嗅母细胞瘤5例,腺样囊腺癌3例,横纹肌肉瘤4例。术后行正规放疗,横纹肌肉瘤患者加化疗。经平均随访36个月,未发现肿瘤复发及与本肿瘤相关的死亡。 结论 3D成像及打印模型能清楚显示鼻颅底恶性肿瘤范围、颅底及眶壁骨质缺损的大小及形状,并有助于术者选择最佳内镜手术入路及手术方案,有重要临床指导作用。     

经前颅窝底切除颅鼻眶沟通瘤

本文报道了经颅入路切除１６例颅鼻眶沟通瘤和颅底重建的经验，效果良好，术后无并发症，本入路具有术野显露充分，眶通道减压彻底，重建颅底可靠等优点，并重点讨论了手术方法，眼球保留及颅底重建等问题。     

The posterior pedicle inferior turbinate flap: a new vascularized flap for skull base reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) for the resection of lesions of the anterior and ventral skull base can create large defects with a significant risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks or exposure of the internal carotid artery. In these cases, a reconstruction using a vascularized flap facilitates rapid and complete healing of the defect. The Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap (HBF), a posterior pedicle nasoseptal flap, is our preferred reconstructive option; however, a prior posterior septectomy or prior wide sphenoidotomies preclude its use. We have developed two additional pedicled flaps to reconstruct these selected patients: the transpterygoid temporoparietal fascia flap, which is suitable for large defects, and the posterior pedicle inferior turbinate flap (PPITF), the subject of this paper. METHODS: We developed a flap comprising the inferior turbinate mucoperiosteum pedicled on the inferior turbinate artery, a terminal branch of the posterior lateral nasal artery, which arises from the sphenopalatine artery. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of four patients who underwent a skull base reconstruction using a PPITF. RESULTS: Four patients underwent a reconstruction with the PPITF after undergoing an EEA that produced a skull base defect associated with a CSF fistula (n = 2), an exposed internal carotid artery (n = 1), or a basilar aneurysm clip (n = 1). All patients had undergone posterior septectomies as part of previous EEAs. All flaps healed uneventfully and covered the entire defect. CONCLUSION: The PPITF is a viable reconstructive option for patients with skull base defects of a limited size defect and in whom the HBF is not available.     

Use of Alloderm in the neurotologic setting

PURPOSE: To determine whether Alloderm (Life Cell Corporation, The Woodlands, TX) can be used to cover canal wall down mastoid defects, as well as repair dural defects from translabyrinthine and transpetrosal approaches to the skull base. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed at an academic tertiary care medical center. Eighteen patients were operated on with canal wall down mastoidectomies, and Alloderm was used to reconstruct the tympanic membrane and line the mastoid cavity. Eleven patients had dural defects reconstructed after skull base approach surgery. We wanted to determine whether the Alloderm graft healed in canal wall down mastoidectomy procedures with good epithelialization. For the skull base approaches, we determined whether a cerebrospinal fluid leak had occurred. RESULTS: The 18 patients who were reconstructed with an Alloderm graft after a canal wall down mastoidectomy all had good epithelialization. As with fascia reconstruction, some granulation tissue occurred, but this was easily controlled in the office setting. Of the 11 patients who underwent reconstruction for skull base surgery approaches, none developed a cerebrospinal fluid leak. CONCLUSION: Alloderm may provide a suitable grafting material when fascia is either not readily available, or the size of the defect precludes the use of fascia.