Intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation facilitates hemopoietic recovery including dendritic cells

In this report, we provide evidence using a serial bone marrow transplantation (BMT) protocol that intra-bone marrow (IBM)-BMT (IBM-BMT) can efficiently reconstitute the hemopoietic system with cells of donor origin, in contrast to conventional intravenous (IV)-BMT (IV-BMT). Furthermore, the hematolymphoid system of secondary recipients that had received bone marrow cells (BMCs) from primary recipients treated with IBM-BMT recovered earlier than that of the secondary recipients of BMCs from primary recipients treated with IV-BMT. This was the case when the Lin-/c-kit+ progenitor cells of the secondary and tertiary recipients were examined. These findings indicate that IBM-BMT can facilitate the development of not only cells of various lineages but also the effective generation and, more importantly, the maintenance of the progenitor cells. Furthermore, we show that IBM-BMT can reconstitute the dendritic cell (DC) subsets (myeloid and lymphoid DCs), which are critical for the initiation of both adaptive and innate immune responses. The frequency of both myeloid and lymphoid DC subsets was approximately equal to that of normal age-matched untreated controls and, after second and third BMT, this ratio was close to that observed in the normal controls. However, the lymphoid DCs were clearly reduced in the secondary and tertiary recipients of BMCs from mice that had received IV-BMT. Therefore, the development of DC subsets is also normally maintained in the IBM-BMT group.     

FVB小鼠骨髓源树突状细胞的培养

目的 建立FVB小鼠骨髓源树突状细胞体外培养和扩增方法,观察其形态和特征.方法 在无菌条件下提取FVB鼠骨髓细胞,分离单个核细胞,用IL-4和GM-CSF联合协同诱导下培养,加用磷酸脂多糖刺激.应用光镜下观察树突状细胞的形态,流色细胞仪检测鉴定其生物学特征.结果 联合培养小鼠骨髓细胞3d后,可见细胞形态发生改变,细胞形...     

Bone marrow fat and the decline of B lymphopoiesis in rabbits

B lymphopoiesis is necessary to generate a diverse pool of naïve B cells that are able to respond to a broad spectrum of antigens during immune responses to pathogens and to vaccination. Rabbits have been utilized for many years to generate high affinity monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Specific antibodies generated in rabbits have greatly advanced scientific discoveries, but the unique qualities of rabbit B cell development have been underappreciated. Unlike in humans and mice, where B lymphopoiesis declines in mid to late life, B lymphopoiesis in rabbits arrests early in life, between 2 and 4 months of age. This review focuses on the early loss of B cell development in rabbits and the contribution of the bone marrow microenvironment to this process. We also propose directions for future research in this area, and discuss how the rabbit can be used as a model to understand the decline of B lymphopoiesis that occurs in humans late in life. Such studies will be important for developing therapeutics targeted to prevent and/or reverse declining B lymphopoiesis in the elderly, as well as boosting immunity and antibody responses after infection or vaccination.     

髓系来源抑制性细胞在肿瘤免疫和肿瘤免疫治疗中作用的研究进展

髓系来源抑制性细胞（MDSCs）是由多种具有抑制功能的细胞构成的群体,是肿瘤免疫逃逸的关键因素.一方面,MDSCs主要通过抑制宿主固有免疫及适应性免疫减弱对肿瘤的免疫监视,促进肿瘤血管形成,参与肿瘤免疫逃逸.另一方面,肿瘤细胞又分泌多种细胞因子诱导MDSCs产生及活化,形成恶性循环.基于MDSCs进行相关靶向治疗,将有助于减弱MDSCs对宿主肿瘤微环境的抑制作用,可能为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供新思路和策略.     

Paclitaxel promotes differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells into dendritic cells in vitro in a TLR4-independent manner

Myeloid cells play a key role in the outcome of anti-tumor immunity and response to anti-cancer therapy, since in the tumor microenvironment they may exert both stimulatory and inhibitory pressures on the proliferative, angiogenic, metastatic, and immunomodulating potential of tumor cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of myeloid regulatory cell differentiation is critical for developing strategies for the therapeutic reversal of myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation in the tumor-bearing hosts. Here, using an in vitro model system, several potential mechanisms of the direct effect of paclitaxel on MDSC were tested, which might be responsible for the anti-tumor potential of low-dose paclitaxel therapy in mice. It was hypothesized that a decreased level of MDSC in vivo after paclitaxel administration might be due to (i) the blockage of MDSC generation, (ii) an induction of MDSC apoptosis, or (iii) the stimulation of MDSC differentiation. The results revealed that paclitaxel in ultra-low concentrations neither increased MDSC apoptosis nor blocked MDSC generation, but stimulated MDSC differentiation towards dendritic cells. This effect of paclitaxel was TLR4-independent since it was not diminished in cell cultures originated from TLR4^?/? mice. These results support a new concept that certain chemotherapeutic agents in ultra-low non-cytotoxic doses may suppress tumor progression by targeting several cell populations in the tumor microenvironment, including MDSC.     

The effect of l-arginine supplementation and surgical trauma on the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T lymphocytes in tumour and blood of colorectal cancer patients

Purposel-arginine (L-arg) deficiency causes immunosuppression, but it is unknown if L-arg supplementation in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients restores immune system activity. Our objective was to investigate the effect of L-arg supplementation on the frequency of monocytic (M) and polymorphonuclear (PNM) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs, respectively).MethodsWe enrolled 65 CRC patients (34 males, 31 females) aged 69 ?± ?10 years into a prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Twenty-eight patients received L-arg and 37 received placebo for 9 days at a dose of 10 ?g/day. The frequency changes in MDSC, CD4⁺ cells and the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed before supplementation with L-arg (test 1), after 9 days of supplementation (test 2), and after surgery on day 11 (test 3).ResultsThe frequency of M-MDSC in the tumours of patients receiving L-arg supplementation was higher than in placebo-treated patients, as was the frequency of PMN-MDSC and M-MDSC in the mucosa. CRP concentration in the serum of placebo-treated patients in test 2 was higher than in test 1, and the concentration in the serum of patients with L-arg supplementation in test 2 was lower than in test 1. Moreover, the expression pattern of the argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) suggests that CRC is not auxotrophic for L-arg.ConclusionsThe results of this study do not support the hypothesis that L-arg supplementation in CRC patients can reduce immunosuppression by decreasing the frequency of suppressor cells and increasing the frequency of effector CD4⁺ T cells.     

基质金属蛋白酶和层粘连蛋白受体与卵巢癌的关系

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)主要降解细胞外基质完成肿瘤的侵袭过程,层粘连蛋白受体(LN-R)通过与其基底膜上的层粘连蛋白(LN)结合完成肿瘤的黏附和降解,LN-R作为跨膜蛋白,可以通过与细胞外基质中LN的结合来激活细胞某些重要的信号转导通路,影响蛋白水解酶MMP-2,MMP-9的基因表达。     

Generation or large numbers of immature and mature dendritic cells from rat bone marrow cultures

We have defined conditions for generating large numbers of dendritic cells (DC) in marrow cultures from 10 – 12-week-old ACI or WF rats. The combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNF-α, known to induce DC from human CD34⁺ progenitors, was not effective with rat. In contrast, GM-CSF plus IL-4 generated DC in high yield, corresponding to 30 – 40 % of the initial number of plated marrow cells. The DC proliferated in distinctive aggregates, in which most cells had an immature phenotype marked by undetectable surface B7 and high levels of MHC class II products within intracellular lysosomes. When dislodged and dispersed, the aggregates gave rise to mature stellate DC with abundant surface MHC class II and B7, sparse MHC class II^– lysosomes, and strong T cell-stimulating capacity. Therefore, rat marrow progenitors can generate large numbers of immature DC, with abundant intracellular MHC class II compartments, and potent, stimulatory, mature DC.     

Generation of large numbers of highly purified dendritic cells from bone marrow progenitor cells after co-culture with syngeneic murine splenocytes

Dendritic cells (DCs) are called the sentinels of the human immune system because of their function as antigen presenting cells (APCs) that elicit a protective immune response. Given that DCs have been used for many years as target cells in a great number of experiments, it became essential to devise a new method for producing DCs in higher quantities and of greater purity. Here we report a novel technique for obtaining more dendritic cells, and with higher purity, from in-vitro co-culture of bone marrow (BM) cells with splenocytes.     

The biology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in the cellular network regulating immune responses in cancer, chronic infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and in other pathological conditions. Morphological, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is a hallmark of MDSC. This heterogeneity demonstrates the plasticity of this immune suppressive myeloid compartment, and shows how various tumors and infectious agents can have similar biological effects on myeloid cells despite the differences in the factors that they produce to influence the immune system; however, such a heterogeneity creates ambiguity in the definition of MDSC as well as confusion regarding the origin and fate of these cells. In this review, we will discuss recent findings that help to better clarify these issues and to determine the place of MDSC within the myeloid cell lineage.     

MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清对树突状细胞抑制作用的研究

目的:应用MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌的上清液培养正常外周血树突状细胞,探讨MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌因子对正常树突状细胞分化、成熟及功能的影响.方法:应用MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞的培养上清和GM-CSF、IL-4及TNF-α培养正常外周血单个核细胞,检测所诱导的树突状细胞(DC)及其致敏的CTL活性.结果:MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清能够明显抑制正常树突状细胞的分化成熟及抗原提呈能力,CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达明显降低,与正常对照差异显著(P＜0.01);CTL对MCF-7细胞杀伤活性为17.35%与对照组56.14%比较差异显著(P＜0.01);IL-12分泌和共刺激T淋巴细胞所分泌的IFN-γ明显降低(P＜0.01).结论:MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞上清明显抑制所共培养的树突状细胞的分化、成熟及抗原提呈能力.     

肿瘤炎性微环境与树突状细胞研究进展

肿瘤免疫是近年来的研究热点,已知肿瘤微环境尤其是炎性微环境在促进肿瘤发生、发展过程中起重要作用。肿瘤浸润的树突状细胞（DC）多存在表型未成熟化、分布异常及功能障碍等现象,这可能是肿瘤诱导机体免疫耐受的重要机制之一。肿瘤炎性微环境可通过多种途径调节DC的分化和成熟,相关信号通路和分子机制正逐步得到阐明,此将为DC疫苗的研制和肿瘤免疫治疗提供新的希望。     

Ebola and Marburg virus-like particles activate human myeloid dendritic cells

The filoviruses, Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV), are potential global health threats, which cause deadly hemorrhagic fevers. Although both EBOV and MARV logarithmically replicate in dendritic cells (DCs), these viruses do not elicit DC cytokine secretion and fail to activate and mature infected DCs. Here, we employed virus-like particles (VLPs) of EBOV and MARV to investigate whether these genome-free particles maintain similar immune evasive properties as authentic filoviruses. Confocal microscopy indicated that human myeloid-derived DCs readily took up VLPs. However, unlike EBOV and MARV, VLPs induced maturation of DCs including upregulation of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II surface antigens, and the late DC maturation marker CD83. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR7 were also modulated on VLP-stimulated DCs, indicating that DC could migrate following VLP exposure. Furthermore, VLPs also elicited DC secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-6, and MIP-1alpha. Most significantly, in stark contrast to DC treated with intact EBOV or MARV, DC stimulated with EBOV or MARV VLPs showed enhanced ability to support human T-cell proliferation in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). Thus, our findings suggest that unlike EBOV and MARV, VLPs are effective stimulators of DCs and have potential in enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses.     

Blockade of CCR5-mediated myeloid derived suppressor cell accumulation enhances anti-PD1 efficacy in gastric cancer

Purpose: Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in tumor immune evasion and its level significantly increased in patients with gastric cancer. Studies confirmed the associations between MDSC and various cytokines in the peripheral blood. However, little is known about the mechanism drawing MDSC into tumor parenchyma. This study was to analyze the correlation between MDSC subsets and CCR5 level in gastric cancer.

Materials and methods: G-MDSC and M-MDSC from the peripheral blood and tumor parenchyma were analyzed by flow cytometry. CCR5 ligand CCL5 was detected by ELISA. CCR5 was detected by real-time PCR, western blot and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of CCR5 blockade was assessed by the tumor model.

Results: CCR5 ligand, gene and protein expression of CCR5, and surface expression of CCR5 significantly increased in blood and tumor of tumor-bearing mice, suggesting MDSC may be attracted into the parenchyma by CCL5/CCR5. Anti-CCR5 treatment decreased G-MDSC and M-MDSC in the periphery and tumor. In addition, combination treatment enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration and decreased the tumor burden of tumor-bearing mice.

Conclusions: This study elucidated a possible association between MDSC subsets and CCR5, in addition to provide a new potential target to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with gastric cancer.     

Developmental stages of myeloid dendritic cells in mouse bone marrow

The lineage relationship of dendritic cells (DC) with other hematopoietic cell types has been studied extensively, resulting in the identification of different bone marrow (BM) progenitors that give rise to distinct DC types. However, the identity of the different maturation stages of DC precursors in the BM remains unclear. In this study we define the in vivo developmental steps of the myeloid DC lineage in mouse BM. To this end, BM cells were separated according to their expression of CD31 (ER-MP12), Ly-6C (ER-MP20) and ER-MP58 antigens, and stimulated to develop into myeloid DC, using granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor as a specific growth factor. DC developed from three BM subpopulations: ER-MP12(hi)/20(-) (early blast cells), ER-MP12(+)/20(+) (myeloid blasts) and ER-MP12(-)/20(hi) (monocytes). The kinetic and phenotypic features of DC developing in vitro indicate that the three populations represent successive maturation stages of myeloid DC precursors. Within the earliest ER-MP12(hi)/20(-) population, DC precursors exclusively occurred in the myeloid-restricted ER-MP58(hi) subset. By using switch cultures, we show that these BM precursor subpopulations, when stimulated to develop into macrophages using macrophage colony stimulating factor, retain the ability to develop into myeloid DC until advanced stages of maturation. Together, these findings support a common ER-MP12/20-defined differentiation pathway for both macrophages and myeloid DC throughout their BM development.     

帕金森病患者外周血中骨髓来源抑制性细胞的检测及临床意义

目的:检测帕金森病患者外周血中2群骨髓来源抑制性细胞及相关临床意义。方法:选择2016年1月~2017年3月于我院收治并确诊为帕金森病的患者80人和健康志愿者20人为研究对象。按照HoehnYahr分期法将80名患者进行分期,其中Ⅰ级22人,Ⅱ级24人,Ⅲ级20人, Ⅳ级14人,Ⅴ级0人。分别收集帕金森病患者和健康志愿者的外周血各5 mL,分离获得单个核细胞,采用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD14~+CD11b~+和CD14~-CD11b~+细胞的水平,磁珠分选2群细胞,通过q PCR检测2群细胞中免疫抑制相关因子精氨酸酶1(ARG1)、白细胞介素10(IL~-10)和环氧合酶2(COX-2)的mRNA水平,Western blot法和ELISA法检测2群细胞表面膜蛋白CD14和CD11b,以及ARG1、IL~-10和COX~-2蛋白表达水平。结果:帕金森病患者外周血中CD14~+CD11b~+细胞比例与正常人相比无明显变化,而CD14~-CD11b~+细胞比例显著增加(P0.05);不同分期的帕金森病患者外周血中CD14~-CD11b~+细胞比例与Hoehn~-Yahr分期呈正相关,且CD14~-CD11b~+和CD14~+CD11b~+细胞共同高表达IL~-10和COX~-2,仅CD14~-CD11b~+细胞中高表达ARG1,与CD14~+CD11b~+细胞和正常人的2群细胞比较具有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:帕金森病患者外周血中CD14~-CD11b~+细胞和ARG1的高水平表达可以作为帕金森病发病和分期的参考依据。免疫抑制在帕金森病的发生和发展中具有重要的意义。     

克隆的人LAK细胞对骨髓粒单系造血祖细胞体外增殖的抑制作用

本文应用琼脂半固体培养法观察了克隆化的人LAK细胞对骨髓粒单系造血细胞(CFU-GM)增殖的影响。LAK细胞对CFU-GM集落形成有抑制作用:2×10~5/mlLAK细胞与1×10~5/ml骨髓单个核细胞BMMNC预孵育0.5小时可使集落数减少43.8%(P<0.01),LAK与BMMNC预孵育4小时对CFUGM的抑制更为明显,0.5×10~5/ml LAK细胞即可使集落数减少58.8%(P<0.01),随LAK浓度加大抑制效应增强;当LAK与BMMNC在双层培养体系中不接触时,高浓度(4×10~5/ml)亦可表现集落抑制活性。抑制率28.8%(P<0.05)。自体LAK细胞对CFU-GM的抑制效应与异体相比无显著差异(P>0.20)。作者认为LAK细胞对CFU-GM的抑制作用为细胞直接作用与分泌可溶性因子介导的双重效应。     

髓系抑制细胞抑制机体抗肿瘤免疫机制及相关免疫治疗的研究进展

髓系抑制细胞为未成熟的髓系细胞,在肿瘤组织中大量聚集。髓系抑制细胞可通过多种机制抑带0细胞毒性T细胞和自然杀伤细胞。自然杀伤T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤或通过诱导调节性T细胞（Treg）抑制机体抗肿瘤免疫从而促进肿瘤进展,因而抑制髓系抑制细胞将成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点。     

间充质干细胞调节树突状细胞相关功能的研究进展

树突状细胞(DCs)作为体内最强大的抗原提呈细胞,是适应性免疫应答的始动者,在较多疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要作用.间充质干细胞(MSCs)是具有多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,由于其强大的自我修复、抑制炎症以及免疫调节作用已成为研究的热点.大量的研究表明MSCs能通过影响DCs的成熟及功能,达到缓解疾病的目的.通过对MSCs调节DCs功能调节的深入研究有望取得疾病治疗的新进展.     

负载滋养层细胞抗原对小鼠树突状细胞表型及功能的影响

目的 研究负载滋养层细胞抗原对小鼠髓源性树突状细胞(DC)分化成熟过程的影响,获得致耐受性DC.方法 体外使用粒细胞巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)诱导小鼠骨髓细胞定向分化、经LPS刺激获得成熟DC;通过外胎盘锥组织块培养法获得滋养层细胞,制备可溶性抗原,加入DC培养体系.流式细胞术检测DC表面共刺激分子及MHC-Ⅱ的表达,ELISA法检测DC分泌IL-10和IL-12的浓度,混合淋巴细胞培养评估 DC刺激同种T细胞增殖、活化的功能.结果 成熟DC表型为CD40high CD80highCD86highMHC-Ⅱhigh,分泌大量的IL-12和极少量的IL-10 ,体外能有效刺激T细胞的增殖;负载滋养层细胞抗原的DC表型为CD40midCD80lo wCD86lowMHC-Ⅱlow,在分泌大量IL-12的同时IL-10也明显升高,不能有效刺激T细胞增殖,并使T细胞分泌细胞因子呈现明显Th2偏倚.结论 负载滋养层细胞抗原后的DC表面共刺激分子及MHC-Ⅱ表达降低,刺激T细胞增殖能力下降;其自分泌和促使T细胞旁分泌的细胞因子呈现Th2偏倚,是一种耐受性DC.