颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环开放与临床表现的关系

目的分析颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时,侧支循环开放与临床的关系。方法选择经颅多普勒超声检测颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞、再经数字减影血管造影检查证实的患者86例,根据侧支循环开放情况分为4组:前交通、后交通和眼动脉侧支循环开放组(Ⅰ组)1 7例,前交通或后交通动脉侧支循环开放组(Ⅱ组)27例,眼动脉侧支循环开放组(Ⅲ组)28例,无侧支循环开放组(Ⅳ组)14例。分析各组患者侧支循环开放情况并进行比较。结果 86例患者共检出阳性侧支循环1 39条,前交通动脉侧支循环开放57条,占41.0%,后交通动脉开放32条.占23.0%,眼动脉开放50条,占36.0%。前交通动脉及后交通动脉侧支循环开放较眼动脉侧支循环开放症状轻且预后好。结论经颅多普勒超声对颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞患者颅内侧支循环的判断有良好的敏感性和特异性.侧支循环的开放情况与临床缺血性病变及预后关系密切,侧支循环的评判有重要的临床意义。     

老年颈内动脉闭塞的眼动脉侧支血流动力学作用

目的探讨老年颈内动脉闭塞的眼动脉侧支血流动力学作用。方法对110例经磁共振血管成像或数字减影血管造影证实的老年一侧颈内动脉闭塞患者(闭塞组),采用经颅多普勒超声技术检测Willis环和眼动脉的侧支循环通路。闭塞组又分为眼动脉侧支组(40例)和无眼动脉侧支组(70例)。另设80例无颅内及颈部动脉病变患者为对照组。结果病变侧大脑中动脉的多普勒信号搏动指数(评估流入压力和远端血管阻力的指标)眼动脉侧支组和无眼动脉侧支组之间无差异,但是Willis环侧支通路[前交通动脉和(或)后交通动脉]的存在对大脑中动脉的搏动指数有明显作用。病变侧颈总动脉阻力指数眼动脉侧支组明显低于无眼动脉侧支组。结论眼动脉侧支对颈内动脉闭塞远端动脉床的血管阻力作用有限,而Willis环侧支在脑灌注上起重要作用。     

Collateral circulation in internal carotid artery occlusion. A study by duplex scan and magnetic resonance angiography

BACKGROUND: Clinical effects of internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion may range from the absolute absence of symptoms to lethal hemispheric stroke. In this paper symptoms of patients with ICA occlusion have been related to the development of collateral circulation, different types of developed collateral circulation have been assessed, and the degree of sensitivity and specificity of duplex scan has been appraised. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with ICA occlusion or subocclusion, 24 males and 24 females, aged between 50 and 83 years (67.7+/-7.15), underwent duplex scan and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Nineteen patients were completely asymptomatic, 20 patients showed permanent neurological symptoms and 9 patients had shown transient symptoms. RESULTS: Twelve patients (25%) did not show any collateral circulation, 29 patients (60%) showed collateral circulation through homolateral external carotid artery branches and 7 patients (15%) showed collateral circulation through other circuits. Of the 20 patients with permanent symptoms only 8 showed collateral circulation. On the contrary, all the 19 asymptomatic patients and the 9 patients with transient symptoms showed collateral circulation. Eventually, duplex scan showed 78% sensitivity, 100%, specificity and 83% diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show: 1) a clear-cut prevalence of collateral circulation through homolateral external carotid artery branches with respect to other possible collateral circulation; 2) an inverse relationship between the development of collateral circulation and the appearance of permanent symptoms; 3) a good diagnostic accuracy of duplex scan in revealing collateral circulation in the case of ICA occlusion.     

Indirect measurement of residual internal carotid pressure by photoplethysmography during the carotid occlusion test

A non invasive technique for measuring the systolic arterial pressure in the internal carotid artery during common carotid artery occlusion test is described. Its objective is to predict the efficiency of the collateral circulation through the circle of Willis during surgical carotid artery clamping. Photoplethysmographic curves were recorded on two facial areas supplied by the external carotid artery (earlobe and forehead above the center of one eyebrow). The residual carotid artery pressure during carotid clamping was estimated by considering the ratio of determined by the systolic brachial arterial pressure over the amplitude of the best photoplethysmographic curve obtained, multiplied by the amplitude of the photoplethysmographic curves recorded during the percutaneous compression of the common carotid artery. This method was verified on 15 patients (women: 6, men: 9) with carotid lesions, during carotid endarterectomy. The invasive measurement of the systolic pressure in the internal carotid during carotid clamping was compared with the calculated value. This comparison showed a highly significant correlation between the two values (p less than 0.001). Thus, a simple and non-invasive method of estimating the internal carotid systolic pressure during carotid clamping is described, so that the efficiency of the collateral circulation during this period may be assessed before surgery.     

颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者侧支循环的分析

目的探讨颈动脉系统病变引起的短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者的侧支循环开放情况。方法回顾性分析135例TIA患者的临床资料,根据DSA显示的血管影像,将颈动脉系统TIA患者分为3组：颅内动脉病变组（A组）60例、颅外动脉病变组（B组）52例、颅内外动脉均有病变组（C组）23例。分析3组侧支循环开放情况及脑动脉狭窄程度与侧支循环开放的关系。结果①3组侧支循环的总开放发生率为70.4%（95/135）,A组侧支循环开放发生率为56.7%（34/60）,B组为84.6%（44/52）,C组为73.9%（17/23）。组间开放发生率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.584,P〈0.01）。②3组患者侧支循环的开放以Willis环吻合形式的开放发生率最高（51.9%）,Willis环吻合开放发生率组间比较,以B组最高（67.3%）,A组最低（38.3%）,P〈0.01;颅内外吻合和脑膜支吻合开放发生率接近,分别为21.5%和20.0%;颅内外吻合以B组最高（42.3%）,A组仅1.7%,P〈0.01;软脑膜支吻合各组接近,P〉0.05。③A、B两组闭塞的患者分别为9例和13例,均有侧支开放。单侧狭窄者B组侧支循环开放发生率（78.6%）高于A组（48.8%）,χ2=6.291,P〈0.05。结论侧支循环开放发生率为颅内动脉病变低于颅外动脉病变。动脉狭窄越严重,侧支循环开放发生率越高。Willis环吻合为主要的侧支循环开放形式。     

单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄时侧支循环与缺血性脑血管事件的关系

目的探讨单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄时各侧支循环代偿出现的概率与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。方法选择数字减影血管造影术发现单侧颈内动脉起始部狭窄>70%的患者46例,其中缺血性脑血管事件24例作为症状组;无缺血性脑血管事件22例作为无症状组。观察侧支循环的组成、Willis环是否变异及其组成血管的管径,分析侧支循环与缺血性脑血管事件的关系。结果 Willis环代偿是主要的侧支循环。症状组后环变异率明显高于无症状组(P<0.05);症状组前交通动脉的管径明显细于无症状组[(1.36±0.18)mmυs(1.52±0.18)mm,P<0.01]。结论单侧颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄患者是否出现缺血性脑血管事件与Willis环的代偿完整性有关,Willis环的代偿潜能与Willis环是否存在变异及前交通动脉、后交通动脉的管径有关。     

幕上大面积脑梗死急性期临床CT分型与预后的关系

目的研究幕上大面积脑梗死急性期临床CT分型方法,并探讨分型和预后的关系。方法连续收集发病24 h内就诊的幕上大面积脑梗死患者130例。均行急诊头部CT扫描,排除脑出血,并行牛津郡社区卒中项目分型、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分。发病后24~72 h复查CT,将病灶最大径>5 cm并同时累及两个或两个脑叶以上者视为大面积脑梗死。先根据病灶受累血供范围分为三组,(1)>大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)分布区;(2)MCA分布区;(3)大脑前或大脑后动脉分布区。再根据CT所提示病灶近皮质处侧支循环好坏、是否完全或部分累及皮质区、放射冠区、深穿支区,将前两组分出亚型。结果脑梗死面积按分型方法:第1组有20例,第2组有102例,第3组仅有8例。第2组可分为MCA、完全MCA加侧支好、MCA减皮质、MCA减深穿支、MCA减深穿支加侧支好、MCA皮质6个亚型。第1组和第2组的完全MCA亚型预后最差;MCA皮质亚型较完全MCA加侧支好、MCA减深穿支、MCA减皮质3个亚型有好的预后趋势。结论本研究的临床CT分型方法简便易行,可指导判断预后。     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环对脑梗死的影响

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的状况与脑梗死的关系。方法 将脑血管造影发现颈内动脉狭窄〉70％的患者62例（6例闭塞）分为有症状组（41例）和无症状组（21例），根据头部MRI上梗死灶的部位、大小和形状，将梗死灶分为小穿支动脉供血区梗死、大穿支动脉供血区梗死、皮质支动脉供血区梗死、大面积梗死及分水岭区梗死。通过观察Willis环的完整性及其他次级侧支循环途径，分析侧支循环与脑梗死的关系。结果 ①有症状组患者在MRI上均有脑梗死灶，表现为小穿支动脉供血区梗死8例、大穿支动脉供血区梗死6例、分水岭区梗死10例，大、小穿支动脉供血区同时梗死9例、穿支动脉供血区梗死合并分水岭区梗死4例、皮质支动脉供血区梗死2例、大面积梗死2例；在无症状组，有分水岭区梗死1例、穿支动脉供血区梗死合并分水岭区梗死7例，其余13例无梗死灶。②有症状组中，Willis环前、后循环均完整5例、前半循环完整12例、后半循环完整8例、前后循环均不完整16例；无症状组中，Willis环前、后循环均完整14例、前半循环完整4例、后半循环完整2例、前后循环均不完整1例。症状组Willis环的开放程度均低于无症状组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。③症状组次级侧支代偿——眼动脉、大脑前动脉和大脑后动脉的皮质支侧支代偿分别为3、8和5例，无症状组分别为1、6和3例。两组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者是否出现脑梗死与Willis环开放的程度有关，可能与次级侧支代偿途径无关。     

Quantification of collateral flow in humans: a comparison of angiographic, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic variables

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of collateral vascular circulation according to hemodynamic variables and its relation to myocardial ischemia. BACKGROUND: There is limited information regarding the hemodynamic quantification of recruitable collateral vessels. METHODS: Angiography of the donor coronary artery was performed before and during balloon coronary occlusion in 63 patients with one vessel disease. Patients were divided into groups of those with an absence of collateral vessels (group 1, n = 10), those with recruitable collateral vessels (group 2, n = 23) and those with spontaneously visible collateral vessels (group 3, n = 30). During balloon inflation the coronary wedge/aortic pressure ratio (Pw/Pao) was determined as were collateral blood flow velocity variables, using a 0.014" Doppler guide wire. Myocardial ischemia was defined as > or =0.1 mV ST-shift on a 12 lead electrocardiogram at 1 min coronary occlusion. RESULTS: Myocardial ischemia was present in all patients of group 1, in 14 patients of group 2 and in 3 patients of group 3. Recruitable collateral flow without ischemia showed similar hemodynamic values as in group 3 while these values were similar to group 1 in regard to the presence of recruitable collateral vessels showing ischemia. Logistic regression analysis revealed both Pw/Pao and Vi(col) as independent predictors for the function of collateral vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic variables of collateral vascular circulation are better markers of the functional significance of collateral vessels than is coronary angiography. The total collateral blood flow velocity integral and coronary wedge/aortic pressure ratio are good and independent predictors of the function of collateral vessels producing complementary information.     

脑电图空间对称指数对颈动脉狭窄后侧支循环的评估

目的采用脑电图空间对称指数(sBSI)评价颈动脉狭窄患者侧支循环代偿程度。方法选取拟行数字减影血管造影(DSA)患者61例,根据代偿程度分为1级、2级和3级,并依次分为1组(6例)、2组(22例)和3组(33例)。在DSA前行16导联脑电图常规检查,计算脑电图sBSI。根据DSA结果,判断患者颈动脉狭窄程度和侧支代偿程度。对各组患者脑电图sBSI与其影响因素进行相关和回归分析。结果所有颈动脉轻度狭窄患者代偿程度均为3级,2级代偿程度出现在部分颈动脉中、重度狭窄和闭塞患者中,1级代偿程度出现在部分重度狭窄和闭塞患者中。与3组比较,1组和2组脑电图sBSI明显升高(P0.01)。1组与2组脑电图sBSI比较,差异无统计学意义。脑电图sBSI与狭窄程度呈正相关(r=0.541,P0.01),与代偿程度呈负相关(r=-0.770,P0.01)。多重回归分析显示,侧支代偿程度为脑电图sBSI独立影响因素(β=-0.029,P0.01)。结论脑电图sBSI检查作为一项无创的检查方法,在评估患者颈动脉狭窄后侧支代偿程度方面有一定的可行性。     

颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径

目的探讨颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。方法对100例老年颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)技术评估侧支循环变化。结果大脑中动脉主干重度狭窄或闭塞59例,TCD显示软脑膜吻合侧支通路开放34例,占57.6%。颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄或闭塞30例,侧支通路开放24例,占80.0%,其中前动脉交通侧支开放8例,后动脉交通侧支开放2例,前动脉交通与后动脉交通侧支同时开放4例,眼动脉侧支开放6例,前动脉交通、后动脉交通和眼动脉侧支同时开放4例。锁骨下动脉重度狭窄7例,TCD发现窃血改变4例,占57.1%。椎动脉重度狭窄或闭塞3例中,2例椎动脉起始部闭塞患者出现颈外动脉-椎动脉侧支开放。左侧颈总动脉闭塞伴头臂干中度狭窄1例,TCD显示椎动脉-颈外动脉-颈内动脉侧支通路开放。结论 TCD技术有助于了解颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。     

The functional significance of coronary collateral circulation during sudden coronary occlusion]

The functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation remains controversial. It has been suggested that collateral circulation possibly helps prevent myocardial ischemia. Seventeen target lesions in 15 patients were studied to determine the relationship between the extent of the coronary collateral circulation and the degree of ventricular dysfunction during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). During the first balloon inflation, diastolic indices such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, max negative dP/dt and the time constant of early relaxation were measured immediately before and at 60 sec following balloon inflation. During the second inflation, the contralateral and ipsilateral collateral circulations were evaluated. The latter was graded as follows: 0 = none; I = filling of side branches only; II = partial filling of the epicardial segment; and III = complete filling of the epicardial segment. Following balloon inflation, a significant increase was noted in the time constant of early relaxation in patients with grade 0 collateral circulation (40 +/- 7 to 47 +/- 7 msec: p < 0.01) and grade II collateral circulation (52 +/- 12 to 56 +/- 13 msec: p < 0.05). The percent increase in the time constant of early relaxation of patients with grade 0 and I collateral circulations exceeded that of patients with grade II (p < 0.05) or grade III collateral circulation (p < 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in all groups during PTCA. There was no significant difference in the percent increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) between the 4 groups. However, LVEDP before PTCA was higher in patients with grade III collateral circulation than in patients in the other groups. Max negative dP/dt did not change significantly in any group. In conclusion, collateral circulation helps prevent myocardial ischemia during acute coronary occlusion, which is most precisely shown by the time constant of early relaxation. The degree of this protective function of collateral circulation seems to vary.     

Relationship between pressure-derived collateral blood flow and diabetes mellitus in patients with stable angina pectoris: a study based on coronary pressure measurement

Although the pressure gradient between the normal and stenotic vascular regions is known to be the most important factor for collateral vessel development, factors which are responsible for variations among patients with ischemic heart disease are not well known. Likewise, it is still not clear whether diabetes mellitus (DM) has any effect on coronary collateral development. Coronary angiography, the most commonly used technique for studying collateral circulation, may not be accurate in assessing collateral circulation because most collaterals are situated intramurally or are too small to visualize angiographically. Intracoronary pressure measurement is a new technique to provide accurate and quantitative information about the collateral circulation. Therefore, we sought the effects of DM on coronary collateral vessels in patients with coronary artery disease by using intracoronary pressure measurement technique. METHODS: Study material consisted of 40 patients (20 diabetic) with chronic ischemic heart disease referred to angiography laboratory due to their ischemic symptoms verified previously with at least one non-invasive test. All of the patients had single vessel disease with more than 70% narrowing and had undergone PTCA and/or stent implantation procedure for this vessel. Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis (QCA) and all of the coronary pressure measurements were performed both pre- and post-revascularization procedure. After angiography, a fiber-optic pressure monitoring guidewire (Pressure wire, RADI Medical Systems, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts) was advanced to the stenosis to be dilated. The same wire was used as a guidewire for the angioplasty catheter. During complete occlusion with balloon inflation, distal pressure was recorded as coronary wedge pressure (CWP). As a more valuable parameter, collateral flow index (CFI) was determined by the ratio of simultaneously measured CWP (mmHg) to mean aortic pressure (Pa, mmHg, obtained from the guiding catheter) (CFI: CWP/Pa). RESULTS: Pressure measurements were performed on 20 diabetic and 20 non-diabetic patients. The mean value of CWP was 18.1 8.6 mmHg in the diabetic group and 26.8 +/- 9.6 mmHg in the non-diabetic group; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Also, the mean value of CFI was significantly higher in the non-diabetic group (0.17 +/- 0.08 in the diabetic group and 0.25 0.09 in the non-diabetic group; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the coronary collateral vessel development is impaired in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients.     

The determinants of collateral circulation status in patients with chronic cerebral arterial circle occlusion: A STROBE Study

The condition of collateral pathways is an important predictor of stroke prognoses; however the major determinants of collaterals are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to identify potentially determinants for collateral circulation status in patients with chronic occlusion of cerebral arterial circle.All patients with chronic occlusion of either unilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery M1 or M2 segment, diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography at the neurology department of the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017, were retrospectively collected in our sample. After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the patients’ relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed. Collateral circulations were assessed by 2 independent raters using the American society of interventional and therapeutic neuroradiology/society of interventional radiology flow-grading system.Baseline characteristics (n = 163): our sample consists of 116 (71.2%) male and 47 (28.8%) female patients with an average age of 57.5 ± 11.9 years. Cerebral collateral flow was poor in 59 (36.2%) patients. Our univariate analyses showed that poor collateral circulation was associated with lower high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL), elevated homocysteine levels, aging and hyperlipidemia. A multivariate analysis identified HDL, homocysteine levels and ageing as major predictors for collateral circulation status. In the subgroup analysis, the HDL contributed to collateral angiogenesis internal carotid artery occlusion group. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion group, the homocysteine and ageing were related to the poor collateral status.Low HDL, high levels of homocysteine and ageing are identified as possible risk factors for a poor collateral vessel blood flow in patients with chronic anterior circulation occlusion.     

短暂性脑缺血发作临床表现与病变血管及侧支循环的关系

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床表现与病变血管及侧支循环的关系。方法纳入158例在发病的1～7d内行全脑DSA检查的TIA患者。根据临床表现将其分为前循环TIA组和后循环TIA组。分析两组患者的脑动脉狭窄、侧支循环建立情况及临床表现与责任病变血管的符合情况。结果①158例TIA患者中,临床表现为前循环TIA 32例(20.3%),后循环TIA126例(79.7%)。122例(77.2%)存在颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞;36例(22.8%)颅内外动脉均正常,全部为后循环TIA组。②32例前循环TIA患者中,28例有颈内动脉系统责任动脉狭窄,符合率为87.5%;126例后循环TIA患者中,66例有椎-基底动脉系统责任动脉狭窄,符合率为52.4%;差异有统计学意义,P<0.01。③以Willis环交通动脉代偿率最高,可达81.0%(128/158),软脑膜代偿率10.1%(16/158),颈外动脉代偿率6.3%(10/158),前、后循环组TIA患者各级侧支代偿方式差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。18例患者的侧支循环代偿途径≥2种,其中4例为前循环TIA,均为症状与DSA符合者;14例为后循环TIA,其中8例为症状与DSA不符合者。结论前循环TIA较后循环TIA者临床症状与责任病变血管的符合率高,且均以Willis环代偿为主。     

血浆组织蛋白酶L与伴脑动脉狭窄的急性缺血性卒中患者侧支循环的相关性

目的 探讨伴有脑动脉狭窄的急性缺血性卒中患者血浆组织蛋白酶L(cathepsinL,CatL)水平与脑侧支循环建立的相关性.方法 纳入全脑血管造影检查确诊至少有1条颅内外大动脉(包括颈内动脉、大脑中动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉)狭窄＞70％的急性缺血性卒中患者,应用ASITN/SIR血流分级系统评价脑侧支循环建立情况,0～2级定义为侧支不良,3～4级定义为侧支良好.应用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆CatL水平.结果 研究共纳入79例伴有脑动脉狭窄的急性缺血性卒中患者,男性63例,女性16例,平均年龄(58.76±12.24)岁;侧支不良组51例(64.56％),侧支良好组28例(35.44％).侧支良好组血浆CatL水平与侧支不良组无显著性差异[(7.09±2.27) mg/L对(8.79 ±3.53) mg/L;t =2.751,P=0.069].多变量logistic回归分析发现,只有美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分高为侧支循环不良的独立危险因素(优势比0.935,95％可信区间0.823～0.963;P =0.046),而血浆CatL水平与侧支循环状况无显著独立相关性(优势比0.910,95％可信区间0.766～1.081;P=0.285).结论 伴有脑动脉狭窄的急性缺血性卒中患者血浆CatL水平与脑侧支循环的建立无显著相关性.     

经颅多普勒超声检测颈总动脉或头臂干病变的颅内外血流动力学变化

目的应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）评估颈总动脉（CCA）或头臂干（BT）重度狭窄或闭塞后的颅内外血流动力学变化及颅内外侧支循环的情况。方法选择经DSA证实的CCA或BT重度狭窄或闭塞患者24例为患者组（1例患者为左侧CCA闭塞,伴BT重度狭窄）,健康体检者20名为对照组。应用TCD检测两组颅内外动脉血流动力学参数的改变,判断侧支开放情况。结果①CCA或BT闭塞的17例患者中,13例CCA或BT局部未探及血流信号,4例呈异常低速高阻的血流信号;CCA或BT重度狭窄的8例中,6例病变局部呈异常高流速伴涡流血流频谱,2例仅探及狭窄以远CCA低流速、低搏动性血流频谱。24例患者的颈外动脉均为血流方向逆转、低搏动性的颈内动脉化血流频谱改变。21例颈内动脉起始段为低流速、低搏动性血流频谱。②大脑中动脉的流速及搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组（P〈0.01）。眼动脉呈正向低搏动性血流频谱者19例,未探及血流信号者3例,反向切迹血流频谱者2例。③24例患者中,19例（79.2%）Willis环侧支开放;3例有健侧颈外动脉侧支供血。9例呈前循环盗血的血流频谱改变,其中6例（25.0%,6/24）大脑前动脉呈收缩期早期切迹血流频谱改变。2例患侧颈内动脉虹吸段、眼动脉呈反向切迹血流频谱改变。1例BT闭塞患者颈内动脉起始段呈切迹血流频谱改变。结论应用TCD可对CCA或BT病变的颅内外动脉血流动力学改变进行综合评估。     

Functional significance of collateral coronary circulation in univascular obstructions (1)

The presence, degree and functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation was investigated in a group of 68 patients with angiographycally important (greater than 60%) univascular coronary obstruction. The following clinical parameters were reviewed. Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, functional class (NYHA), and degree of angina pectoris. In the ECG the presence of abnormal Q waves and the response to the stress test were analysed. To evaluate the functional significance of the collateral circulation the following angiographic and hemodynamic parameters were measured: ejection fraction (FE 100), mid sistolic ejection fraction (FE 50), percent of regional shortening of the left ventricular wall and finally the end diastolic pressure. According to the obstructed vessel (R, DA, Cx) the degree of obstruction (parcial or complete) and the degree of collateral circulation (O, I, II, III) several groups were formed. Statistical analysis of all the above mentioned clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic findings were compared amongst the various groups. Coronary collateral circulation was demonstrated in 45 patients (68%) being present in 82% of those with complete coronary obstruction. In most of the patients (87%) an abundant collateral network was present (grade II or III). No statistical differences were demonstrated between the groups with abundant or poor collateral circulation in all the clinical, electrocardiographic or angiographic parameters. Finally we conclude that important collateral circulation usually develops in the presence of severe coronary obstruction; however its functional value is limited.     

Influence of minimal angiographic visible collateral circulation on myocardial function during PTCA.

The potential protective role of angiographically visible minimal collateral circulation in diagnostic angiograms, not reaching or filling the target vessel (RENTROP class 1), on myocardial function during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), was studied in two groups of patients undergoing elective PTCA of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). In the first study group consisting of 22 patients, influence of collateral circulation class 1 on left ventricular regional function was evaluated. In this group, 14 patients showed no angiographic collaterals and 8 patients showed collateral circulation class 1 in diagnostic angiograms. Increase of end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices as well as decrease of global left ventricular function was not significantly different inpatients with and without such minimal collateral circulation. In patients without collaterals, the decrease of regional left ventricular function was significantly more pronounced in the left anterior length segment (p less than 0.05) and a trend was observed in the anterolateral (p = 0.059) and apical (p = 0.053) segments. In a second group, consisting of 29 patients, hemodynamic parameters were measured and, in addition to grading of collateral circulation in diagnostic angiograms, angiographically visible collateral circulation was estimated during occlusion of the LAD by injecting contrast materials into the right coronary artery. An increase of angiographically visible collaterals during the ischemic period of various degrees was documented in 26 (90%) of 29 patients. Combining patients of both study groups, increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during ischemia was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in patients without collaterals on diagnostic angiography (n = 34) than in patients with collateral circulation class 1 (n = 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

老年颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞后患者的颅内血流改变

目的探讨老年颈内动脉颅外段(EICA)重度狭窄或闭塞后患者颅内血流的改变及病情的变化。方法选择EICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者95例,按照年龄分为老年组(62例)和中年组(33例)。经颅多普勒超声检测患侧大脑中动脉的平均血流速度、搏动指数,判断侧支循环开放情况,根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)进行神经功能缺损评分。结果与中年组比较,老年组搏动指数和NIHSS评分明显升高,平均血流速度明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间侧支循环开放情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年患者EICA重度狭窄或闭塞后,侧支循环开放的情况无明显变化,但患侧大脑中动脉的血流速度较低,动脉弹性差,临床病情重。