Safety and efficacy of a new extensively hydrolyzed formula for infants with cow's milk protein allergy

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is best treated by complete elimination of cow's milk from the diet. For infants with CMPA who cannot be breast-fed, formulas based on extensively hydrolyzed proteins or on amino acids are the preferred substitutes for cow's milk-based formulas. In this study, we compared the tolerance and growth of infants with CMPA who were fed a new extensively hydrolyzed formula containing lactose (eHF) with those who were fed an amino acid formula (AAF). This was a prospective, multi-center, randomized, reference-controlled study. Seventy-seven infants <12 months old with suspected CMPA were enrolled. In 66 of these, CMPA was confirmed by oral challenge in a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or by a medical history of severe allergic reaction to cow's milk and a positive skin prick test. These infants were then tested for their reaction to eHF and AAF in a DBPCFC. All infants tolerated both formulas and were randomized to receive either eHF (n = 34) or AAF (n = 32) for 180 days. Growth (weight, length, and head circumference) and tolerance [skin, gastro-intestinal, and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy] were evaluated after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the growth measurements. Length and head circumference were similar to Euro-growth standards, but weight was slightly lower. Gastro-intestinal and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy were also similar in the two groups. However, whereas SCORAD scores for atopic dermatitis remained constant throughout the study in infants-fed eHF, there was a slight decrease in those fed AAF. Infants-fed eHF had significantly fewer incidents of vomiting than infants-fed AAF and a significantly higher frequency of soft stools. The new eHF is safe and well tolerated in infants diagnosed with CMPA.     

Safety and tolerance of a new extensively hydrolyzed rice protein-based formula in the management of infants with cow’s milk protein allergy

Guidelines recommend the use of extensively hydrolyzed cow’s milk protein-based formulas (eHF) in the treatment of infants with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). Extensively hydrolyzed rice protein infant formula (eRHF) has recently become available and could offer a valid alternative. A prospective trial was performed to evaluate the hypo-allergenicity and safety of a new eRHF in infants with a confirmed CMPA. Patients were fed the study formula for 6 months. Clinical tolerance of the eRHF was evaluated with a symptom-based score (SBS) and growth (weight and length) was monitored. Forty infants (mean age, 3.4 months; range, 1–6 months) with CMPA confirmed by a food challenge were enrolled. All infants tolerated the eRHF and the SBS significantly decreased as of the first month of intervention. Moreover, the eRHF allowed a catch-up to normal weight gain as of the first month as well as a normalization of the weight-for-age, weight-for length, and BMI z-scores within the 6-month study period. Conclusion: In accordance with current guidelines, this eRHF was tolerated by more than 90 % of children with proven CMPA with a 95 % confidence interval. This eRHF is an adequate and safe alternative to cow milk-based eHF.     

水解蛋白婴儿配方研究进展

牛奶过敏足婴幼儿最主要的食物过敏类型,1岁以内婴幼儿大约有2.5%的人群表现牛奶过敏.以天然牛奶蛋白为基础的水解蛋白配方,其变应原性降低,其中部分水解蛋白配方(pHF)可诱导口服免疫耐受,主要用于预防婴儿食物过敏和特应性皮炎;深度水解配方主要用于治疗婴儿牛奶过敏;严重牛奶过敏导致生长发育障碍的患儿,应用氨基酸配方治疗.     

Prospective, controlled, multi-center study on the effect of an amino-acid-based formula in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis

Cow's milk allergy/intolerance is treated by complete avoidance of cow's milk proteins. Because cow's milk is an important food for infants, its avoidance may lead to an increased risk of growth impairment. Whilst there is evidence for the beneficial effects of extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk formulae (eHF) in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance, little is known about the effects of amino-acid-based formulae (AA) in such infants. We therefore performed a prospective, controlled, multi-center trial to study the efficacy of AA in comparison with eHF, on the growth and clinical symptoms of 73 infants (median age 5.7 months) with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis. Cow's milk allergy/intolerance was proven in all infants by double-blind, placebo-controlled food-challenge. We observed a significant improvement in the SCORAD index in both groups, from a mean of 24.6, at entry, to a mean of 10.7 (p < 0.0001) after 6 months. In the AA group there was a significant increase in the length standard deviation score (p < 0.04), whilst there was no difference in the eHF group. The weight-for-length values were stable in both groups. The energy intake during the study was similar in both groups. Both an AA and eHF resulted in a significant clinical improvement in infants with an early onset of symptoms of cow's milk allergy/intolerance. Feeding an AA resulted in improved growth compared with feeding eHF, despite similar dietary intakes, and may therefore be considered as a beneficial alternative in infants with severe cow's milk allergy intolerance.     

Allergy to extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk proteins in infants: safety and duration of amino acid-based formula

Infants (n = 52) allergic to cow's milk protein and extensively hydrolyzed formulas received an amino acid-based formula. The amino acid-based formula proved to be safe, with infants exhibiting an overall gain in length and weight. Children with allergy restricted to extensively hydrolyzed formulas were diagnosed earlier and tolerated cow's milk protein earlier than children with multiple food allergy.     

三种低敏配方治疗牛奶蛋白过敏效果评价

目的 通过对牛奶蛋白过敏患儿采用3种低敏配方(游离氨基酸配方、深度水解配方、大豆配方)进行治疗随访,评估各组患儿体格生长及过敏症状改善情况.方法 初诊为牛奶蛋白过敏且无法进行母乳喂养的婴幼儿74例作为干预组,以健康体检儿童21例作为对照组.干预组遵循家长自愿选择原则分别给予游离氨基酸配方、深度水解配方、大豆配方替代治疗.于治疗开始后第1、2、3、6个月对患儿进行体格监测,同时对过敏症状缓解情况进行评估.采用SPSS13.0统计分析干预组与对照组、干预组间儿童体格生长情况及症状缓解程度和速度.结果 经半年随访,大豆配方替代组儿童年龄的体重及身长的体重Z值分别为(-0.43±0.88)、(-0.31±0.78),显著低于游离氨基酸配方替代组[(0.11±0.77)、(0.20±0.69)]、深度水解配方替代组[(0.10±0.62)、(0.18±0.70)]及对照组[(0.22±0.54)、(0.22±0.64)](P＜0.05);而后3者间体格生长差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).年龄的身长与年龄的头围四组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3种低敏配方均可有效缓解过敏临床症状.游离氨基酸配方与深度水解配方治疗皮肤症状效果优于大豆配方(P=0.003);且治疗1个月即可见显著疗效,而大豆配方缓解症状速度较慢(2个月).结论 游离氨基酸配方及深度水解配方均可维持牛奶蛋白过敏患儿正常的体格生长,而大豆配方治疗组生长速度明显不足.3种配方均可有效缓解牛奶蛋白过敏患儿临床症状,且游离氨基酸配方或深度水解配方治疗婴儿湿疹的效果、缓解速度要优于大豆配方.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the growth and symptom remission of infants with cow's milk protein allergy, who were fed with an amino acid formula, an extensively hydrolyzed formula or soy formula. Method Infants who were diagnosed as cow's milk protein allergy and can not be breastfed were enrolled in the intervention group,and were assigned to three special formulae(amino acid formula, extensively hydrolyzed formula or soy formula ) according to the will of parents from March 2009 to March 2010(n= 74).A non-randomized control group was made up of age-matched healthy children(n=21). Anthropometric measurements and symptoms were evaluated after 30, 60,90, and 180 days. The differences of physical growth and the therapeutic effects among each group were calculated by SPSS 13.0 package. Result After 180 days follow-up, the weight for age Z score and length for weight Z score were -0.43±0.88 and -0.31±0.78 in patients fed with soy formula substitute, which were significantly lower than those of patients fed with amino acid formula (0.11±0.77,0.20±0.69),extensively hydrolyzed formula(0.10±0.62,0.18±0.70)and control group(0.22±0.54,0.22±0.64)(P＜0.05).However, there were no significant differences in physical growth among patients fed with amino acid formula, extensively hydrolyzed formula and control group(P ＞0. 05). Moreover, no significant difference was found in length for age and head circumference for age among four groups (P＞0. 05). All hypoallergenic formulae were much helpful in remission of the symptoms of eczema(P＜0.05 ).However,amino acid formula and extensively hydrolyzed formula were more effective and rapid in relieving symptoms than soy formula (1 mo vs 2 mo)(P=0.003).Conclusion Both amino acid formula and extensively hydrolyzed formula can maintain the normal growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy.While, the growth of patients fed with soy formula was significantly slower than that of the other three groups. All hypoallergenic formulae can be effective in relieving allergy symptoms,and amino acid formula or extensively hydrolyzed formula seems to be superior to soy formula.     

L'allergie aux hydrolysats de protéines du lait de vache. À propos de huit cas

BACKGROUND: The use of extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas is the best alternative for children with cow's milk allergy, though cases of allergies to hydrolyzed proteins have been reported. The aim of this study was to clarify from our experience the diagnostic, evolutive and therapeutic aspects of allergies to extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report eight cases of allergy to extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas seen between 1985 and 1998. The diagnostic criteria for allergy were either the appearance of immediate anaphylactic reactions after the ingestion of protein hydrolysate or a positive challenge test with the protein hydrolysate. RESULTS: Four children developed immediate anaphylactic symptoms after ingesting protein hydrolysate, and four children demonstrated subacute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. All children who developed acute anaphylactic symptoms had positive skin tests and specific IgF, antibodies (RAST) to cow's milk and/or hydrolyzed proteins. Conversely, in the four children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, skin tests and specific IgE antibodies were negative in three cases, but intestinal histology was abnormal in all of them when they were fed with a protein hydrolysate; this became normal after excluding the hydrolysate (data available in only two cases). Three children tolerated another protein hydrolysate form (whey vs. casein), four children had a favourable outcome when fed with human milk, and an amino-acid-based formula was successfully used in the most recent case. Nonhydrolyzed cow's milk proteins were tolerated after the age of 18 months in six children. Other atopic symptoms were observed in six children. CONCLUSION: Allergy to cow's milk protein hydrolysate is rare. The diagnosis is usually easy in children who develop acute anaphylactic symptoms, though intestinal histology is generally necessary for the diagnosis of allergy with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Treatment is based on the use of either another protein hydrolysate form (whey vs. casein) or an amino-acid-based formula.     

Allergy to soy formula and to extensively hydrolyzed whey formula in infants with cow's milk allergy: a prospective, randomized study with a follow-up to the age of 2 years

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the cumulative incidence of allergy or other adverse reactions to soy formula and to extensively hydrolyzed formula up to the age of 2 years in infants with confirmed cow's milk allergy. STUDY DESIGN: Infants (n = 170) with documented cow's milk allergy were randomly assigned to receive either a soy formula or an extensively hydrolyzed formula. If it was suspected that the formula caused symptoms, a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge (DBPCFC) with the formula was performed. The children were followed to the age of 2 years, and soy-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies were measured at the time of diagnosis and at the ages of 1 and 2 years. RESULTS: An adverse reaction to the formula was confirmed by challenge in 8 patients (10%; 95% confidence interval, 4.4%-18.8%) randomly assigned to soy formula and in 2 patients (2.2%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3% to 7.8%) randomly assigned to extensively hydrolyzed formula. Adverse reactions to soy were similar in IgE-associated and non-IgE-associated cow's milk allergy (11% and 9%, respectively). IgE to soy was detected in only 2 infants with an adverse reaction to soy. Adverse reactions to soy formula were more common in younger (<6 months) than in older (6 to 12 months) infants (5 of 20 vs 3 of 60, respectively, P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: Soy formula was well tolerated by most infants with IgE-associated and non-IgE-associated cow's milk allergy. Development of IgE-associated allergy to soy was rare. Soy formula can be recommended as a first-choice alternative for infants >or=6 months of age with cow's milk allergy.     

Time course of allergy to extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk proteins in infants

We report on the follow-up of 22 infants allergic to cow's milk proteins who did not tolerate extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas. After successful use of an amino acid-based diet for a duration of 11.8 +/- 8.7 months, evolution differed according to the presence or absence of associated allergy to other foods. Cow's milk protein tolerance occurred earlier in the patients (n = 9) whose allergy was limited to cow's milk proteins and to extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas.     

A systematic review of the role of hydrolyzed infant formulas in allergy prevention

OBJECTIVE: To critically examine the published literature to determine whether feeding hydrolyzed infant formulas from birth has a role in allergy prevention. DATA SOURCES: We identified data through a MEDLINE search using allergy prevention and infant formulas as indexing terms. The search was restricted to 1985 through the present, English-language articles, and human subjects. STUDY SELECTION: Criteria for inclusion in the review were prospective controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION: Symptoms of allergy were defined and observed by health care providers (physicians and nurses). DATA SYNTHESIS: Nine published trials evaluated the use of extensively hydrolyzed formulas, 12 evaluated the use of partially hydrolyzed formulas in high-risk infants, and 1 evaluated the use of partially hydrolyzed formulas in an unselected infant population. The reports compared hydrolyzed formulas with breastfeeding, cow's milk formulas, soy formulas, and combinations thereof. The cohort of studies consistently showed reductions in the cumulative incidence of atopic disease from 12 to 60 months of age among high-risk infants fed extensively hydrolyzed casein formulas or partially hydrolyzed whey formulas vs cow's milk formulas. No studies showed an increase in allergy risk with any hydrolyzed formulas. CONCLUSIONS: Extensively hydrolyzed casein formulas and partially hydrolyzed whey formulas are appropriate alternatives to breast milk for allergy prevention in infants at risk. Because atopic disease in children cannot be predicted, the use of these formulas in the general population should be considered, and one must weigh cost, compliance, and long-term benefits.     

牛奶蛋白过敏患儿的营养干预

目的 分析牛奶蛋白过敏(CMPA)儿童基本情况,探讨个体化应用氨基酸配方粉、深度水解乳清蛋白婴儿配方粉治疗后的干预效果及转归.方法 收集2009年2 -12月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院儿科就诊,符合CMPA诊断的180例患儿为干预对象.在营养门诊对其喂养史、一般情况进行回顾性分析,给予牛奶回避及治疗类配方粉营养干预7d后回访疗效,指导辅食的选择和添加,并随访3个月、6个月后配方粉喂养婴儿的变化及疗效.结果 180例患儿牛奶过敏高发年龄段为＞2 ～4月龄组(64例,占35.5％);母乳喂养者21例(11.7％),非纯母乳喂养者159例(88.3％);有家族史者32例(17.8％);男女比为1.65:1.干预7d后显效比例最高的临床症状为腹泻(61例,占83.6％).3个月后纯氨基酸配方粉喂养76例(占46.0％),深度水解配方喂养54例(占32.7％),适度水解配方奶粉喂养为25例(占15.3％).6个月后喂养主要是纯氨基酸配方(39例,占24.9％),其次为牛奶配方粉(36例,占22.9％).结论 母乳喂养有利于避免婴儿牛奶过敏,营养干预3个月内不宜喂养含牛奶蛋白配方奶粉,营养干预6个月后部分患儿可获牛奶耐受.牛奶过敏患儿喂养配方粉的转归各不相同,应结合患儿家庭经济能力、病情变化等个体化营养干预.     

Cow's milk protein allergy after neonatal intestinal surgery.]

Cases of cow's milk protein allergy have been occasionally reported after neonatal intestinal surgery. AIM OF THE STUDY: To measure the prevalence of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) following neonatal intestinal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The files of all children who underwent intestinal surgery in the neonatal period over a four-year-period were reviewed. The diagnosis of CMPA was made on the association of one or several symptoms suggesting food allergy after the introduction of cow's milk protein in the diet, the disappearance of the symptoms after exclusion of cow's milk protein from the diet and their reappearance after reintroduction of cow's milk protein. RESULTS: During the study period, 251 neonates underwent an intestinal surgery. Among them, 11 babies (4.3%) developed CMPA. None of them had a medical history of family atopy. Moreover, while 5 children were fed with a diet containing cow's milk protein before surgery: none of them presented initially with symptoms suggesting CMPA before intestinal surgery. Small intestine suffering was observed during operation in seven of 11 patients. No specific neonatal digestive disease or malformation was associated with CMPA. The signs revealing CMPA were primarily digestive : diarrhoea (N =3), vomiting (N =4), abdominal distension (N =2), colic or anorexia (N =2). Casein specific immunoglobulin E were present in nine of ten cases, alpha lactalbumin and/or beta lactoglobulin specific immunoglobulin E were present in six of ten cases. Prick test were performed in three children and were positive. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of CMPA among these patients with no risk factors of allergy raises the question of the role of neonatal intestinal surgery in developing food allergy. These data should be confirmed by prospective case-control studies. They underline the interest to evoke the diagnosis of CMPA when digestive symptoms occur after milk protein introduction in children undergoing neonatal intestinal surgery. Breast feeding or milk protein hydrolysate formula should be used for refeeding these patients.     

The natural history of intolerance to soy and extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with multiple food protein intolerance.

Infants (n = 18) with intolerance to extensively hydrolyzed formulas and soy who responded to an L-amino acid-based elemental formula (AAF) were studied until 3 years of age. By 2 years of age most tolerated non-formula foods, and by 3 years only 3 required AAF. Growth normalized during AAF feeding in 4 infants with failure to thrive.     

Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed rice-protein formulas for the treatment of cow's milk protein allergy

Foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) with a protein fraction made of hydrolyzed rice protein (HRPs) have been on the market in Europe since the 2000s for the treatment of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). HRP formulas (HRPFs) are proposed as a plant-based alternative to cow's milk protein-based extensively hydrolyzed formulas (CMP-eHF) beside the soy protein formulas whose use in CMPA is controversial. HRPFs do not contain phytoestrogens and are derived from non-genetically modified rice. HRPFs are strictly plant-based apart from the addition of vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol). As the amino acid content of rice proteins differs from that of human milk proteins, the protein quality of these formulas is improved by supplementation with free lysine, threonine, and tryptophan. The consumption of HRPFs has risen: for example, in France HRPFs account for 4.9% in volume of all formulas for children aged 0–3 years. Several studies have shown the adequacy of HRPFs in treating CMPA. They ensure satisfactory growth from the 1st weeks of life for infants and toddlers, both in healthy children and in those with CMPA. HRPFs can be used to treat children with CMPA either straightaway or in second intention in cases of poor tolerance to CMP-eHF for organoleptic reasons or for lack of efficacy. In France, the cost of HRPFs is close to that of regular infant or follow-on formulas.     

Is there a consensus in food allergy management?

Approaches to the management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) include eliminating dairy products from the diet and delaying the introduction of solids until 6 months of age. In addition, because children on strict elimination diets often exhibit nutritional deficiencies that may lead to poor growth, some studies suggest that replacement rather than elimination diets may be more appropriate. Studies of amino acid-based formulas in children with CMA have shown them to be safe and as effective as extensively hydrolysed formulas (eHF) at relieving allergic symptoms. Certain subgroups, such as children with severe atopic eczema or exclusively breast-fed children exhibiting allergic symptoms, may develop intolerance to eHF, and evidence suggests that the use of amino acid-based formulas in these populations relieves symptoms and encourages growth. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the benefits of amino acid-based formulas in children with CMA intolerant to eHF.     

Comparison of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas for allergy prevention:A prospective, randomized study

The aim of this study was to compare the allergy‐preventive effect of a partially hydrolyzed formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas, in infants with a high risk for development of allergic disease. High‐risk infants from four Danish centres were included in the period from June 1994 to July 1995. Five‐hundred and ninety‐five high‐risk infants were identified. High‐risk infants were defined as having bi‐parental atopy, or a single atopic first‐degree relative combined with cord blood immunoglobulin E (IgE) ≥ 0.3 kU/l. At birth all infants were randomized to one of three different blinded formulas. All mothers had unrestricted diets during pregnancy and lactation and were encouraged to breast‐feed exclusively. If breast‐feeding was insufficient, one of the three formulas, according to randomization, was given during the first 4 months. It was recommended not to introduce cow's milk, cow's milk products, and solid foods until the age of 4 months. After the age of 4 months a normal unrestricted diet and conventional cow's milk‐based formula were given when needed. All infants were followed‐up prospectively with interview and physical examination at the age of 6, 12, and 18 months, and if any possible atopic symptoms were reported. If food allergy was suspected, controlled elimination/challenge procedures were performed in a hospital setting. Of 550 infants included in the study, 514 were seen at all visits and 36 were excluded owing to non‐compliance. Of 478 infants who completed the study, 232 were exclusively breast‐fed, 79 received an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula (Nutramigen), 82 an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula (Profylac), and 85 a partially hydrolyzed whey formula (Nan HA), during the first 4 months of life. These four groups were identical in regard to atopic predisposition, cord blood IgE, birthplace, and gender. Exclusively breast‐fed children were exposed less to tobacco smoke and pets at home and belonged to higher social classes, whereas the three formula groups were identical concerning environmental factors. The frequency of breast‐feeding was high; only eight (2%) children were not breast‐fed at all. The three formula groups were identical in regard to duration of breast‐feeding and age at introduction of formula and solid foods. No significant differences were found in the three groups of infants receiving formula milk regarding the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis or respiratory symptoms. The cumulative incidence of parental‐reported cow's milk allergy was significantly higher in children fed partially hydrolyzed formula (Nan HA) compared with extensively hydrolyzed formula (Nutramigen or Profylac) at 12 and 18 months (NanHA, 7.1%; Nutramigen, 2.5%; Profylac, 0%; p = 0.033). The cumulative incidence of confirmed cow's milk allergy was 1.3% (three of 232) in exclusively breast‐fed infants, 0.6% (one of 161) in infants fed extensively hydrolyzed formula (Nutramigen or Profylac), and 4.7% (four of 85) in infants fed partially hydrolyzed formula (Nan HA). Partially hydrolyzed formula was found to be less effective than extensively hydrolyzed formula in preventing cow's milk allergy, 0.6% vs. 4.7% (p = 0.05), but because of the small number of cases the results should be interpreted with caution. Compared with other similar studies the frequency of atopic symptoms was low, even though the dietetic intervention did not include either maternal diet during lactation or dietary restrictions to the children after the age of 4 months.     

Biotin and carnitine deficiency due to hypoallergenic formula nutrition in infants with milk allergy

Amino acid formulas and hydrolyzed formulas given to infants in Japan with milk allergies theoretically contain little, if any, biotin and carnitine. We assessed biotin and carnitine insufficiency in six infants with milk allergy who were fed amino acid formulas and/or hydrolyzed formulas, by measuring urine 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (3‐HIA) and serum free carnitine (C0), respectively. All patients presented with elevated urine 3‐HIA and lowered serum C0 compared with post‐menstrual age‐matched infants who were fed breast milk or standard infant formulas. Supplementation with biotin and l ‐carnitine immediately improved the insufficiency. Care should be taken to avoid biotin and carnitine deficiency in allergic infants fed amino acid or hydrolyzed formulas.     

血清IgE测定对牛奶过敏婴儿的临床意义

目的 探讨牛奶蛋白特异性IgE(sIgE)对牛奶蛋白过敏症(CMPA)患儿的临床意义。方法 依据sIgE 检测结果将96 例CMPA 患儿分为IgE⁺ 组(n=26)与IgE^- 组(n=70), 对比分析两组患儿的临床特点;予食物回避和使用深度水解蛋白粉或氨基酸粉干预16 周后, 比较两组患儿的干预效果。结果 CMPA 患儿血清IgE 阳性率为27%。IgE⁺ 组的首次发病年龄低于IgE^- 组(P<0.05);过敏性家族史和呼吸道症状发生率高于IgE^- 组(P<0.05);重度CMPA、消化道症状、体重低下、生长迟缓、贫血和低蛋白血症发生率低于IgE^- 组(P<0.05)。IgE⁺ 组患儿主要临床症状表现为红斑、荨麻疹、呕吐、流涕、咳嗽、喘息和阵发性哭闹, 发生率高于IgE^- 组(P<0.05);IgE^- 组患儿主要临床症状表现为湿疹、便秘和腹泻, 发生率高于IgE⁺ 组(P<0.05)。干预16 周后, 两组间各临床症状缓解率均在80％以上, 且两组间各临床症状缓解率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 CMPA患儿血清IgE 阳性率不高。IgE^- 组临床症状更不典型, 多为非过敏性临床表现。早期食物回避和使用深度水解蛋白粉或氨基酸粉干预对IgE⁺ 和IgE^- 患儿均能获益。     

不同孕期母亲免疫水平对婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的影响

目的 探讨不同孕期母亲Th1/Th2免疫水平与婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）之间的关联。方法 选取2016年7月至2018年12月于山东省潍坊市益都中心医院及青州市中医院就诊的单胎健康孕妇及其子代为研究对象。检测母亲孕中期、孕后期的白细胞介素（IL）-2、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、IL-4和IL-10水平,并分别于出生后1年内进行CMPA问卷调查,对临床怀疑CMPA的婴儿进行食物回避及牛奶口服激发试验,将符合CMPA的48例婴儿纳入CMPA组,其余977例正常婴儿纳入对照组。对CMPA婴儿进行单因素分析,并采用泊松回归分析不同孕期母亲各Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平与CMPA之间的关联。结果 CMPA的检出率为4.68%,临床表现包括消化系统症状、皮肤表现、呼吸系统症状及其他表现。单因素分析结果显示,CMPA组母亲食物过敏、母亲过敏性疾病史的发生率均明显高于对照组（P < 0.05）,母乳喂养率明显低于对照组（P < 0.05）。CMPA组的母亲IL-2（孕中期和孕后期）、IFN-γ（孕后期）较对照组明显降低（P < 0.05）。母亲孕后期低IFN-γ及孕中期、孕后期低IL-2与婴儿CMPA存在显著关联（P < 0.05）;校正母乳喂养、母亲食物过敏及母亲过敏性疾病史等因子后发现,母亲孕后期低IL-2、低IFN-γ与婴儿CMPA仍存在显著关联（P < 0.05）。结论 孕后期母体的Th1型细胞因子水平下降,可能会导致胎儿的免疫改变,从而增加其子代出生后罹患CMPA的风险。     

以胃肠道症状为主要表现的婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏280例临床分析

目的 探讨以胃肠道症状为主要表现的婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）的流行病学特点及临床特征。方法 回顾性分析280例临床诊断为以胃肠道症状为主要表现的CMPA住院婴儿的临床资料。结果 280例CMPA患儿中,6月龄以内患儿占72.5%（203例）。表现为腹泻171例（61.1%）,血便149例（53.2%）,呕吐71例（25.4%）,湿疹57例（20.4%）,营养不良42例（15%）,便秘13例（4.6%）;轻-中度CMPA258例（92.1%）,重度CMPA 22例（7.9%）。重度CMPA组营养不良发生率（50.0%）高于轻-中度组（12.0%）,血便发生率（22.7%）则低于轻-中度组（55.8%）,差异均有统计学意义。母乳喂养CMPA组营养不良发生率（10.3% vs 24.6%）及重度CMPA患儿比例（4.4% vs 18.0%）均低于人工喂养CMPA组,而人工喂养CMPA组的血便发生率（37.7%）则低于母乳喂养CMPA组（56.6%）及混合喂养CMPA组（59.0%）,差异均有统计学意义。结论 以胃肠道症状为主要表现的CMPA多发生于6月龄以内婴儿,以腹泻、血便起病多见,病情大多为轻-中度。人工喂养比母乳喂养更易导致重度CMPA,更易引起营养不良。