腹腔镜辅助与开腹远端胃癌D2根治术近期康复的对比研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术患者术后早期的康复情况.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月56例腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌根治术(腹腔镜组)与同期62例开腹远端胃癌根治术(开腹组)患者的临床资料.结果 两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数目、pTNM分期、切除长度及术后并发症发生率等比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组术中出血量明显少于开腹组(120±25 ml VS 165±42 ml,P＜ 0.05),腹腔镜组术后胃肠功能恢复时间、平均住院时间均短于开腹组,分别为(75±9hVS 101±12h,P＜ 0.05)和(8.2±2.5 d VS 10.5±2.9 d,P＜ 0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术技术可行,同时具备手术视野清晰、创伤小、出血少等优点,患者近期康复效果优于开腹手术.     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹远端胃癌根治术的临床对比研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的可行性.方法:对39例行腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌粮治术(腹腔镜组)及40例开腹远端胃癌根治术(开腹组)患者的术后情况进行对比分析.结果:腹腔镜组与开腹组平均手术时间分别为(204.6±38.4)min和(166.1±36.8)min(P<0.05);但腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后恢复情况、术后外周血T淋巴细胞及NK细胞活性显著优于开腹组(P<0.05).腹腔镜组肿瘤根治程度、术后生存率、肿瘤复发情况与开腹组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术是安全可行的,其微创优势明显,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治效果.     

早期胃癌腹腔镜与开腹根治术的对照研究

目的评价腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗早期胃癌的可行性、安全性、肿瘤根治性以及术后近期疗效.方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2007年8月间68例接受外科手术的早期胃癌的临床和手术资料,其中腹腔镜胃癌根治术31例,开腹胃癌根治术37例;并比较两组的手术时间、术中出血、术后胃肠道恢复、术后住院天数、术后并发症、术后病理及随访等结果.结果全部31例早期胃癌均在腹腔镜下完成胃切除和淋巴结清扫,无中转开腹,其中远端胃大部切除术28例,近端胃大部切除术2例,全胃切除术1例;D1 α式淋巴结清扫16例、D1 β式淋巴结清扫2例,D2淋巴结清扫13例.腹腔镜胃癌根治术的平均手术时间为194.8±50.8 min,与开腹组无显著性差异;术中出血量(138.7±157.3)ml,显著低于开腹组(P＜0.05).腹腔镜手术后肠道恢复功能时间1.8(1～4)d,显著少于开腹组(P＜0.01).腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率为3.2%,与开腹组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组清扫淋巴结数(9.6±4.4)枚,测量胃近端和远端正常切缘(3.8±1.6)cm及(3.5±1.3)cm,与开腹组比较无显著性差异.术后中位随访15(2～35)个月,腹腔镜组无肿瘤复发或者死亡,开腹组一例因腹膜复发而死亡.结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术是治疗早期胃癌安全、可行、微创、有效的方法.     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全性和生存状况分析

目的 评估腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的安全性和长期生存情况.方法 行远端胃癌根治术患者360例,其中160例行腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组),200例行开腹手术(开腹组),比较两组患者手术安全性、术后并发症和生存率.结果 腹腔镜组手术出血量和术后住院时间分别为(42.5±15.3)ml和(9.5±2.6)天,均少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数目和术后并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者随访时间6 ～ 60个月,平均32个月,腹腔镜组与开腹组1、3、5年总体生存率分别为95.3％、82.7％、60.3％和95.4％、79.2％、60.3％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全可行,有创伤小,恢复快,并发症少.腹腔镜组在术后生存率与开腹手术组相当.     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术并发症的防治

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术并发症的防治及其临床价值.方法 同顾性分析我院2010年1月至2011年12月分别接受腹腔镜全胃切除胃癌D2根治术(腹腔镜组165例)及开腹全胃切除胃癌D2根治术(开腹组193例)共358例胃癌患者的临床资料.将手术情况、术后恢复情况和并发症进行比较. 结果 腹腔镜组中位手术时间为225( 195～340) min,开腹组为230(195～300) min,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);腹腔镜组淋巴结清扫数目为(26±4)枚,开腹组为(27±4)枚,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);腹腔镜组中位术中失血量为160(80～600) ml,显著低于开腹组的270(150～600)ml,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);腹腔镜组术后平均住院(11.4±2.6)d,显著低于开腹组的(13.7±2.4)d,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).腹腔镜组的术后并发症共18例,开腹组共30例,两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无围手术期死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术是安全可行的,并能有效地防治手术的并发症,更能体现创伤小、并发症少、恢复快的特点.     

腹腔镜与开腹远端胃癌D2根治术的临床疗效比较

比较腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术与开腹远端胃癌D2根治术的临床疗效。对2010年1月—2014年12月进行的48例远端胃癌根治术患者的临床资料进行分析,其中腹腔镜组21例,开腹组27例。比较二组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数量、切口长度、肿瘤远、近切缘的长度、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间和术后并发症情况。腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组;两组淋巴结清扫数量、肿瘤远近切缘长度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术中出血量、切口长度、术后肛门排气时间、术后切口感染率、术后住院时间均少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后肺部感染率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔镜下远端胃癌D2根治术可取得与开腹手术相当的根治效果。     

淋巴示踪剂导引腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌根治术的临床研究

目的探讨纳米炭示踪剂引导腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D2根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析近2年间行远端胃癌根治术患者109例的临床资料。(1)观察组,21例。用纳米炭作为淋巴示踪剂引导行腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D2根治术;(2)对照组,40例。常规腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D2根治术组;(3)开腹D2根治手术组,48例。结果3组患者性别构成及年龄无统计学差异。观察组清扫淋巴结数目显著多于对照组(均P0.05);观察组手术出血量平均(156±102)mL,少于常规腹腔镜组的(182±109)mL和开腹手术组的(230±112)mL;观察组平均住院日为(11.9±5.8)d,少于开腹手术组的(17.5±9.4)d。结论纳米炭淋巴示踪剂在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中具有良好的靶向性,能增加淋巴结清除数目,减小手术创伤,术后患者恢复快。     

手辅助腹腔镜在远端胃癌D2根治术中应用的临床对照研究

目的分析手辅助腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术的短期临床效果,总结手辅助腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术的技术特点。方法回顾性分析成都军区总医院全军普外中心胃肠外科2010年12月至2013年12月期间完成的手辅助腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术(手辅助腹腔镜组)92例和传统开腹远端胃癌D2根治术(开腹组)107例患者的临床资料,比较2组的手术时间、手术切口长度、术中出血量、检获淋巴结枚数、术后住院时间及术后并发症。结果手辅助腹腔镜组和开腹组均无手术切缘癌残留。与开腹组比较,手辅助腹腔镜组的手术切口长度明显缩短(P0.01),术中出血量明显减少(P0.05);但2组手术时间、检获淋巴结枚数和术后住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。手辅助腹腔镜组和开腹组各有1例死亡,均死于不明原因的消化道出血。手辅助腹腔镜组术后共发生并发症9例(9.78%),开腹组术后共发生并发症12例(11.21%),2组术后总并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=9.04,P0.05)。结论手辅助腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术并未明显延长手术时间,且安全、高效,具有一定的微创优势。     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的可行性及手术方法。方法行腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术15例,D1清扫3例,D2/D2 12例。全部病例均行毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合。结果15例成功进行腹腔镜手术。手术时间平均(218.6±31.6)min,术中出血量平均(132.4±21.3)ml,清扫淋巴结平均(33.4±13.6)个。肿瘤近端切缘(6.6±0.9)cm,远端切缘(5.4±0.6)cm,术后肛门排气时间平均(3.5±0.6)d,无手术死亡,无吻合口漏,术后并发肺部感染1例,经治疗后痊愈。术后随访1~10个月,无肿瘤复发或转移。结论腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术能达到与开腹胃癌标准根治术(D2)的淋巴结清扫范围及肿瘤切缘,且具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

开腹与腹腔镜辅助胃癌D_2根治术治疗进展期胃癌近期疗效的对比研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术治疗进展期胃癌的根治效果与临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2013年4月至2014年4月成功施行的120例胃癌根治术的临床资料,由患者选择手术方式,其中腹腔镜组52例,开腹组68例。对比两组手术的安全性、肿瘤根治性、术后恢复情况、并发症发生率等。结果:腹腔镜组均顺利完成D2淋巴结清扫,无一例中转开腹。腹腔镜组手术时间[(242.7±50.8)min vs.(213.4±40.6)min]长于开腹组(P=0.003),切口长度[(6.2±1.1)cm vs.(18.7±4.7)cm]、术中出血量[(180.4±120.8)ml vs.(276.6±138.7)ml]、术后肛门排气时间[(2.8±1.6)d vs.(5.2±2.6)d]、首次下床活动时间[(3.8±0.6)d vs.(5.2±1.8)d]、首次进食流质时间[(4.3±0.8)d vs.(6.7±0.9)d]、术后住院时间[(12.3±3.2)d vs.(15.1±4.2)d]均优于开腹组,差异有统计学意义。两组近端切缘距肿瘤距离[(5.3±0.8)cm vs.(5.0±0.7)cm]、远端切缘距肿瘤距离[(5.2±0.7)cm vs.(5.3±0.7)cm]、清扫淋巴结数量[(17.6±6.5)枚vs.(19.3±6.9)枚]差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率为11.5%(6/52),开腹组为23.5%(16/68),两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.285,P=0.225)。结论:与开腹胃癌D2根治术相比,腹腔镜进展期胃癌手术可达到相同的根治效果,且具有患者创伤小、出血少、术后康复快等临床优势。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.