正常胎儿彩色多普勒超声心动图分析

目的获得正常胎儿心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图的各种参数。方法应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,对胎龄２０～４０周３００例正常胎儿的四腔室内径和各瓣口峰值血流速度进行了检测。结果胎儿心脏内径的大小与胎龄呈正相关,右心系统占优势。各瓣口峰值血流速度随胎龄的增加而升高,左室低于右室;房室瓣口呈双峰型频谱,Ｅ峰小于Ａ峰,而主、肺动脉瓣口呈单峰型频谱伴峰值前移,主动脉瓣口血流高于肺动脉。结论彩色多普勒超声心动图对于胎儿心脏的解剖结构和血流动力学检测具有很高的价值。     

正常胎儿不同孕周房室腔及大血管参数的超声心动图检测

目的测定不同孕周胎儿房室腔正常值范围、大血管径线及血流速度,评价各孕周房室腔大小及血流速度与孕周的动态变化规律。方法 4139例中晚期孕妇根据不同孕周分为三组,A组:孕18~22周(91例);B组:孕23~28周(3315例);C组:孕29~40周(733例)。超声心动图扫查胎儿心脏,测量各相关参数,分析各参数与孕周的关系。结果各组间胎儿心脏房室腔、大血管径线正常值及胎儿心脏血流速度正常值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。主动脉、主肺动脉、右肺动脉、左肺动脉、动脉导管内径、动脉导管长度、左房长径、左房横径、右房长径、左房横径、左室长径、左室横径、右室长径、右室横径、卵圆孔内径、室间隔厚度、左室壁厚度、右室壁厚度、动脉导管收缩期流速与孕周均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论正常胎儿心脏发育各心腔及大血管的径线与孕周呈正相关,这可为胎儿心脏发育异常及胎儿先天性心脏病的超声诊断提供正常对照。     

应用PDE检测正常胎儿心脏各瓣口血流速度

本研究应用脉冲多普勒超声心动图（PDE）检测正常胎儿心脏各瓣口峰值血流速度。将100例胎儿按孕周20～40周分为五组。PDE检测结果表明：胎儿心脏动脉瓣口血流呈单峰频谱，房室瓣口血流呈双峰频谱（E峰、A峰）；各瓣口峰值血流速度随孕周而增加，与孕周呈正相关，有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。PDE对于检测胎儿心脏血流，评价胎儿心脏功能具有重要作用。     

超声心动图对正常胎儿心脏结构的定量分析

目的对孕20～40周正常胎儿心脏结构及血流参数进行定量分析,评价其动态变化规律。方法测量2458例胎儿各房室内径、大血管内径及各瓣口血流速度。对其中854例正常胎儿心脏按不同孕周分为5组进行分析。结果在所观察的胎儿心脏各项参数中,其中各房室内径和主、肺动脉内径均与孕周呈直线相关(r值分别为0.69、0.68、0.70、0.68、0.73和0.72),而二尖瓣血流速度(E峰、A峰)、三尖瓣血流速度(E峰、A峰)、肺动脉瓣峰值血流速度和动脉导管血流速度(S峰、D峰)与孕周的相关关系较差(r值分别为0.33、0.06、0.35、0.04、0.22、0.23和0.09);并进行相关系数的显著性检验,均P<0.05。结论胎儿心脏发育以右心占优势;心脏各径线大小与孕周呈明显相关,据此可评价胎儿心脏发育情况,更好地对异常胎心进行筛查。     

产前超声检测中孕期胎儿心脏发育

目的 建立21~25孕周正常胎儿心脏解剖结构及血流动力学情况的正常参考值范围。方法 采用节段分析法对203胎中孕期(21~25周)正常妊娠单胎胎儿行超声心动图检查,测定心脏房室、肺动脉、主动脉、动脉导管内径及房室瓣血流速度、半月瓣血流速度、动脉导管血流速度及静脉导管血流速度。对各测量值与孕周行直线回归分析。结果 ①心脏各房室、大血管及动脉导管内径随孕周增加而增大;②肺动脉与升主动脉内径比值不随孕周改变;③房室瓣口血流峰值流速不随孕周改变;④三尖瓣及二尖瓣血流A峰大于E峰;⑤半月瓣口、动脉导管、静脉导管血流峰值流速随孕周增加而增大。结论 建立21~25孕周胎儿心血管各结构内径及血流动力学的正常参考值范围,可为筛查胎儿先天性心脏病提供参考。     

胎儿超声心动图血流动力学参数与孕龄的关系

目的 探讨孕20~34周正常胎儿各孕周心脏房室瓣口、大动脉瓣口、胎儿静脉系统及重要生理通道的血流峰值速度随孕龄增长的变化规律。方法 回顾性分析2529名孕龄20~34周的正常单胎胎儿超声心动图资料,应用回归分析检测各参数与孕龄的相关性。结果 正常胎儿二尖瓣口和三尖瓣口舒张早期E峰、舒张晚期A峰和E峰/A峰,主动脉瓣口和肺动脉瓣口收缩期峰值流速,主动脉弓横弓部和动脉导管收缩期峰值流速和舒张期峰值流速,肺静脉左心房开口处收缩期S峰、舒张期D峰和心房收缩期A峰均随孕周增加略有增加;下腔静脉收缩期S峰、舒张期D峰及心房收缩期A峰无明显变化。上述胎儿血流动力学参数均与孕周存在相关关系(P均<0.05)。结论 胎儿超声心动图技术可评价心脏血流动力学状态,为胎儿超声心动图检查提供指导。     

速度向量成像技术检测胎儿右心室长轴节段功能的临床研究

目的 应用速度向量成像(VVI)技术检测胎儿右心室长轴节段功能.方法 分别检测170例正常胎儿右室游离壁和室间隔右室壁各节段长轴心肌速度、应变和应变率,并观察其与孕周的关系.结果 胎儿右室壁收缩期和舒张期峰值速度由基底段向心尖段递减(P＜0.05),峰值应变和应变率无明显变化(P＞0.05);右室壁收缩期和舒张期峰值速度随孕周增加而增加(P＜0.05),峰值应变和应变率与孕周无明显关系(P＞0.05).结论 胎儿右室壁收缩期和舒张期峰值速度随妊娠进展增加,峰值应变和应变率保持不变,表明胎儿右室功能在妊娠中期已基本发育成熟.     

正常胎儿心脏肺循环血流的超声心动图特征

目的 :应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测正常胎儿心脏肺循环血流 ,观察肺动脉及分支血流形态特点并探讨其意义。方法 :入选妊娠 2 0～ 4 1周的正常胎儿 339例。并按孕周分组 ,<2 8周为 组 ;2 8～ 36周为 组 ;>36周为 组 ;应用多普勒超声心动图观察肺动脉主干及分支血流形态 ,测量参数包括 :血流最大流速 (Vmax)、血流速度积分 (VTI)、血流加速时间 (ACT)、减速时间 (DT)及射血时间 (ET)、并计算瓣口血流量。结果 :1.正常胎儿心脏主动脉及肺动脉内径随孕周增加而增大 ,各孕周肺动脉内径均明显大于主动脉内径 ;2 .肺动脉瓣口血流速度低于主动脉瓣口血流速度 ,但肺动脉流量大于主动脉流量 ,且肺动脉流量与主动脉流量比值不随孕周而改变 ,始终保持恒定 ;3.动脉导管血流呈连续单向双期双峰血流 ,其收缩期流速始终明显高于主动脉瓣口及肺动脉瓣口流速。收缩期血流速度及收缩期与舒张期血流速度比值随孕周增加而增大 ;4 .肺动脉分支血流呈单向双峰 ,流速明显低于肺动脉瓣口流速 ,其血流形态表现为高阻力低灌注的特点。此形态孕早期即可出现 ,且不随孕龄的增加而改变。结论 :正常胎儿肺动脉循环系统的固有特点在孕早期即出现 ,并不随孕龄改变。因此早期应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查 ,对判定胎儿心脏发育情况具     

胎儿右肺缺如合并心脏复杂畸形超声表现1例

孕妇,23岁.孕1产0,孕21周来院行常规产前检查,临床化验唐氏试验阴性.常规产科超声检查显示: 宫内单胎,头位,胎儿发育正常,羊水较少.胎儿心脏超声检查,四腔心切面发现胎儿心脏室间隔上段可见连续中断,断端缺口大小约6 mm,该处可见彩色血流通过,右室流出道长轴切面显示肺动脉发自右心室,肺动脉口细小,内径约3.5 mm,其远端扩张,内径约8 mm,反复探查其远端未见肺动脉分叉出现,肺动脉口彩色血流呈五彩镶嵌样,流速加快,最大流速200 cm/s,于舒张期可见一束红色血流反流入右室流出道,其面积为0.5 cm2,最大流速240 cm/s,心包腔可见液性暗区3 mm.     

胎儿肺动脉吊带超声表现1例

正孕妇,28岁,孕1产0,孕34+3周,常规产前超声检查:胎盘Ⅱ级,脐动脉阻力正常,胎儿眼眶、口唇显示,脊柱四肢、双肺及腹腔脏器均未见明显异常;胎儿心脏见四腔心对称,房室连接一致,左室流出道与主动脉相连,右室流出道与主肺动脉相连,各瓣口血流未见明显异常。常规检查三血管切面和三血管-气管切面,显示三大血管排列关系正常,内径比例正常,仅见动脉导     

应用多普勒超声评价11~14周胎儿心脏功能的价值

目的应用多普勒技术观察妊娠11＋0～14＋6周正常胎儿心脏的血流动力学状态,获得该孕周正常胎儿心脏的血流动力学参数。方法对230位正常妊娠孕妇在11＋0～14＋6周进行经腹超声检查,同时观察胎儿心脏血流动力学参数。结果二、三尖瓣的血流A峰高于E峰,三尖瓣E峰及A峰血流速度明显高于二尖瓣血流,二、三尖瓣血流速度与孕周之间无相关性,但E/A比值与孕周之间呈正相关;左右心室舒张时间和收缩时间与孕周之间呈正相关,左右心室等容舒张时间与孕周之间呈负相关,而等容收缩时间与孕周之间无明显相关性。TI指数反映心室的收缩功能,左右心室的TI指数与孕周之间呈负相关,左心室TI指数稍高于右心室,两者之间有统计学差异。结论妊娠13周以后,胎儿的心脏显示率较高,可进行心脏超声心动检查;在胎儿期右心功能稍高于左心功能,主要反映在三尖瓣流速高于二尖瓣,右心室等容收缩时间和收缩时间较左心室长等方面。当胎儿心脏血流动力学发生改变,则可能预示胎儿心脏功能异常或结构异常。     

超声测定正常胎儿心脏房室瓣环、腔室径及其与胎龄的相关性

目的建立不同孕周时超声测定胎儿心脏各腔室径的正常值,探讨心脏测值随孕周变化的规律。方法将胎龄为16～40周的552胎正常胎儿按照胎龄分为13组,应用高分辨二维超声心动图测量其房室瓣环径、二、三尖瓣距离(M-TD)及心脏各腔室径,计算正常均值,对各测定值与胎龄绘制散点图进行相关和回归分析,选择最优化方程。结果胎儿期心脏结构各测定值随胎龄增加而增大,与孕周呈显著正相关(P均<0.01);M-TD与胎龄呈线性相关,二、三尖瓣环径及其他心脏各腔室测值与胎龄之间呈非线性相关,曲线拟合显示二次多项式方程拟合度最优。结论正常胎儿心脏房室瓣环径、M-TD以及其他房室腔各测值随胎龄而增大,与孕周呈显著正相关。     

Normal cardiac flow velocities at 14-16 weeks of gestation measured by transvaginal ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: Doppler ultrasound has been used to study the flow velocities through the valves and arteries of the fetal heart. Using transvaginal sonography, we sought to determine normal values for flow velocities through the fetal heart valves at 14-16 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Eighty-seven normal fetuses were examined. The flow velocity waveforms were visualized using Doppler ultrasound with the sample volume calipers placed just distally to the four fetal valves. Peak E- and A-wave velocities were recorded for the tricuspid and mitral valves and peak systolic flow velocities were recorded for the ascending aorta and pulmonary arteries. Linear regression for comparison of flow velocities with gestational age was performed. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between any of the velocities and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Flow velocities through the fetal cardiac valves remain unchanged at 14-16 weeks of gestation as measured by transvaginal Doppler sonography.     

有创机械通气辅助治疗急性危重心源性肺水肿的疗效观察

目的探讨有创机械通气治疗急性危重心源性肺水肿的治疗效果。方法对82例急性危重型肺水肿患者,应用机械通气治疗,运用彩色超声仪记录正压通气时二尖瓣、三尖瓣、肺动脉瓣,主动脉瓣口的血流速度。结果急性危重心源性肺水肿患者通过机械通气,可迅速改善通气,纠正缺氧,心率、呼吸频率较机械通气前均有显著下降,动脉血气较机械通气前显著改善,机械通气期间未出现血流动力学恶化的情况。正压吸气末主动脉瓣血流速度最大,在呼气末速度逐渐减低,与呼气相相比,吸气相肺膨胀时左心功能增强。结论机械通气技术是急救急性肺水肿的重要手段之一,可改善患者的预后。     

Echocardiographic assessment of ventricular filling pressure during the second and third trimesters of gestation.

AIMS: To confirm changes in the atrioventricular diastolic flow velocities (peak E, peak A, E/A ratio) with gestational age and to define whether these changes genuinely reflect variations in filling pressure in the fetal heart. METHODS: Fifty normal pregnancies were studied between the 13th and the 37th weeks of gestation. The fetal flow velocity patterns were evaluated by pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler and the annular velocities of the atrioventricular valves by PW-Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). RESULTS: All indexes evaluated (atrioventricular peak flow and annular velocities) correlated significantly with gestational age. This correlation was stronger for the early diastolic indexes (tricuspid E and EA, 0.69 and 0.78; mitral E and EA, 0.61 and 0.77, respectively) and weaker for the end-diastolic indexes (tricuspid A and AA, 0.46 and 0.37; mitral A and AA, 0.45 and 0.39, respectively). Neither mitral nor tricuspid E/Ea ratio changed significantly with gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of correlation between the Doppler-assessed ventricular filling pressures and gestational age suggests absence of significant changes of ventricular compliance during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and a progressive enhancement of active relaxation and/or changes in loading conditions.     

Systemic assessment of fetal hemodynamics by Doppler ultrasound

The aim of our study was to investigate the parameters of fetal circulation of normal pregnancies and their relationship to fetal cardiac output. We performed a cross-sectional study of 315 normal singleton pregnancies between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation without fetal chromosomal or structural malformations. After follow-up to delivery, 212 patients who fit all the criteria were enrolled for final analysis. Blood flow velocity waveforms were obtained from the tricuspid and mitral ventricular inflow, ascending aorta (AAO), pulmonary artery (PA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), renal artery (RA), umbilical artery (UA), descending aorta (DAO), inferior vena cava (IVC) and ductus venosus (DV) using duplex (real-time Doppler) ultrasound (US) scanner. The peak velocity of DV, AAO, PA and MCA were also obtained. At the intracardiac level, the ratio of peak flow velocity of E wave to peak flow velocity of A wave (E:A ratio) of mitral valve (MV) increased more rapidly than tricuspid valve (TV) E:A ratio. For the great vessels, aortic peak velocity remained higher than the pulmonary peak velocity with advancing gestation. The cardiac output closely correlated to the cardiac compliance and flow resistance indices at arterial and venous level. The acceleration time in the fetal arteries increased with advancing gestation in AAO, PA, MCA and DAO, but it decreased in RA and kept constant in UA. In addition, the acceleration time of UA was unrelated to cardiac output. The changes of the fetal intracardiac, arterial and venous impedances were remarkable through the gestation and related to cardiac output. Fetal cardiac output correlated well with the changes of arterial resistance, except with the DAO. The ventricular compliance increased with advancing gestation, especially in the left side, and was highly related to the change of cardiac output. The acceleration time in major arteries positively correlated with the gestational age and cardiac output, except in UA and RA; this indicates the difference of the changes of mean arterial pressure in uteroplacental circulation, fetal organs and great vessels. In conclusion, the fetal cardiac output correlated well with the ventricular compliance and was influenced by both hemodynamic changes in peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure.     

QTVI技术结合Tei指数评价风心病单纯性二尖瓣狭窄左室功能

目的探讨定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）结合Tei指数评价风湿性心脏病单纯性二尖瓣狭窄（MS）患者左室心肌长轴收缩功能的应用价值。方法采用QTVI技术分别测量34例单纯性风湿性二尖瓣狭窄（MS）患者和36例健康志愿者二尖瓣环室间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁、前间隔、后壁处各点的收缩期峰值运动速度（Vs）,并测量相关时间间期,计算Tei指数。结果MS组左室射血分数（LVEF）64．9±7．01％、对照组左室射血分数（LVEF）68．0±6．8t％,两组间左室LVEF比较差异无显著意义（P〉0.05）。MS组室间隔运动速度4．07±1．44cm／s、侧壁运动速度5．33±1．72cm／s、前壁运动速度4．89±1．71cm／s、下壁运动速度4．28±1．21cm／s、前间隔运动速度3．94±1．46cm／s、后壁运动速度5．19±1．81cm／s、平均峰值运动速度（AVs）4．61±1．62cm/s;对照组室间隔运动速度6．11±0．96cm／s、侧壁运动速度8．74±1．40cm／s、前壁运动速度8．45±1．33cm／s、下壁运动速度6．59±0．94cm／s、前间隔运动速度6．01±1．25cm／s、后壁运动速度7．70±1．46ends、平均峰值运动速度（AVs）7．27±1．63cm／s。MS组与对照组相比较,各节段Vs与平均峰值运动速度（AVs）明显降低,差异有显著意义（P〈O．01）。MS组Tei指数0．50±0．12、对照组Tei指数0．21±3．47,MS组Tei指数明显增高（P〈0．01）。结论LVEF很难准确地反映风湿性单纯性二尖瓣狭窄患者左室收缩功能在亚临床水平上的损害,QTVI技术结合Tei指数能更加敏感、有效地定量评价风湿性单纯性二尖瓣狭窄患者左室心肌长轴收缩功能和左室整体功能的损害。     

彩色M型多普勒超声评价煤尘肺病人的右室舒张功能

目的应用彩色M型多普勒超声心动图测量舒张早期右室三尖瓣口血流传播速度(Vp),评价煤尘肺患者的右室舒张功能。方法煤尘肺组病人89例(煤尘肺组),其中50岁以下21例,50～70岁53例,70岁以上15例;正常对照组90例,其中50岁以下21例,50～70岁52例,70岁以上17例。取心尖四腔或二腔心平面测量右室内血流Vp,绘制三尖瓣血流曲线。结果煤尘肺组不同年龄段的Vp值明显低于正常组(P均<0.05),且舒张早期右室内血流束远端形态异常呈圆钝状。2组三尖瓣血流曲线的E/A、Dec、DT值,均显示随年龄的变化而变化(P均<0.05),但2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论彩色M型多普勒超声心动图应用于测量舒张早期右室内血流Vp,不受心脏负荷及年龄的影响,可以作为评价煤尘肺病人右室舒张功能的方法。     

超声检测妊娠晚期脐动脉血流速度（S／D）1908例临床分析

【目的】了解妊娠晚期脐动脉血流收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值（S／D）的异常发生率。【方法】妊娠28周以上单胎孕妇1908例,应用MFM—OBS型产科综合诊断监护系统（脐血流）进行脐动脉血流速度测定,并计算出S／D、PI、RI、FVR及胎心率,分析不同妊娠周数异常S／D值的发生率。【结果】随着妊娠周数的增加,S／D均值由孕28周时的2．98下降至孕40周时的2．22,平均每周下降0．063;各孕周S／D异常值发生率平均为5．5％。【结论】妊娠晚期监测脐动脉血流速度的变化,有利于判断及随访胎儿宫内缺氧状态,能为正确的产科处理提高依据。