乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值。方法 在48例乳腺癌改良根治术中完整保留肋间臂神经32例，切除肋间臂神经16例。术后对48例患者上臂内侧感觉功能进行随访观察。结果 48例患者在随访第1、6、24个月期间局部均未发现癌肿复发、转移。保留肋间臂神经32例中术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常28例（87．5％），感觉异常4例（12．5％）；而切除肋间臂神经的16例病人均有感觉异常。结论 在乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可明显减少术后患侧上臂内侧感觉障碍的发生率，有助于提高病人的生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值。方法对32例乳腺癌患者行保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术,并对临床资料进行回顾分析。结果本组32例患者手术时间平均为150 min;出血量平均约65 mL。术中清扫淋巴结并经病理检出平均为16枚.术后对患者全部进行了0.5～3年跟踪观察和随访,患侧上臂内侧及腋窝感觉异常的有4例,主要表现:麻木、感觉缺失、袜套感、蚁行感3例,烧灼样疼痛1例,经局部理疗、营养神经药物治疗,多在1～2个月内恢复;在随访期间未见局部复发和转移。结论在乳腺癌改良根治术中,选择合适病例保留肋间臂神经安全可行,术后不会增加肿瘤复发和转移的危险性。乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可保存患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤的感觉功能,提高乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

保留相关功能神经的改良乳腺癌根治术

目的探讨改良乳腺癌根治术保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义。方法选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者 87例 ,随机分为两组 ,A组 5 2例 ,采用经胸大肌前入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,保留胸小肌、胸前神经及肋间神经。B组 (对照组 ) 35例 ,经胸大肌入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,切除胸小肌 ,切断肋间臂神经 ,观察随访两组术后情况。结果术后重度胸大肌萎缩 :A组 ,0例 ,B组 2 8例(80 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 1 34,P <0 0 1)。腋窝及患侧上肢感觉异常 ,A组 3例(5 8% ) ,B组 31例 (88 6 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 2 2 4 ,P <0 0 1)。结论保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的改良乳腺癌根治术能够有效地防止胸大肌萎缩和患侧腋窝上肢感觉障碍的发生率。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌术中的应用

目的: 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的作用。方法:选择100例Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者术中保留肋间臂神经，术后进行观察并随访。结果:91例术后无上肢感觉异常，9例出现上臂内侧感觉异常。结论:保留肋间臂神经可以明显减少术后患侧上肢感觉异常的发生率，提高术后的生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经（ICBN）的可行性及临床意义。方法分析105例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者,分为2组：实验组56例,行乳腺癌改良根治术时保留ICBN,对照组49例,行常规乳腺癌改良根治术,术中不保留ICBN,随访观察术后患者腋窝、上臂内侧感觉功能。结果实验组患者上臂感觉障碍发生率10.7%,而对照组为69%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,全部病例随访3 a无局部复发。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌行改良根治术时保留ICBN可明显减少术后患侧腋窝上臂内侧感觉障碍和疼痛,提高生活质量,而且不增加复发风险。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床应用价值。方法我院2005年1月—2009年1月行乳腺癌改良根治术共372例,其中保留肋间臂神经9 3例(保留组),未保留肋间臂神经2 7 9例(切除组),术后均进行1年随访观察。结果保留组术后1、3、12个月患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤感觉异常的发生率均明显低于切除组,两者差异显著(P0.0 5);而术后3、6、1 2个月腋窝局部复发率两组相比无显著性差异(P0.0 5)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经有利于减少术后患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤感觉异常的发生率,改善术后患者的生活质量,且不影响手术效果,值得临床推广应用。     

保留与不保留胸小肌的改良乳腺癌根治术临床效果比较

目的比较保留与不保留胸小肌、胸前神经和肋间臂神经的改良乳腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院1996年1月至2004年12月收治的480例乳腺癌,A组280例,采用经胸大肌前入路清扫腋窝淋巴结,保留胸小肌、胸前神经及肋间臂神经;B组200例,经胸大肌后入路清扫腋窝淋巴结,切除胸小肌、切断胸前神经、肋间臂神经,观察随访两组术后情况。结果术后重度胸大肌萎缩者,A组5例(1.8%),B组80例(40.0%);腋窝及内侧上臂感觉异常者,A组18例(6.4%),B组156例(78.0%),两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。术后3、5年生存率,A组分别为81.2%和52.0%,B组分别为82.1%和61.2%,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论保留胸小肌、胸前神经和肋间臂神经的改良乳腺癌根治术,可在保证根治效果的同时提高患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床意义

【摘要】目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值和临床应用的意义。方法：收集2006年02月至2012年02月在我院接受手术治疗的女性乳腺癌患者105例,均行乳腺癌简化根治性手术,根据患者乳腺癌分期、术中腋窝淋巴结状态,对其中32例患者保留肋间臂神经的临床资料进行系统回顾分析。结果：本组32例患者均采用Auchincloss法,保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术,其手术时间平均为150min;出血量平均约65ml;术中清扫淋巴结并经病理检出平均为16枚.术后对本组32例患者全部进行了6月－3年跟踪观察和随访,发现本组32例患者中,患侧上臂内侧及腋窝感觉异常的有4例,其中主要表现麻木、感觉缺失、袜套感、蚁行感3例,烧灼样疼痛1例,经局部理疗、营养神经药物治疗,多在1－2月内恢复;在随访期间未见局部复发和转移。结论：在乳腺癌改良根治术中,只要选择合适的病例,保留肋间臂神经是安全可行的,手术不复杂,术后也不会增加局部肿瘤复发和转移的危险性。乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经既可保存患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤的感觉功能,又能提高乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌改良根治术保留胸前神经的方法以及临床意义

目的:探讨乳腺癌改良根治术保留胸前神经的方法及临床意义.方法:选择我院I、Ⅱ期乳腺癌行乳腺癌改良根治术患者,实验组78例,均采用经胸大肌入路清扫腋窝淋巴结,保留胸小肌、胸前神经及肋间神经.对照组为我院2008年6月份以前56例乳腺癌患者,术中清扫淋巴结未注意保护胸前神经,观察对比两组清扫淋巴结数目、术后患侧胸大肌萎缩情况,患肢内收及内旋运动时胸肌肌力,评定胸肌功能.结果:实验组78例中,术后患侧胸大肌5例(6.4%)无一例重度萎缩,对照组56例中,术后患侧胸大肌重度萎缩18例(32.1%),轻度萎缩16例(28.6%)两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.001).结论:保留胸前神经,在保证手术效果的前提下,可有效地防止胸大肌萎缩、患侧胸部变形、疼痛及上肢感觉障碍、功能减退的并发症,明显改善患者术后生活质量.     

超声刀在保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中应用超声刀保留肋间臂神经的的价值。方法选取120例乳腺癌改良根治术患者,随机分为超声刀组和电刀组,每组60例,术中均保留肋间臂神经。对2组手术时间、出血量、淋巴结检出数目、术后患侧上臂感觉障碍进行比较分析。结果 2组患者的淋巴结检出数目差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声刀组手术时间和出血量少于电刀组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。超声刀组术后1个月患侧上臂感觉障碍发病率少于电刀组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月患侧上臂感觉障碍2组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术中,应用超声刀操作效率更高、更安全、术后近期并发上臂感觉障碍患者更少。     

Electrophysiological study on the atrophied pectoralis major muscle after modified radical mastectomy

In order to clarify the cause of the atrophy of the pectoral muscles after modified radical mastectomy, twenty patients who had had the operation at Nagasaki Chuo National Hospital 40 days to 2 years prior to this study, were investigated by electromyography. Of 20 subjects, 11 had the operation to preserve the pectoralis major muscle and 9 had the operation to preserve both the pectoralis major and minor muscles. The results were as follows: 1) Electromyography revealed some damages to the pectoral nerves in 16 cases of 20 (80%). In 12 cases, development of fibrillation potentials was observed at rest, while motor unit potentials disappeared during voluntary contraction. These findings suggest the damage to the nerves including neutrotomy. 2) The regions with macroscopic muscular atrophy remarkably coincided with those with neurogenic changes on electromyography. This suggests that the atrophy of the pectoralis major after modified radical mastectomy might be mainly caused by the damage to the pectoral nerves. 3) The mastectomy preserving only the pectoralis major tends to cause damage to nerves innervating the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major more frequently than the mastectomy preserving both the pectoralis major and minor muscles. The abdominal part was frequently damaged irrespective of the types of the operation.     

保留肋间臂神经和胸前神经在乳腺癌改良根治腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的：探讨保留肋间臂神经和胸前神经在乳腺癌改良根治腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的应用。方法回顾性分析84例乳腺癌改良根治术患者的临床资料,其中腋窝淋巴结清扫时保留肋间臂神经和胸前神经的41例,另切除该组神经的43例;比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、腋窝淋巴结清扫数目、上臂内侧、腋部及胸壁皮肤感觉异常及胸大肌萎缩情况。结果两组手术时间、术中出血量及清扫腋窝淋巴结数目分别为[（104．7±10．3）min vs （97．0±7．2）min]、[（100．8±15．2）ml vs （97．1±9．3）ml]、[（18．6±2．6）枚 vs （19．3±2．3）枚],组间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;随访6个月感觉异常及胸大肌萎缩的发生率分别为14．6％ vs 62．8％、17．1％ vs 74．4％,两组相比保留神经组的发生率均显著低于未保留神经组（P＜0．01）。结论在乳腺癌改良根治腋窝淋巴结清扫术中保留肋间臂神经和胸前神经是安全可行的,可有效防止皮肤感觉障碍及胸大肌萎缩。     

乳腔镜淋巴结清除术应用解剖学研究

目的为乳腔镜淋巴结清扫术提供解剖学基础和依据。方法利用10％福尔马林固定的成年女性尸体10具（20侧），常规解剖方法剖出胸上神经、胸内侧神经、胸外侧神经及肋间臂神经，测量其长度及粗细，详细记录起源、分支、分布，与胸大、小肌血管的关系。临床行46例乳腔镜淋巴结清扫术，术中镜下观察胸肌神经及肋间臂神经的解剖特点及相互联系。结果（1）支配胸大肌的神经：胸上神经起于臂丛外侧束，分1～2支，长度（41．32±3．50）mm，直径（1．32±0．25）mm，与胸骨肩峰血管伴行，发出后在胸小肌的浅上方，进入并支配胸大肌上1／3的锁骨部。胸内侧神经起于臂丛外侧束，长度（46．13±4．12）mm，直径（1．92±0．21）mm，在胸小肌前方斜行经过。80％以3—4个终支进入胸大肌支配该肌的中1／3，其走行位置恒定。胸外侧神经起于臂丛内侧束，长度（51．19±6．32）mm，直径（1．19±0．31）mm，穿过胸小肌中部达胸大肌，终止于胸大肌的外上1／3。（2）肋间臂神经：起源于第2胸神经，在胸长神经前方2～3cm穿出第二肋间，长度（110．12±7．12）mm，直径（2．3±0．12）mm，横跨背阔肌前方，进入上臂后内侧。（3）乳腔镜淋巴结清除术中镜下观察：肋间臂神经是手术最先碰到的主要结构。进镜后稍加分离蜘蛛网状结构，即可“遭遇”横跨于腋窝腔、像“横梁”的1～3根较粗的肋间臂神经条索。腋静脉越过肋间臂神经，从气腔中央直指腋窝顶部推进腔镜在肋间臂神经的前下方即为腋静脉中部的解剖学位置，脂肪被抽吸特别充分时能清淅可见腋静脉。支配胸大肌的胸外侧神经进入胸大、小肌间穿过胸小肌中部达胸大肌，终止于胸大肌的外上1／3，腔镜下该神经显示良好。结论（1）了解支配胸肌神经及肋间臂神经的解剖特点，术中可更好的保留?     

保留胸大、小肌改良乳腺癌根治术214例

目的探讨保留胸大、小肌改良乳腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析214例乳腺癌(Ⅰ期66例,Ⅱ期141例,Ⅲ期7例)施行保留胸大、小肌改良乳腺癌根治术的治疗结果。结果214例患者中术后发生皮下积液12例(5．6％),皮缘坏死16例(7．4％),上肢淋巴性水肿8例(3．7％),胸肌挛缩伴同侧上臂运动障碍11例(5．1％)。3年生存率为82．3％,5年生存率为63．4％,其中Ⅰ期5年生存率为79．6％,Ⅱ期5年生存率为56．3％。结论重视保护胸外侧支神经可避免胸肌挛缩导致的上臂运动障碍,重视术后早期化疗能有效地预防复发和转移,重视创面综合处理可减少皮下积液,重视加强术后综合治疗可提高远期疗效。     

Locating the axillary vein and preserving the medial pectoral nerve

The exposure for an axillary dissection has become more limited as surgical treatment for breast cancer has evolved from a radical mastectomy to a limited axillary dissection. Exposure of the axillary vein is made more difficult by the smaller incisions, by preservation of intercostobrachial nerves, and by the induration resulting from a previous sentinel node biopsy. To assist in the identification of the axillary vein, I describe the course of a visible but small vein adjacent to the medial pectoral nerve. The vein can be easily identified at the lateral edge of the pectoralis major. It, frequently together with the medial pectoral nerve, traverses in a craniomedial direction and leads to either the lateral thoracic vein (near its junction with the axillary vein) or directly to the axillary vein. Dissection of this vessel identifies the axillary vein, preserves the medial pectoral nerve and allows a more complete and safe level II dissection.     

Anatomy of the pectoral nerves and their preservation in modified mastectomy

The upper part of the pectoralis major muscle is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve, whereas the lateral pectoral nerve supplies approximately the lower third of the muscle. The lateral pectoral nerve is closely associated with the pectoralis minor muscle, with its branches passing through or around the lateral margin of the muscle, or both. As a result, the nerve may be compromised during division, retraction or removal of the pectoralis minor muscle and during resection of the central and anterior lymph nodes. The medial pectoral nerve distributes with the thoracoacromial vessel branches, and both should be avoided during removal of the lymph nodes at the apex of the axillary space. Injury to the lateral pectoral nerve by accidental division or by evulsion produces variable postoperative atrophy, fibrosis and shortening of the lower third of the pectoralis major muscle, with limitation of shoulder motion and change in the cosmetic contour of the pectoral region of the chest. Routine removal of the pectoralis minor muscle and the lateral pectoral nerve as described by Patey and Handley during their modified mastectomy is not recommended because of the loss of innervation of the lower part of the pectoralis major muscle. The medial and lateral pectoral nerves described herein were named according to their anatomic position in the pectoral area. Furthermore, it is suggested that the use of the terms medial and lateral as applied to these pectoral nerves should denote their actual course, location and distribution and not perpetuate the confusing traditional practice of reversing the names of these nerves on the basis of their origin.     

The anatomy of the pectoral nerves and its significance to the general and plastic surgeon.

It has previously been shown that in 62% of patients the medial pectoral nerve courses through the pectoralis minor muscle to innervate the lower half or two thirds of the pectoralis major muscle. In the other 38% of patients, the medial pectoral nerve exits around the lateral aspect of the pectoralis minor muscle. The lateral pectoral nerve courses on the undersurface of the pectoralis major muscle, innervating the proximal one third or more of the muscle. Consequently, when the pectoralis minor muscle is removed in a modified radical mastectomy, or dissection between the two muscles is performed, there is partial deinnervation of the pectoralis major muscle with partial atrophy and a decrease in size. Further, if the lateral pectoral nerve also is injured or removed, it can result in total deinnervation of the pectoralis major muscle with more severe atrophy and fibrosis of the muscle. In cosmetic augmentations, when the breast implant is placed behind the pectoralis major muscle, that muscle is partially deinnervated. In this clinical situation, this is believed to be advantageous because it allows the breast to project better. This paper details the anatomy of the pectoral nerves and discusses the clinical implications of surgery in this region as it relates to the size and function of the pectoral muscles.     

乳腺癌改良根治术

乳腺癌改良根治术:距肿瘤边缘约5 cm做梭形切口,在皮肤与浅筋膜间做皮瓣分离,上界为锁骨下缘,下界达肋弓处,内侧界近胸骨,外侧界为背阔肌前缘,将乳腺从胸大肌表面分离。打开胸锁筋膜,将胸大小肌向内上牵拉,显露腋窝。腋淋巴结整块切除后,保留胸大肌、胸小肌、胸前神经分支以及胸长和胸背神经。放置负压引流管。仔细伤口创面止血,缝合皮肤。