经腹腔镜配子输卵管内移植治疗女性不孕症

对16例不孕症妇女，以氯蒂酚（CC）、人绝经促性腺激素（hMG）、人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）刺激超排卵，以阴道B超及尿LH酶标法测定来监测卵泡发育和成熟，在腹腔镜下进行采卵和配子输卵管内移植（GIFT）共16个周期。结果共有7例临床妊娠（6例单胎，1例3胞胎）其中5例足月妊娠，分娩5个健康儿，1例单胎妊娠早期流产，1例3胞胎晚期流产。每个移植周期临床妊娠率为43．8％（7／16），足月产率为31．3％（5／16），无异位妊娠发生。提示：经腹腔镜配子输卵管内移植治疗女性不孕症，技术较简便、经济、成功率高，是一种具有实用价值的治疗女性不孕症的新方法。     

Right ectopic gestation following in vitro fertilisation: case report

The management of ectopic gestation has in recent years transformed from the normally accepted laparotomy to the laparoscopic approach. The objective of this case report is to describe a rare occurrence of an ectopic gestation following in vitro fertilisation procedure. A 35-year-old para 0 + 0, presented with lower abdominal pain and per vaginal bleeding six weeks after an in vitro fertilisation was done in South Africa. The patient was admitted with severe lower abdominal pain and per vaginal bleeding at six weeks gestation following an in vitro fertilisation procedure. She had undergone an "evacuation" one-week prior to this episode due to an initial diagnosis of an incomplete abortion. No chorionic villi were reported on histology. The repeat serum BhCG was 777 mimicro/l and at laparoscopy a right unruptured ampullary ectopic gestation (4 cms in size) was evident. A right linear salpingostomy was subsequently performed laparoscopically. Histology confirmed the presence of tubal chorionic villi. The laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancies is now regarded as the gold standard in many centres in the world. In this patient the ectopic pregnancy resulted following an intra-uterine zygote transfer, and was managed successfully.     

Profile of Live-born Infants of In-vitro Fertilisation

Introduction

The Army Hospital (R&R) is the only service hospital providing in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) facility. Neonatal characteristics of live-born infants at this centre over a two-year period are analyzed in this study.

Methods

Data on 504 consecutive live-born IVF infants over a two-year period (01 Feb 2007 to 31 Jan 2009) were analysed.

Result

Of the 504 neonates, 190 (37.7%) were born by vaginal delivery, 156 (30.9%) by elective lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) and 127 (25.19%) following emergency LSCS. Maternal illness posing specific risk to the neonate was present in 165 out of 504 (32.7%). There were 239 (47.4%) preterm neonates. Males formed 51.8% of the cohort. Singletons accounted for 51.2%, while the rest (48.8%) were products of twin pregnancies. Small for gestational age neonates formed 22.6% (n = 114). A total of 20 (3.9%) infants had congenital malformations. There were 242 (48.1%) low birth weight neonates. A total of 128 (25.4%) neonates needed neonatal intensive care. Of the 504, there were 474 (94.1%) survivors while 30 (5.9%) did not survive. Twenty-nine (6.1%) neonates required readmission during the neonatal period.

Conclusion

In our setting, neonates born following IVF appeared to be at increased risk of prematurity, multiple births and low birth weight. Proper obstetric and neonatal management can result in good neonatal outcomes.Key Words: In-vitro fertilisation, Live-births, Low birth weight     

First Babies from Cryopreserved Oocytes in Hungary

Embryo cryopreservation (CP) is a well established technique and it has been widely used for years with good results on the field of human assisted reproduction. Oocyte CP offers more advantages compared with embryo freezing with regarding ethical, legal …     

常规IVF授精后20～22 h ICSI再授精的预后

目的:比较补救ICSI和同期实施的ICSI结果并评估补救ICSI的预后.方法:自2000-04/2003-05我中心613个体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)周期中,有24个精液指标正常的常规IVF治疗周期为完全受精失败或(和)几乎完全受精失败,共有215个未受精的卵于常规IVF授精后20～22 h实施ICSI再授精(补救ICSI),为补救ICSI组;同时期实施的178个周期的ICSI为对照组,将两组的结果相比较.结果:补救ICSI组受精率为48.4%,低于对照组受精率为56.4%,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组的临床妊娠率和植入率分别为28.1%和9.8%,而补救ICSI组获得3例妊娠,妊娠率为12.5%和植入率为4.3%,虽然无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但对照组的两项指标明显高于补救ICSI组.遗憾的是补救ICSI组3例妊娠中有2例流产,1例胎死腹中行引产.结论:尽管补救ICSI的预后非常差,但为了避免周期取消并为不孕夫妇争取一次受孕的机会,可以考虑实施补救ICSI.关键是实施补救ICSI的时间选择,使卵处于最适宜的受精窗口内,获得有活力的胚胎并提高临床妊娠率.     

27例重复异位妊娠的临床分析

目的分析重复异位妊娠的病因及结局。方法 对我院1997年7月-2003年7月27例重复异位妊娠进行回顾性分析。结果重复异位妊娠发生率为异位妊娠的5.67％(27/476),85.19％发生在对侧输卵管,14例手术病人中,12例(85.71％)输卵管炎症明显。结论 输卵管炎,盆腔粘连是重复异位妊娠的主要因素。     

In-vitro fertilisation and neonatal ventilator use in a tertiary perinatal centre.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of livebirths resulting from in-vitro fertilisation and related technologies (IVF) to the use of neonatal ventilator beds. DESIGN: A retrospective review of records of all livebirths from our hospital's IVF program and all IVF infants receiving mechanical ventilation in our neonatal intensive care unit for the period 1985-1989. We also reviewed records of labour ward deliveries, neonatal intensive care unit admissions and transfer requests in order to obtain comparative data for livebirths of non-IVF infants whose mothers had been booked to deliver in our hospital. SETTING: A tertiary perinatal centre with a large IVF program and a Level 3 neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: IVF livebirths accounted for 5.1% of total ventilator bed days. Compared with non-IVF booked livebirths, IVF babies were more likely to require ventilation (odds ratio, 7.41; P less than 0.0001) and used more ventilator bed days per 100 livebirths (rate ratio, 9.63; P less than 0.0001), largely due to preterm delivery of multiple pregnancies; 42.3% of IVF babies who required ventilation were from triplet births and 38.5% from twin births. Nevertheless, even IVF singletons used more ventilator bed days per 100 livebirths than non-IVF booked livebirths (rate ratio, 2.78; P less than 0.0001). IVF livebirths accounted for 9.9% of the 78% increase in ventilator bed days used in 1989 compared with 1985. CONCLUSIONS: IVF livebirths accounted for only a small percentage of the overall use of neonatal ventilator beds, but consumed relatively more of such resources per livebirth than did non-IVF livebirths. The degree of risk of requiring ventilation is directly related to the number of infants in a multiple pregnancy, but even IVF singletons are at a relatively high risk of requiring ventilation.     

特殊部位异位妊娠的临床分析

目的 探讨特殊部位（如子宫颈、输卵管间质部等）异位妊娠的早期诊断与预后的关系,及与重复异位妊娠相关的因素。方法 对特殊部位的异位妊娠及重复异位妊娠进行回顾性分析。结果 回顾分析201例异位妊娠,其中宫颈妊娠1．49％（3／201）,输卵管间质部妊娠2．98％（6／201）,卵巢妊娠1．00％（2／201）,重复异位妊娠4．48％（9／201）。宫颈妊娠均B超早期诊断全部保守治疗成功,3例间质部妊娠、2例卵巢妊娠也经B超检查而早期发现及时处理,避免了大出血及休克的发生。重复异位妊娠中第一次异位妊娠前有剖宫产史者占77．78％。第二次异位妊娠腹腔内出血明显少于第一次。结论 特殊部位异位妊娠早期诊断预后较好,B超对其早期诊断有重要价值,重复异位妊娠与剖宫产的关系有待于进一步探讨。     

The effect of female age on the likelihood of a live birth from one in-vitro fertilisation treatment

OBJECTIVE: To determine the chance of at least one live birth from one round of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and the effect of the woman's age on that likelihood. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of outcomes from IVF treatment that did not involve donated gametes, but which included embryos cryopreserved in the retrieval cycle. SETTING AND PATIENTS: All IVF patients (median age, 36 years; range, 22-48 years) who attended a private IVF clinic in Sydney for an egg retrieval between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 1998, and had embryo placements (fresh and cryostored) performed up to 30 June 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Independently audited live births surviving the neonatal period. RESULTS: 565 women had 648 egg retrievals during the period. The age of peak utilisation of IVF was 39 years. For women aged 34 years or less, the chance of a live birth from one round of egg retrieval and IVF treatment was 52.4% (95% CI, 47%-59%). For women aged 35-44 years, there was a linear decline in the live birth rate, and no babies were born from retrievals at age 45 years and over. There was an age-dependent rise in the frequency of miscarriages, from 10.5% (95% CI, 5%-18%) for women under 35 years, to 16.1% (95% CI, 9%-25%) for those 35-39 years, and 42.9% [95% CI, 24%-63%] for those over 40 years (P < 0.001). A third of the first births resulted from embryo transfers performed after a period of cryostorage. CONCLUSION: As fertility with IVF falls from the age of 34 years, and the age of peak IVF utilisation is 39 years, many Australian women are seeking IVF at an age when the likelihood of a live birth is reduced.     

Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes after assisted reproduction: a comparative study

Background  Increasing use of fertility therapy has elicited concerns regarding adverse effects for expectant mothers and the health of children thus conceived. Aims  To study the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, birth defects and pregnancy complications following assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods  Questionnaire-based study involving 1,524 children and 1,182 pregnancies conceived following in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in two units. Outcomes were compared with the general population. Results  In the study group versus the general population; multi-foetal gestations, 26 versus 2%; singleton preterm delivery and low birth weight, 8.7 and 6.4 versus 4.3 and 4%, respectively; non-lethal congenital malformation rate, 2.6 versus 2.1%; placenta praevia, 2.8 versus 0.5%. Conclusions  Multi-foetal gestations remain the principal cause of adverse perinatal outcomes after ART. Singleton ART pregnancies have an increased risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight at term. Non-lethal congenital malformation rates are not increased following ART. Placenta praevia is increased following ART.     

1274例体外受精-胚胎移植治疗分娩新生儿结局分析

目的 探讨经体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗分娩的新生儿的情况,以分析IVF-ET技术对新生儿先天畸形的影响.方法 对我中心经IVF-ET治疗分娩的1274个新生儿结局进行回顾性分析,探讨新生儿出生孕周、体质量、受精方式、母亲年龄、胎数与先天畸形的关系.结果 分娩930例,其中足月产706例(75.91%),早产224例(24.09%).获新生儿1274个,其中低体质量儿363例(28.49%),新生儿畸形13例(1.02%),围产期死亡15例(1.18%).结论 IVF-ET治疗增加了多胎妊娠、早产、低体质量儿等发生率,但未增加新生儿畸形发生率和围产期死亡率,卵母细胞内单精子注射术新生儿畸形率较IVF高,母亲年龄和胎数与先天畸形无明显关系,IVF-ET是治疗不孕症的安全手段.     

Embryo reduction: our experience

Background

The transvaginal ultrasound-guided embryo reduction technique is a feasible option for the prevention and management of the medical and obstetric risks associated with high-order multiple pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive treatment.

Method

Multifoetal pregnancy reduction was carried out in 51 in vitro fertilisation pregnancies (IVF) and one intrauterine quintuplet pregnancy resulting from intrauterine insemination (IUI) using transvaginal approach under ultrasonographic guidance.

Results

Of the 52 embryo reduction procedures, 48 (92%) were performed between the seventh and eighth weeks of gestation, three between eighth and ninth weeks and one in the 10th week of gestation. Forty-nine patients (94%) underwent reduction from triplets to twins, two from quadruplet to twins, and one from quintuplet to twin pregnancy. The average time required for the embryo reduction was 5.0±0.5 minutes per sac in early gestation (6th-9th weeks), increasing to 8.5 minutes per sac for later procedures, due to technical difficulties brought about by increased embryo size and mobility. All embryo reduction procedures were successfully performed in a single session.

Conclusion

Transvaginal ultrasound guided embryo reduction technique performed between seventh and eighth-weeks of gestation is an effective and safe procedure for embryo reduction.     

Does catheter choice during embryo transfer alter the pregnancy rate?

Background

Although every step in the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure is important, the impact of embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy rate (PR) is significant. Of all the crucial aspects of ET the type of catheter used and the technique of transfer on the PR has drawn the maximum attention and controversy. We aimed to compare the outcome of two different ET catheters on the PR.

Method

A prospective analysis comparing the classical Frydman (Laboratoire CCD, France) and the soft Cook (Cook Medical, Indiana, USA) ET catheters was performed. Primary end-point was clinical pregnancy rate (CPR); secondary end-points were rates of difficult transfer. A total of 1,446 ETs were performed in women undergoing IVF treatment, of which 723 cycles were randomised to the Cook catheter and 723 to the Frydman catheter.

Results

It was observed that, although the Cook catheter was related to a slightly higher PR, the overall comparison failed to indicate a significant difference in CPR. It was also seen that the ease of transfer did not significantly affect the PRs.

Conclusion

Individual variables during ET may not contribute significantly to the success of an IVF programme; however, a holistic approach encompassing all the factors is quintessential to improve the PR.     

Improvement of in vitro fertilisation after treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinising hormone releasing hormone

Treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinising hormone releasing hormone, and human menopausal gonadotrophin was compared with the conventional treatment of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin in the outcome of in vitro fertilisation. Seventy seven infertile women had 83 cycles of treatment with buserelin and human menopausal gonadotrophin, and concurrently another 328 infertile women were treated with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin. Seven (8%) cycles were cancelled owing to inadequate super-ovulation or ovarian hyperstimulation in the women receiving buserelin and 103 (31%) were cancelled because of poor follicular development in those receiving clomiphene citrate. The mean number of oocytes recovered was significantly higher with buserelin (9.5 (SD 4.5) v 5.5 (2.2)) as was the mean number of embryos obtained (4.3 (2.4) v 2.9 (1.7)). Significantly more women who had an embryo transfer became clinically pregnant after treatment with buserelin (53% (30/57) v 30% (48/159), or 36% v 14% of treatment cycles). Altogether 33% (10) of pregnancies in women treated with buserelin were multiple compared with 23% (11) in those treated conventionally. Of the 17 completed pregnancies in women treated with buserelin, 11 resulted in the birth of live babies (eight singletons, two sets of twins, and one set of triplets) and six failed, five before 12 weeks' gestation and one at 22 weeks. The 13 continuing pregnancies (32 weeks) were eight singletons, two sets of twins, and three sets of triplets. Of the 48 completed pregnancies in women treated with clomiphene citrate, 35 resulted in the birth of live babies (26 singletons, five sets of twins and four sets of triplets) and 13 failed, eleven before 12 weeks' gestation and two by 27 weeks. Buserelin increased the chance of pregnancy after in vitro fertilisation compared with conventional treatment, but the risk of multiple pregnancy may be increased.     

Outcomes following selective fetoscopic laser ablation for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a single-centre experience

INTRODUCTIONFetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP), a treatment option for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic twin pregnancies, is currently the treatment of choice at our centre. We previously reported on our experience of FLP from June 2011 to March 2014. This paper audits our fetal surgery performance since then.METHODS15 consecutive patients who underwent FLP for Stage II–III TTTS before 26 weeks of gestation from June 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively reviewed, consisting of five cases from our initial experience and ten subsequent cases. Perioperative, perinatal and neonatal outcomes were analysed.RESULTSOf 15 pregnancies, 10 (66.7%) and 5 (33.3%) were for Stage II and III TTTS respectively, with FLP performed at an earlier Quintero stage in the later cohort. Overall mean gestational ages at presentation, laser and delivery were comparable between the cohorts at 19.7 (15.4–24.3) weeks, 20.3 (16.3–25.0) weeks and 31.2 (27.6–37.0) weeks, respectively. 2 (13.3%) cases had intra-amniotic bleeding and 1 (6.7%) had iatrogenic septostomy. 1 (6.7%) case had persistent TTTS requiring repeat FLP, and another (6.7%) had preterm premature rupture of membranes at seven weeks post procedure. The overall perinatal survival rate was 21 (75.0%) out of 28 infants. One mother underwent termination of pregnancy for social reasons at 1.4 weeks post procedure. Double survival occurred in 8 (57.1%) out of 14 pregnancies, while 13 (92.9%) had at least one survivor.CONCLUSIONFLP requires a highly specialised team and tertiary neonatal facility. Continual training improves maternal and perinatal outcomes, ensuring comparable standards with international centres.     

辅助生育与自然妊娠孕妇早期唐氏筛查结果的对照研究

目的比较采用辅助生育技术受孕与自然受孕者孕早期唐氏筛查各项指标及筛查假阳性率的差异。方法选取2012年1月—2014年3月在该院进行早期（10~13＋6w）唐氏筛查的IVF孕妇1 600例,筛选同期孕周、年龄、体重等因素相匹配的自然受孕孕妇16 000例为对照组,入选孕妇均为单胎。抽血前B超明确孕周并测量NT,测血清学标志物PAPP-A、fβ-h CG的水平,比较两组各指标中位数的差异及筛查假阳性率。结果各孕周段两组孕妇PAPP-A Mo M值均〈1.0,IVF组孕妇PAPP-A Mo M值低于相应孕周的对照组。两组各孕周段fβ-h CG Mo M值均在1.0左右,相应孕周间比较差异无统计学意义。两组孕妇NT水平差异无统计学意义。IVF组21三体筛查阳性率为13.40%,显著高于对照组10.19%。两组失访率均在8%左右。其中,IVF组206例21三体高风险孕妇中84.5%进行了染色体核型分析,确诊2例;对照组935例中71.5%接受穿刺,确诊15例。两组确诊率相当。IVF组筛查假阳性率为14.69%,明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.50,P=0.006）。结论IVF技术的使用会降低早期唐氏筛查血清标志物PAPP-A的浓度,因此增加胎儿21三体检出的假阳性率,建议引入适当的校准系数进行风险评估。     

Female ageing and reproductive outcome in assisted reproduction cycles

INTRODUCTION

Fertility in women declines with increasing age. With the deferment of marriage and childbearing, couples are turning to assisted reproductive technology to counteract this decline. We aimed to evaluate the results of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women of different age groups, and highlight the cost-effectiveness of IVF treatment in these groups while assessing its implications on the national healthcare provision model.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 3,412 stimulated IVF/ICSI cycles in a hospital-based IVF centre was performed from January 2008 to December 2010. Patients were stratified into seven age groups: < 30 years; 30–35 years; 36–37 years; 38 years; 39 years; 40–44 years; and ≥ 45 years.

RESULTS

Age had a significant effect on the number of cycles leading to embryo transfer (p < 0.001). The number of oocytes retrieved decreased across the various age groups (p < 0.001) and was the highest among women aged < 30 (mean 18.5 ± 10.3) years. With increasing age, there was a trend toward a lower fertilisation rate. Age also had a significant effect on the rates of clinical pregnancy, live birth and multiple pregnancies (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Patients aged < 30 years had the best IVF outcomes, reflecting optimal reproductive capacity. Age-related decline in fertility starts after 30 years. Women opting for IVF should be counselled about age-specific success rates while taking into account individual risk factors.     

Rates and outcome of pregnancies achieved in the first 4 years of an in-vitro fertilization program.

Between Feb. 1, 1984, and Dec. 31, 1987, 578 couples were treated in the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) program at University Hospital, London, Ont. The 160 confirmed pregnancies resulted in 86 deliveries and the birth of 108 babies. There were 20 spontaneous abortions, 12 ectopic pregnancies, 11 presumptive pregnancies, 4 neonatal deaths and 1 stillbirth. At the time of writing, 41 pregnancies of 20 weeks' gestation or more were in progress. Except for a high cesarean section rate the obstetric outcome of pregnancies achieved with IVF does not appear to be different from that expected for a group of infertile couples treated with conventional therapies. The pregnancy rates varied according to the denominator used.     

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration in a man with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens undergoing an assisted reproduction program

Surgical retrieval of spermatozoa for in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) programs for severely oligospermic men has been in use for several years now. In the recent 2 to 3 years, clinicians have begun to move towards non-surgical methods of retrieving sperm in certain selected groups of men. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) has had good results in terms of number of sperm obtained, as well as the fertilisation and pregnancy rates. The first reported use of such a technique in Singapore is described.