Preputial flaps to correct buried penis

The authors developed a preputial skin flap technique to correct the buried penis which was simple and practical. This simple procedure can be applied to most boys with buried penis. In the last 3 years, we have seen 12 boys with buried penis and have been treated by using preputial flaps. The mean age is about 5.1 (from 3 to 12). By making a longitudinal incision on the ventral side of penis, the tightness of the foreskin is released and leave a diamond-shaped skin defect. It allows the penile shaft to extend out. A circumferential incision is made about 5 mm proximal to the coronal sulcus. Pedicled preputial flaps are obtained leaving optimal penile skin on the dorsal side. The preputial skin flaps are rotated onto the ventral side and tailored to cover the defect. All patients are followed for at least 3 months. Edema and swelling on the flaps are common, but improves with time. None of our patients need a second operation. The preputial flaps technique is a simple technique which allows surgeons to deal with most cases of buried penis by tailoring the flaps providing good cosmetic and functional results.     

Outpatient catheterless Mathieu repair: how to cover ventral penile skin defect.

A modification of the Mathieu repair eliminating stenting has been described by Rabinowitz which makes the method more convenient for outpatient performance. We report on our experience with this modification with special emphasis on coverage of ventral penile skin defect. To cover the raw area formed on the ventral aspect of penis with the creation of meatal based flap Rabinowitz used Byar's flap. Two different flaps prepared from prepuce were used in this series. In some patients an island flap was used. In others the prepuce was incised transversally on its dorsal aspect and transferred to the ventral surface as a bipedicle visor flap, as described by Ombrédanne and popularized by Nesbit. Twenty-two patients ranging in age from one to twelve years (mean +/- 1SD = 6 +/- 3.28) were operated on using the technique. The meatus was glandular in two, coronal in twelve and distal penile in eight patients. Preputial flap was not used in one patient because the defect was small. Island flap was used in three and Ombrédanne-Nesbit's flap in 18 patients. Complete disruption of the repair occurred in one of the patients in whom an island flap was used. Among 18 patients in whom Ombrédanne-Nesbit's flap was used, one partial necrosis of the preputial flap was encountered which required revision and two urethrocutaneus fistulae occurred which healed spontaneously. The use of the present technique yields a good cosmetic result, a high success rate with minimal complications, and eliminates catheterization; hence, hospitalization is recommended.     

精索外筋膜联合唇黏膜移植一期修复尿道下裂修复失败的初步报告

目的通过预置精索外筋膜改良唇黏膜移植的方法,同期联合局部皮瓣尿道成形一期修复术治疗手术修复失败的尿道下裂,并评价其疗效。方法2014年12月至2017年4月作者采用预置精索外筋膜移植床一期治疗13例修复手术失败的尿道下裂患儿,年龄2.5~6岁,患儿至少经历1次失败的尿道下裂手术,阴茎体与睾丸大小、质地均尚可,术前合并不同程度阴茎弯曲。沿原手术切口暴露原手术建立的尿道,人工勃起试验均提示存在阴茎体下弯(弯曲15°~45°)。自腹侧弯曲最显著处完全离断原尿道海绵体,深达阴茎海绵体白膜后完全伸直阴茎,剔除白膜表面原手术后瘢痕组织,尿道缺损长度2.2~4.9 cm;于一侧睾丸鞘膜表面自睾丸底部到腹股沟管处解剖长段精索外筋膜后,将其转移覆盖于白膜表面尿道缺损处,取同等长度的下唇黏膜移植于精索外筋膜表面,固定后游离局部带蒂阴茎皮肤加盖成型新尿道,一期完成重建手术。结果13例患儿留置导尿管3周后拔除,随访12~40个月后,2例出现尿道瘘(1例位于冠状沟、1例位于阴茎根部),均再次行手术修补;1例阴茎头裂开未予处理,1例尿道外口狭窄行尿道外口扩张后治愈。所有患儿阴茎勃起时无下弯,患儿家长对其术后阴茎体外观满意。结论通过预置精索外筋膜可增加唇黏膜的获取率,有效避免移植物挛缩的问题,可一次性完成尿道重建手术。     

The Cosmetic Results of a Simple Method for Repairing Preputial Skin Defect in Hypospadias

Objective: Hypospadias is a common birth defect of the penis. Besides the abnormal position of the urethral opening, there is usually a ventral preputial defect with preputial redundancy in dorsal shaft. There are many flap procedures for correcting this defect. Here, we present our experience of skin coverage procedure with better cosmetic results. Methods: It is a prospective study on patients with mid-shaft to glandular hypospadias operated from June 2008 to December 2012. The operations were performed by one surgeon in two hospitals and the cosmetic results were evaluated by the surgeon, parents, and another pediatric surgeon by a satisfaction questionnaire. In this procedure, inner prepuce was incised curvilinearly, remaining 5 mm in medial and 8 mm in lateral aspects of the inner prepuce. For skin repair, dorsal flaps were approximated in midline along median raphe. Findings: Sixty-three patients with mean age of 25.75±8.46 (7-93) months were followed up for 7.06±3.34 (2-15( months. There were 4 complications. The overall satisfaction with penile skin coverage was 93.7% for parents and 98.4% for surgeons. Patients’ age and primary site of meatus had a significant correlation with cosmetic results (P<0.05), while urethroplasty techniques and post-operative complications were not significant. Conclusion: Reapproximation of dorsal flaps in midline is a simple method and can be used in most cases of uncomplicated primary hypospadias. By this technique a more normal appearance can be achieved.Key Words: Hypospadias, Urethroplasty, Cosmetic Surgery, Penis     

Outcome analysis of tubularized incised urethral plate using dorsal dartos flap for proximal penile hypospadias repair

PurposeTo assess the outcome of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in conjunction with a dorsal dartos flap for primary proximal penile hypospadias.Materials and methodsForty-nine patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a one-stage TIP urethroplasty with single-layer closure using polyglactin suture. A dorsal dartos (subcutaneous) flap, harvested from the dorsal penile shaft was used to cover the neourethra ventrally. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. All patients had a well preserved urethral plate after straightening of the penis. Complications and cosmetic appearance were documented during follow-up.ResultsMean patient age at surgery was 23 months (16–72 months). Mean operative time was 180 min (154–240 min). At the mean follow-up of 36 months, the overall complication rate was 12% (4 fistulae, 1 meatal stenosis). Glandular dehiscence occurred in one patient, and 38 patients (78%) required dorsal Nesbit plication. No patient had residual chordee, neourethral stricture or a urethral diverticulum, and the neomeatus with a slit-like appearance was positioned at the glans tip.ConclusionsTIP urethroplasty with dorsal dartos layer covering the neourethra is an effective treatment for primary proximal penile hypospadias with a preserved urethral plate and without severe curvature. There is a good cosmetic outcome with low risk of complications.     

The use of a perimeatal-based penile skin flap to cover the repair of a tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: From experimental surgery to clinical practice

ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of a perimeatal-based penile skin flap for neourethral coverage after repair of distal hypospadias with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU).MethodsIn 12 New Zealand white rabbits a ventral urethral defect was created and reconstruction was accomplished with continuous suture. An epithelialized defect-based flap was harvested from the penile skin to cover the repaired defect. The animals were euthanized on the 28th postoperative day and their penises were processed for microscopic examination. In 32 children with distal hypospadias a TIPU was performed. A penile skin flap was created immediately below the distal end of the neourethra and used to cover the urethroplasty.ResultsHistological examinations revealed complete restoration of continuity of the stratified squamous epithelium without evidence of inflammation or fistula formation with full consistency with the underlying papillary reticular and corium. There were no cases of fistula formation. One patient developed meatal stenosis. All patients had a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and excellent functional results.ConclusionThe formation of a perimeatal-based skin flap is a simple and safe method of providing additional cover for the constructed neourethra after TIPU, minimizing the fistula rate.     

Correction of penile torsion and chordee by mobilization of urethra with spongiosum in chordee without hypospadias

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of correcting coexistent penile torsion and chordee without hypospadias by mobilization of the urethra and spongiosum.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study of nine patients with simultaneous penile torsion and chordee without hypospadias was undertaken between January 2006 and December 2012. During this period, a total of 364 cases of hypospadias and 38 of chordee without hypospadias were operated on, making a total of 402 patients with hypospadias-related complexes. The same steps were used for correction of both torque and chordee. After a circumcoronal incision, the penis was fully degloved and the spongiosum with urethra was lifted up off the cavernosa. Next, mobilization of the hypoplastic urethra with spongiosum was extended into the glans. If chordee or torque persisted, urethral mobilization was performed proximally up to the bulbar urethra, as required. Spongioplasty and glansplasty were done and a per-urethral stent was kept in for three to five days.ResultsThe age of the patients ranged from 5 to 16 years (median 6 years). Penile torsion ranged from 30° to 120°, with a median of 75°. Ventral chordee ranged from 45° to 100°, with a median of 50°. A ratio of 1:9.6 was found for chordee without hypospadias compared to the total hypospadias cases, with an incidence of 9.5%. The ratio of chordee without hypospadias with torsion compared to the total hypospadias cases was 1:29. There was an incidence of chordee without hypospadias with penile torsion of 3.5% in all patients with hypospadias. The ratio of chordee without hypospadias with torsion to only chordee without hypospadias was 1:1.71, with an incidence of 37.0%. Every step contributed to the correction of curvature and torsion. Chordee was corrected in two patients by penile degloving and lifting of the spongiosa off the urethral plate; three patients required additional mobilization of the urethra into the glans. Another two patients needed proximal urethral mobilization and one required a dorsal plication. In five patients, torque was corrected by penile degloving, lifting of the spongiosa and mobilization of the urethra into the glans; four patients required further proximal urethral mobilization. All patients had excellent functional and cosmetic results. No residual chordee or torque was observed in any patient on follow-up at 12–24 months.ConclusionThe technique of distally mobilizing a hypoplastic urethra with spongiosum from the corpora into the glans, and proximally up to the bulbar region corrects moderate to severe chordee and torsion with excellent cosmetic results. The incidence of torsion with chordee without hypospadias was 3.5% of all cases of hypospadias.     

经阴茎根部腹侧阴茎阴囊整形术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎

目的 探讨经阴茎根部腹侧入路的阴茎阴囊整形术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎的临床疗效.方法 针对本病的包茎、阴茎皮肤缺乏、阴茎周围肉膜肌的异常附着、特别是阴茎阴囊交界处皮肤的蹼状改变等,采用不但可使阴茎阴囊蹼状改变得到整形,也利于阴茎的充分松解和固定,还可达到延长阴茎皮肤目的的楔形皮肤切口.同时还采用包皮口横切后外板纵形剪开,背侧楔形切除多余内板的的方法,不但解除了包茎,也避免了过多的内板使用.结果 近10年间用此术式治疗先天性隐匿阴茎359例,年龄最小3岁,最大14岁,其中5～7岁224例(62.4％).术后获半年以上随访者265例(73.8％),其中阴茎显露良好,无退缩现象、无包茎、阴囊皮肤无臃肿现象、切口无瘢痕形成和排尿通畅者共247例(93.2％).术后早期出现阴囊血肿7例.远期并发症包括:腹侧切口瘢痕形成3例,后经瘢痕切除治愈.包皮口出现瘢痕环形狭窄并影响阴茎头外露5例,门诊经瘢痕切除治愈.外观仍显阴茎短小10例(4.6％),但经外用睾酮霜2个月后外观明显改善毋需进一步治疗.结论 结果显示此方法简单,效果显著,且并发症多可预防,是一种治疗先天性隐匿阴茎的好术式.     

Bracka's staged repair of proximal hypospadias--revisiting a versatile technique

ObjectiveProximal hypospadias is associated with poorly defined urethral plate and often with chordee. A two-staged Bracka’s repair is reproducible and has been used routinely in our practice. We present the key steps of this technique on a 13-month-old boy.Patient and methodThis boy presented with proximal penile hypospadias, hooded foreskin and mild chordee. He underwent stage one Bracka’s repair. The steps included: 1) Artificial erection test to define extent of chordee; 2) inner preputial graft harvest and preparation; 3) glans and urethral plate incision down to corpora cavernosa; 4) partial release of chordee by division of aberrant corpus spongiosum, without degloving of penile skin; 5) laying of preputial graft; 6) dressing.ResultThe patient had catheter removed on second, and dressing removed on seventh, post-operative days, without complication. The patient is planned for second stage repair in 6 months. Our standard approach includes either removal of catheter on the second or seventh post-operative day, according to surgeon preference. The three senior surgeons have used this method in 54 patients without significant complication. The graft has taken in 100% of cases.ConclusionThe Bracka’s staged repair of proximal hypospadias is a versatile technique that gives reproducible and sound results.     

Prepubertal follow-up after hypospadias repair with autologous in vitro cultured urothelial cells

Aim: To evaluate the long‐term effects on hypospadias repair with cultured autologous urothelial cells. Methods: From 2000 to 2002, six patients with scrotal or perineal hypospadias and pronounced chordee were treated surgically with cultured autologous urothelial cell transplants. All patients were evaluated at 6–8 years postoperatively, that is, in the prepubertal period. The outcome was assessed with respect to cosmetic appearance, voiding function, urinary flow, artificial erection, urethroscopy and biopsies. Results: Median follow‐up time was 7.25 years. Up to date, all patients present with a good cosmetic appearance. One of the boys prefers a sitting voiding position. Urinary flow curves are bell‐shaped in all but one. All have straight erections, urethroscopy reveals an even, non‐hair‐bearing surface on the transplanted side and 2/6 present with urothelial cells in biopsies. Limitations of this follow‐up study include a small group of patients and lack of controls. However, patients with severe hypospadias have high complication rates, and our results are equal or better than expected for the phenotype. Conclusion: Tissue engineering for severe hypospadias repair can be performed in a safe manner. The method is feasible for treatment of a selected group of hypospadias, where pronounced chordee and shortage of preputial and penile skin complicates the creation of a neourethra.     

Hypospadias repair using a double onlay preputial flap

 From an anatomical view, a more reasonable blood supply can be achieved in hypospadias repair using a double-faced onlay flap. A urethroplasty was performed in 15 patients with middle or posterior hypospadias using a double-faced onlay preputial flap (DOPF). In this method, the urethral plate is preserved and a double-faced preputial flap is developed. The inner face of the flap is sutured to the urethral plate to create the neourethra and the outer face together with the rest of the dorsal prepuce is used for ventral skin coverage. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients: 1 developed a fistula in the subcoronal region and 1 had dorsal skin necrosis and suture disruption of the glanular wings. The overall complication rate was 13%. The DOPF provides a well-vascularized ventral skin cover and reduces the area of avascular dorsal skin. The viability of the neourethra can be evaluated by simply looking at the outer face of the flap. However, the complication rate is similar to that of other techniques. Accepted: 27 October 2000     

前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法总结分析2002年1月～2004年6月对12例尿道下裂患儿实行的前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术的治疗经验。结果全部12例患儿阴茎外观满意。尿道口位置正常，仅有1例出现尿瘘，未发现尿道狭窄病例。结论对于远端尿道板薄弱同时合并明显阴茎下曲的尿道下裂患儿如行常规游离包皮内板尿道成形则原系带处保留的皮桥过薄，容易发生尿瘘且有部分患儿出现术后尿道口回缩，前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形是一种较好的手术治疗方法，阴茎伸直充分且可保证尿道开口于正常位置。尤其适用于阴茎及阴茎头发育良好的患儿。     

Tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (Snodgrass) in primary hypospadias repair.

In the past TIP urethroplasty became a preferred technique for distal hypospadias repair, and subsequently gained worldwide popularity and acceptance. The procedure gives good functional results and a cosmetic appearance that is superior to that obtained by flip-flap or onlay preputial flap repairs. In addition, this procedure is associated with a fairly low rate of complications. From 06/2000 to 04/2004 we performed 100 primary TIP urethroplasties in patients with distal hypospadias. The age of the patients at the time of surgical correction was 16 months to 10 years with a mean of 41.4 months. All patients underwent the procedure under general anesthesia supplemented by additional pain management with a penile block anesthesia or caudal anesthesia. The surgical technique is described. During follow-up (23.5 months) we observed 2 types of complications: formation of a urethrocutaneous fistula (5 pts., 5 %) and formation of meatal stenosis (17 pts., 17 %) with a steady decrease with no stenosis formation in the last 8 months of this series. A key point might be the length of the dorsal incision of the urethral plate which should not touch the dorsal lip of the anticipated neomeatus. There were no other complications, and the cosmetic results were good in all cases.     

Combined use of perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty (Mathieu) with midline incision or urethral plate in hypospadias repair.

Perimeatal-based flap urethroplasty is commonly used for the primary correction of distal hypospadias. The Mathieu repair provides excellent function and satisfactory cosmetic results, but the risk of devascularisation of the neourethral flap is an inherent problem of this technique. The midline incision of the urethral plate is part of the Snodgrass method, which offers good urethral calibre and tension-free closure. Our aim was to test the effectiveness of the use of the perimeatal-based flap combined with a midline incision of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair. 19 boys, aged 20 months to 5 years, with distal hypospadias, underwent a one-stage repair using the above-described modification of the Mathieu technique. The meatal-based flap with a midline incision of the urethral plate was similar in all cases. The hypospadias repair was successful in all patients, only one boy developed a urethrocutaneous fistula which required subsequent operation. There was no postoperative scarring, chordee or urethral stricture during follow-up. Hypospadias repair using a perimeatal-based skin flap and combined with an incision of the urethral plate reduces complication rates and offers good cosmetic results.     

Autologous in vitro cultured urothelium in hypospadias repair

ObjectiveTo treat severe hypospadias with a transplant of autologous in vitro cultured urothelial cells on acellular dermis.Patients and methodsDuring 2000–2002 six patients aged 14–44 months with severe hypospadias were treated surgically with autologous urothelial cell transplants. All were born with scrotal or perineal hypospadias and pronounced chordee. All patients were subjected to a two-staged procedure starting with repair of the chordee. Urothelial cell harvesting via bladder lavage was performed during the first operation. The neourethra was constructed by using a transplant with cultured urothelium in an on-lay fashion. Patients have been followed 3–5.5 years.ResultsAll six boys are voiding through their neourethra without straining and have no residual urine after micturition. Five patients are using a standing voiding position and present bell shaped, urinary flow curves. One developed a stricture treated conservatively with persisting good effect (after more than 5 years). Two developed a fistula requiring surgical correction that was uneventful. The last patient developed an obstruction in the proximal anastomosis that was treated with an internal urethrotomy. Cosmetic appearance is good in all cases with good parental satisfaction. Urethroscopy in all patients show a wide penile neourethra. Biopsies indicate a mucosal lining consisting of urothelial cells in three cases.ConclusionThis technique is feasible for treatment of a selected group of hypospadias where pronounced chordee and shortage of preputial and penile skin complicates the creation of a neourethra. It may have other clinical implications including disorders such as bladder exstrophy and cloacal malformations, as well as mutilating traumatic injuries or cancer therapy.     

Evaluation of distally folded onlay flap in repair of distal penile hypospadias

ObjectiveTo evaluate the results of using a distally folded onlay flap in the repair of distal penile hypospadias, with regard to meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.Patients and methodsThis prospective study involved 36 patients with mean age 3.2 years (range 1–4); 18 had a shallow urethral plate, 10 a small glans, and 8 had undergone a previous operation but still had available preputial skin. All underwent the elective technique of distally folded onlay flap, which was carried out under general anesthesia using a 4× magnifying loupe. Starting with penile degloving and then harvesting the transverse island preputial flap provides a flap about 1 cm longer than the urethral plate. Two lateral incisions are made along the urethral plate with no need for dissection deep into the glanular wings. The flap is sutured to the urethral plate, leaving 1 cm distal to the tip of the glans, which is folded back to be sutured to the edges of the glanular wings.ResultsThere were no cases of meatal stenosis or requirement for urethral dilatation. Two patients had a urethrocutaneous fistula; one closed spontaneously while the other needed surgical repair 6 months later. Regarding esthetic appearance, 32 were scored good and 4 satisfactory.ConclusionThis versatile technique offers satisfactory results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.     

Urethral hemangioma in childhood: treatment by total excision and single-stage urethroplasty

We report a 4-year-old boy who had an asymptomatic hemangioma on the ventral aspect of the urethra that caused a dorsal curvature of the penis. Treatment consisted of total excision of the tumor, repair of the urethral defect using a vascularized island flap from the penile skin, and correction of the dorsal curvature of the penis by plication of the ventral aspects of the corpora cavernosa. The cosmetic and functional results were excellent. The peculiar clinical presentation, in which the tumor caused a dorsal curvature of the penis, and the treatment used have not previously been reported in the literature.     

Mouth mucosa free-flap grafts in repeat operations of hypospadias

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Buccal mucosal grafts are widely used in the treatment of primary hypospadias and urethral stenosis owing to their elasticity, optimal attachment, possibility of generous harvesting and easy preparation. The aim of this study was to check whether buccal mucosal flaps are also valuable in redo surgery for hypospadias complicated by large breaks in the urethra and with scarce residual genital tissue. METHODS: Fourteen patients aged between 3 and 11 years old (mean age 6.6) were selected and operated between December 1993 and June 1999. The patients presented extensive fistulous tracts, roughly ellipsoidal in shape and with a maximum diameter of between 7 and 42 mm (mean length 18 mm). The original technique was: Duplay (7 patients); Onlay buccal graft (1 patient); Snodgrass (1 patient); Tubulised preputial flap (2 patients); Onlay preputial graft (2 patients); Tubulised vesical mucosal flap (1 patient). The mucosal flap, taken from the lower lip, was used to cover the gap as an onlay patch and recovered with residual genital skin with the interposition, where possible, of a de-epithelised flap. RESULTS: An optimal cosmetic and functional result was achieved in 10/14 cases with flowmetry > 25 percentile according to Toguri nomograms. Three patients presented fistulas: one punctiform fistula resolved spontaneously. The other two cases resolved after corrective surgery. One patient showed meatal regression with slight stenosis that was resolved with MAGPI. CONCLUSIONS: These results appear to be encouraging. Buccal mucosal graft may represent a valid alternative also in the treatment of secondary hypospadia with large breaks in the urethra. No complication was reported in the harvesting area, even if this was carried out at a second stage in the labial area.     

Primary lymphedema of the penis: Surgical correction by preputial unfurling

Primary lymphedema of the penis (PLP) is a rare disease. We report a case in a 2-year-old, uncircumcised boy where the uninvolved inner preputial skin was unfurled to cover the penile shaft. The uninvolved inner preputial skin is often elongated, and provides a suture-free cover of sufficient length for the small penile shaft of pediatric patients. Accepted: 12 May 2000     

A new algorithm for management of chordee without hypospadias based on mobilization of urethra

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of chordee correction by mobilization of urethra with corpus spongiosum, and define the guidelines for management of chordee without hypospadias.Patients and methodsWe reviewed 25 cases of chordee without hypospadias, managed in 1992–2005. Age of patients ranged from 3 to 28 years (mean 14.4 years). Chordee correction was performed on a case-by-case basis by skin de-gloving, mobilization of divergent corpus spongiosum, mobilization of hypoplastic urethra, mobilization of proximal urethra up to bulbar urethra, dorsal plication and division/resection of hypoplastic urethra with main emphasis on mobilization of urethra, and confirmed by Gittes test.ResultsChordee correction was possible by mobilization of urethra after penile degloving in 76% of cases and dorsal plication after urethral mobilization in 8%. Only 16% required division/resection of hypoplastic urethra. None of them had residual chordee in follow-up period of 6 months–3 years (mean of 26 months). After fistula repair and internal urethrotomy in one patient each, a second surgery had 100% success.ConclusionsWe propose an algorithm based on mobilization of urethra that defines the etiology and guidelines for the management of chordee without hypospadias.