饮料与染色瓷粉比色板色度的匹配性研究

目的通过孟塞尔表色系研究饮料与染色瓷粉比色板色度的匹配性,为技工制作陶瓷修复体时选择染色瓷粉模拟天然牙的着色提供参考依据。方法采用分光光谱仪测量Vita Akzent、Vita Interno、Shofu Vintage &Unibond和Noritake Super Porcelain EX- 3染色瓷粉比色板各比色片和15种饮料的孟塞尔色参数,比较其邻近色相、邻近明度和邻近彩度的差异,用双向无序行列表的Fisher确切概率法进行统计。结果15种饮料与4种染色瓷粉比色板邻近色相的频次差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而邻近明度和邻近彩度的频次差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论4种染色瓷粉模拟15种饮料的着色除色相外没有区别,通过适当的色相、明度和彩度调配,4种染色瓷粉能够与15种饮料的色度大致相匹配。     

不同瓷系统对金瓷修复体颜色的影响

目的探讨不同瓷系统对金瓷修复体颜色的影响.方法用Ni-Cr非贵金属体系烤瓷合金(德国)制作金属基底,选用Vita VMK 95 METALL KERAMIK A2瓷粉和Shofu Vintage A2瓷粉这2种不同系统的瓷粉,在相同的金属基底上分别制作金瓷试件(金属基底厚为0.3mm,遮色瓷厚度为0.2mm,瓷厚度为1mm).用Shde eye EX(松风,日本)电脑比色仪检测试件的颜色.结果①2种不同瓷系统对金瓷修复体的颜色、色相、和明度均无影响(P＞0.05).②2种不同瓷系统对金瓷修复体的彩度(饱和度)有影响,并有显著差异(p＜0.01).结论Vita和Shofu这2种瓷粉颜色之间比较,除了Shofu系列瓷粉的彩度比Vita瓷粉高外,颜色的明度和色相无明显的差异.如要增加金瓷修复体颜色的彩度,可选用Shofu系列瓷粉,以达到再现自然牙颜色的目的.     

两种VITA比色板的色度学比较

目的：对两种VITA比色板的色度范围进行比较分析，并与中国人牙色度范围相比较，以便为临床选色和瓷粉的使用提供指导。方法：选用CIEl976—L^*a^*b^*色度系统，用Minolta CM—2600d分光测色计对两种VITA比色板的色度佰进行测定，对二者的色度范围做了比较分析。结果：与Vita C1assical比色板相比，Vita 3D Master比色片明度值在较低的区域也有分布，a^*增大，使颜色向黄红色调方向移动；b^*也增大，使颜色的饱和度增大。Vita 3D—Master比色板几乎全部涵盖了Vita Classical比色板的明度和饱和度范围。二者与中国人牙色度范围相比较，部缺乏明度较高的色片，Vita 3D Master比色板较Vita C1assical比色板能够更好的覆盖中国人牙色范围，二者的色度范围相加则更有代表性。结论：Vita 3D—Master比色板较Vita Classical比色板颜色分布的范围更符合中国人牙色度范围、排列更合理，为临床准确地选色、配色提供了可靠的依据。     

有关四环素牙比色板的初步研究

为解决四环素牙患者固定义齿修复中的比色配色问题,作者选取一定的Vita瓷粉混合,模拟四环素牙色,制作一定数量的金瓷比色片;经仪器测色、分组后与四环素牙的中1/3比色,从中筛选出16个比色片;形成一套四环素牙比色板。结果表明:自制比色板的颜色较国人正常牙色灰暗、色调偏红褐,与105例四环素牙的临床比色相符,可供临床使用。     

216例金瓷修复体与VITA成品比色板的颜色分析

目的:比较分析临床上金属烤瓷冠修复体与医生所选比色板色样间的颜色差异。方法:随机选取216例已完成的镍铬金属烤瓷冠,应用Shade-Eye NCC电脑比色仪测定该烤瓷冠及其对应的Vita比色板色样的色彩值与色度值,测量结果用孟塞尔(Munsell AM)颜色三属性(即色相、明度、饱和度)表色系统及CIE1976 L*a*b*表色系统表示。结果:烤瓷冠平均明度比所对应色样偏亮,平均红绿色品比对应色样偏红,平均黄兰色品比对应色样偏黄。烤瓷冠与所选色样间的色差平均为6.177,属于可识别范围。烤瓷冠平均彩度比对应色样偏浓,平均明度比对应色样偏亮,平均色相比对应色样偏红。结论:技工加工完成的烤瓷冠颜色与医生所选比色板色样间存在着显著性差异     

电脑比色仪测色准确性的评价

目的：评价Shade Eye电脑比色仪测色的准确性。方法：测试样本为Shofu比色片和Vita比色片。用Shade Eye电脑比色仪对两种比色片从A1至D4逐一测色。结果：对Shofu比色片测色调配对率为53．75％,对Vita比色片测色的色调配对率为56．25％。经x^2检验,两组之间无差异。对Shofu比色片测色错配色调多为B色调和C色调,对Vita比色片测色错配色调多为B色调和D色调。结论：Shade Eye电脑比色仪的测色准确性有待改进。     

遮色瓷厚度对金瓷修复体颜色的影响

目的 探讨遮色瓷层厚度对金瓷修复体颜色的影响，以指导其制作工艺，提高修复体美观方面的满意度。方法 选用Ni-Cr非贵金属体系烤瓷合金(德国)，常规制作金瓷试件(金属基底厚为0．3mm)，在其上涂布不同遮色瓷厚度(0.15～0．30mm)，选用VMK95METALL KERAMIK A2色瓷粉进行烧结(瓷厚度为1．0mm)，用Shade eye EX(松风，日本)电脑比色仪检测试件的颜色。结果 金瓷修复体遮色瓷层厚度的变化对修复体的颜色、彩度、明度和色相均有影响，并有显著差异。随着遮色瓷层厚度的增加，试件的颜色有从A1→A2的变化趋势；试件的彩度值和明度值均增大，但当遮色瓷层超过一定厚度(0.20～0.25mm)时，彩度值和明度值反而变小；试件的色相有从R1→R2的变化趋势。结论 遮色瓷的最佳厚度为0.20—0．25mm；由于Vita Lumin比色板与中国人牙色相比，颜色分布不均匀，缺乏明度值和彩度值较高的偏红黄色调，适当增加遮色瓷厚度可以增加红色成分，增加明度值和彩度值，以弥补Vita Lumin比色板的局限。     

特殊色牙与Vita比色板色彩的比较研究

目的 比较特殊色牙与Vitapan classical比色板(简称Vita比色板)色彩的差异以指导临床应用。方法 应用ShadeEye—NCC电脑比色仪测定129例特殊色牙患者前牙及Vita比色板的色彩。结果 Vita比色板中缺乏红色系的色片；特殊色牙的色彩为较暗的高饱和度偏红色。结论 特殊色牙的色彩与Vita比色板不匹配；在没有电脑比色仪的情况下，可以选Vita比色板中D色调适当加红制作烤瓷的底色。     

In-Ceram渗透陶瓷技工比色板的色度学研究

目的：研究Vita In—Ceram渗透陶瓷技工比色板颜色分布的规律性。方法：采用Minolta CM-2600d分光测色计、国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐的CIE-1976-Lab色度系统对Vita In—Ceram渗透陶瓷技工比色板进行颜色测定和分析。结果：Vita In—Ceram渗透陶瓷技工比色板分别对应玻璃渗透尖晶石、氧化铝和氧化锆陶瓷三种材料系列，各有4个比色片，总体明度范围为81．40～67．68，按比色片序号增大而明度递减，饱和度递增，色相角递减，其中渗透铝瓷组的AL3饱和度为该组中饱和度最大。结论：In-Ceram渗透陶瓷技工比色板三种材料系列的颜色分布有共同的规律性，渗透陶瓷的颜色作为Vitaalpha饰面瓷的背景色，可以使最终修复体颜色与Vita临床比色板的颜色具有良好的匹配性。     

新、旧Vita比色板的色度学比较研究

目的：测定并比较新、旧Vita比色板（VITAPAN3D-Master和LUMIN?VACUUM-Farbskala）的色度差异，为新型Vita比色板的临床应用提供参考。方法：采用美能达彩色色差计（CR-321型，Minolta，Japan）对两种比色板进行色度学测量。D65为测试光源。颜色的表达采用CIE1976L*a*b*表色系统。测试部位选择在色标的中1/3部分，每个色标测3次，取平均值作为该色标的色度值。结果：新比色板的明度范围较大，增加了明度较低的色片；色片向红色做了较大偏移，而绿色调色片相对不足，黄蓝色调范围扩大，偏黄色片基本可以满足中国人牙的要求，而蓝色调色仍显相对不足。两种比色板并无一一对应关系，只有少数色片的颜色差别肉眼无法辨别。结论：虽然VITAPAN3D-Master比色板比旧比色板增加了10个色片，且覆盖的色度空间有所扩大，但仍不能完全满足中国人牙色的要求。     

Differences in color between fired porcelain and shade guides.

The inaccuracy of premixed porcelain shades may cause errors when color matching porcelain crowns. Most brands of porcelain are labeled to match shades of the Vita shade guide, but produce slightly different colors from this guide upon firing. The purpose of this study was to quantify in CIE delta E* units the color differences between the Vita shade guide colors and four commercial porcelains for metal ceramic crowns. Two operators prepared shade-guide teeth from six shades of four brands of porcelain. Opaque, body, and incisal layers were fired in the form of shade-guide teeth on Vita ceramic carriers used for making custom shade-guide teeth. The colors of these teeth were measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The average delta E* values for the differences between the colors of the Vita shade guide and the fired porcelains for each of the brands were 3.1, 2.9, 4.1, and 2.0, respectively, for the first operator and 4.1, 2.6, 2.8, and 1.6, respectively, for the second operator. The color difference between the custom shade-guide teeth and the Vita master shade guide were significantly affected by both brands and shades. The overall average error resulting from the differences in colors between the Vita shade guide and fired porcelains was 3.0 for the first operator and 2.8 for the second operator. The mean delta E* between the teeth prepared by the two operators was 3.6. The color difference between the teeth made by the two operators was not significantly affected by brands or shades.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

目的 测试口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板标准色标与非标准色标颜色识别的差异,评价、分析口腔修复学专业研究生临床实际比色能力,为探讨临床比色教学方法提供客观的基础数据.方法 选择具有1～5年临床工作经验、排除色觉识别障碍、经过色彩学知识培训的口腔修复学专业研究生62名.从比色板A(Lineargnide)的29个标准色标中通过随机数字表抽取7个色标作为标准色标,以比色板B(Vita Bleachadgnide 3D-Master)中的7个色标作为非标准色标,在D55标准光源下,以比色板C(Vita 3D-Master)作为比色工具,对标准色标和非标准色标进行比色测试.计算受试者对两种色标比色的总体准确率;统计比色正确的人数分布,并进行Monte Carlo确切概率法检验;统计比色结果在明度、饱和度、色相上的等级偏差,并进行Wilcoxin符号秩和检验.结果 受试者对标准色标比色的总体正确率为45.9%(199/434),对非标准色标比色的总体正确率为9.0%(39/434);对两种色标比色正确的人数分布的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);对两种色标比色结果的明度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.3)、0.4(0.4～0.5)]、饱和度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.4)、0.5(0.4～0.6)]的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),色相等级偏差[分别为0.3(0.1～0.4)、0.3(0.1～0.4)]的差异无统计学意义(P=0.079>0.01).结论 口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板非标准色标颜色的识别能力明显低于对标准色标颜色的识别能力.     

Designing visually optimal shade guides

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Dental shade guides do not provide a broad coverage of tooth colors. There is a need for shade guides that can provide closer color matches. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to propose and assess a visually optimal shade guide for tooth color matching. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With the use of a spectrophotometric approach, the color distribution (L*a*b*) of 150 extracted human teeth and 3 commercially available shade guides (Vita Lumin V, Trubyte Bioform Color Order Shade Guide, and Vitapan 3D-Master Shade System) was measured. With the use of a hierarchical clustering approach, a series of shade guides was designed with a varying number of tabs. The average error (DeltaE) between colors from each shade guide and the extracted teeth was computed. RESULTS: The proposed visually optimal shade guide had the smallest average error of all guides tested. The new guide achieved lower error with fewer shade tabs than the 3 commercial systems evaluated. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it was demonstrated that a hierarchical clustering technique can be used to design a visually optimal shade guide for a given population with a flexible degree of control over the mean error and number of tabs.     

Spectrophotometric and visual shade measurements of human teeth using three shade guides

PURPOSE: To compare spectrophotometric vs. visual color identification of tooth shade on the basis of three different commercially available shade guides. METHODS: On 54 subjects, two operators (with >10 years experience) independently selected the best match of the middle third of one of the patient's upper central incisors, using consecutively three shade guides (Vita Lumin Vacuum, Chromascop, Vita 3D Master). After each individual shade match, the same operator performed a shade measurement with a SpectroShade spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The Vita Lumin shade guide appeared to provide the most consistent results between human and spectrophotometrical evaluation, although Vita 3D Master offered a greater variety of colors. In approximately 47% of the cases, the spectrophotometer provided more accurate results than visual selection. From a clinical point of view, this is a noteworthy improvement in the complex process of color match for indirect restoration.     

Clinical color match of porcelain visual shade-matching systems

Background : Accuracy of the total color replication process has not been clinically evaluated for various porcelain visual shade-matching systems.
Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the final color replication process of three porcelain visual shade-matching systems. Subjects' natural dentition was compared with laboratory-fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs.
Materials and Methods : Shade matches of 10 subjects' incisors were obtained using three different porcelain visual shade-matching systems. Commercial laboratories fabricated one corresponding individualized porcelain shade tab for each incisor per visual shade-matching system selection. Color-match evaluations of the fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs to the corresponding teeth were completed by prosthodontists' consensus and by subjects' self-evaluation using the US Public Health Service criteria. Statistical analysis was carried out on the combined evaluations with logistic regression and the Generalized Estimating Equation for repeated measures.
Results : The Vitapan 3D Master/Omega 900 system (Vident Inc., Brea, CA, USA) was significantly more likely than the Vita Lumin Vacuum/VMK 68 system (Vident Inc.) to obtain a clinically acceptable color match (odds ratio [OR] = 6.31; 95% CI = 1.24–32.07). The likelihood of obtaining a clinically acceptable color match through subjects' self-evaluation was found to be significantly higher compared with prosthodontists' consensus (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.27–5.94).
Conclusions : Within the limits of this preliminary study, significant differences in clinical acceptability were seen between the color matches of the fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs from different systems and subjects' central incisors. Subjects' range of acceptability was much broader compared with that of the prosthodontists in assessing the color match of the fabricated porcelain shade tabs.