基于云技术和人工智能的自动化细胞学诊断平台在703 103名女性宫颈癌筛查中的应用研究#br# #br#

目的探讨低危子宫内膜癌的淋巴结转移情况、相关因素及预后。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年9月在郑州大学第一附属医院行分期手术的452例低危子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料,采用单因素分析淋巴结转移的危险因素。结果 452例低危子宫内膜癌患者盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率2.65%(12/452),复发率0.66%(3/452),死亡率0.44%(2/452)。单因素分析显示,浸润表浅肌层、组织学分级G2、低体质指数与淋巴结转移的关联有统计学意义(P 0.05)。年龄、CA125水平、淋巴脉管间隙浸润、肿瘤大小、腹水细胞学阳性等与淋巴结转移的关联无统计学意义(P0.05)。269例浅肌层浸润患者G1组与G2组淋巴结转移率[1.00%(1/100)、6.51%(11/169)]比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论病变局限于子宫内膜的低危子宫内膜癌患者,无论肿瘤大小及分级,淋巴结转移率低,复发率低,预后好,可不行腹膜后淋巴结切除术;低体质指数、浅肌层浸润且组织学G2的患者淋巴结转移率较高,建议评估淋巴结转移情况。     

早期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结切除的意义探讨

目的探讨早期子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移率、相关因素及预后。方法对2006年1月至2011年3月北京协和医院初治、经全面手术病理分期、病变局限于子宫体的263例早期子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 263例患者中,21例发生盆腔淋巴结转移,转移率为7.98%。单因素分析显示,肿瘤中低分化、肌层浸润深度≥1/2、非子宫内膜样癌、血管淋巴间隙受累(LVSI)、血清CA125≥35U/L是早期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移的危险因素。多因素分析显示,仅深肌层浸润和肿瘤中、低分化是早期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。淋巴结转移组和非转移组的3年无瘤生存率分别为66.7%(14/21)及99.2%(240/242),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论早期子宫内膜癌合并盆腔淋巴结转移的概率低,深肌层浸润及肿瘤中、低分化是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。     

子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结转移相关因素分析

目的:探讨预测子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结转移的指标,以期为确定子宫内膜癌手术范围提供参考。方法:回顾分析1997年1月至2006年12月初治为手术治疗的641例子宫内膜癌患者的临床与病理资料,单因素分析用χ2检验和Fish确切概率法,多因素分析用Logistic回归模型。结果:经多因素分析显示,病理分级G3、深肌层浸润、附件转移对预测子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结(pelvic lymph node,PLN)转移具有统计学意义;盆腔淋巴结转移与腹主动脉旁淋巴结(para-aortic lymph node,PALN)转移显著相关。结论:病理分级G3、深肌层浸润、附件转移是子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移的重要预测因素;盆腔淋巴结转移对预测腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移具有重要意义。病理分级G3、深肌层浸润、附件转移的子宫内膜癌患者应行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,并根据术中患者的盆腔淋巴结状况决定是否行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术。     

磁共振成像与术中病灶探查诊断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润及盆腹腔淋巴结转移临床价值研究

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)和术中病灶探查在子宫内膜癌肌层浸润及盆腹腔淋巴结转移诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学附属第九人民医院2010年1月至2014年3月收治的33例行全子宫+双侧附件切除术+盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴清扫术的子宫内膜癌患者临床资料,以手术病理诊断为标准,比较术前MRI检查、术中病灶探查在诊断肿瘤侵犯子宫肌层深度和淋巴结转移的符合率。结果 MRI检查发现有肌层浸润33例,其中浅肌层浸润8例,深肌层浸润25例;术中剖视子宫标本发现有肌层浸润33例,其中浅肌层浸润6例,深肌层浸润27例。术后病理结果浅肌层浸润6例,深肌层浸润27例。提示MRI诊断浅肌层浸润敏感度100.00%,特异度92.59%。诊断深肌层浸润敏感度92.59%,特异度100.00%;术中病灶剖视诊断深浅肌层浸润敏感度和特异度均为100.00%。33例患者中经病理组织学确诊,8例患者出现淋巴转移,其中仅有盆腔淋巴结转移4例,盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移2例,仅有腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移2例;33例患者术前MRI检查提示2例淋巴结转移,漏诊6例,MRI诊断淋巴结转移的敏感度25%;病灶探查发现4例盆腔淋巴结肿大(病理证实2例阳性,2例阴性),2例腹主动脉旁淋巴结肿大(1例阳性,1例阴性)。3例患者因淋巴结转移分期升级,术后需要辅以化疗和(或)放疗。结论子宫内膜癌患者术前MRI检查对判断肌层浸润深度准确率较高,手术中子宫标本的剖视与病理组织学检查相同,具有重要价值;而MRI检查和术中淋巴结探查对判断子宫内膜癌患者淋巴结转移的意义不大。盆腔及腹主动脉旁(至肾静脉水平)淋巴清扫可以使手术病理分期更准确,为患者术后提供更合理的治疗指导。     

Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移危险因素分析

目的:探讨Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移相关危险因素,为制定合理手术范围提供依据。方法:对136例Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者淋巴结转移的危险因素进行分析。单因素采用χ~2检验或Fisher确切概率法。多因素采用Logistic回归模型。结果:136例Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴结阳性率9.56%(13/136)。单因素分析表明Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌的组织学分级、癌灶直径大小、肌层浸润深度、脉管浸润与淋巴结转移有关(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示组织低分化、肌层浸润深度≥1/2、癌灶直径≥2 cm、有脉管浸润是Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移率低。组织低分化、肌层浸润深度≥1/2、癌灶直径≥2 cm、有脉管浸润的Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌患者更易发生盆腔淋巴结转移。     

子宫内膜癌卵巢转移危险因素的探讨

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌卵巢转移的危险因素及手术中保留卵巢的可行性.方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2006年12月在江西省妇幼保健院首治为手术治疗的638例子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料.结果 36例(5.6%,36/638)患者发生卵巢转移.单因素分析显示,子宫内膜癌卵巢转移的相关因素为病理类型、病理分级、子宫肌层浸润、腹水或腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查阳性、盆腔淋巴结转移、宫旁浸润、腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移、子宫浆膜浸润(P均＜0.05),而年龄、脉管浸润、宫颈浸润与卵巢转移无明显相关性(P均＞0.05).多因素分析显示,子宫内膜癌卵巢转移的独立危险因素按危险强度排列为:盆腔淋巴结转移、腹水或腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查阳性、病理分级.结论 子宫内膜样腺癌、细胞高分化、无盆腔淋巴结转移、无腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移、元肌层浸润、腹水或腹腔冲洗液细胞学检查阴性、年轻的患者可考虑手术中保留卵巢.     

预测子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移风险的列线图构建研究

目的探讨子宫内膜癌临床病理特征与淋巴结转移的关系,同时建立列线图模型预测行简单子宫切除且术后病理偶然诊断为子宫内膜癌患者淋巴结转移情况。方法回顾性收集2009年9月至2018年3月于福建医科大学第一附属医院274例行子宫切除及淋巴结清扫术的子宫内膜癌患者术后临床病理资料,运用logistic回归分析确定子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的高危因素。建立预测子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移风险的列线图模型,分别用一致性系数(Cindex)和校准曲线评估模型的预测性能和符合度。结果 274例子宫内膜癌患者中,共有25例出现淋巴结转移,阳性率9.1%。多因素分析结果显示术前CA12535 kU/L、肌层浸润程度≥1/2和淋巴血管间隙浸润是子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的高危因素,其OR值分别2.971(95%CI 1.131～7.804)、4.795(95%CI 1.497～15.361)、4.773(95%CI 1.675～13.599)。用于预测淋巴结转移风险的列线图有良好的一致性系数(C-index=0.835)和良好的校准。结论基于术前CA12535 kU/L、肌层浸润程度≥1/2和淋巴血管间隙浸润构建的列线图可用于指导因良性病因或子宫内膜不典型增生行简单子宫切除且术后病理偶然诊断为子宫内膜癌患者的进一步治疗。     

子宫内膜癌中Maspin的表达及其与雌激素受体表达的相关性研究

目的:检测Maspin蛋白在正常子宫内膜、不典型增生及内膜癌组织中的表达,及其与雌激素受体(ER)表达的关系,探讨Maspin在子宫内膜癌发生中的作用及其作用机制。方法:免疫组化SP法检测40例子宫内膜腺癌、18例不典型增生及10例正常子宫内膜(对照组)中Maspin蛋白的表达及其与子宫内膜癌患者临床病理特征和ER蛋白表达的关系。结果:Maspin阳性表达在正常子宫内膜组最高(9/10,90%),高于内膜不典型增生组(10/18,55.6%)和内膜癌组(17/40,42.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在内膜癌中FIGOⅠ期的表达(13/20,65.0%)明显高于Ⅱ~Ⅲ期(4/20,20.0%;P<0.05),无淋巴结转移者(17/34,50.0%)明显高于有淋巴结转移者(0/6;P=0.030),但与组织学分级及肌层浸润程度无关(P>0.05)。ER在正常子宫内膜、内膜不典型增生及内膜癌组织的阳性表达率分别为(10/10,100.0%)、(13/18,72.2%)和(20/40,50.0%),各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内膜癌组织中FIGOⅠ期的表达(14/20,70.0%)明显高于Ⅱ~Ⅲ期(6/20,30.0%;P<0.05);内膜癌高、中、低分化组中ER表达率分别为(11/15,73.3%)、(8/18,44.4%)、(1/7,14.3%),组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);无淋巴结转移者(20/34,58.8%)明显高于有淋巴结转移者(0/6;P=0.020),肌层浸润≤1/2者(16/24,66.7%)明显高于肌层浸润>1/2者(4/16,25.0%;P<0.05)。子宫内膜癌中,Maspin的表达与ER的表达存在正相关关系(r=0.394,P<0.05)。结论:从正常子宫内膜、内膜不典型增生到内膜癌,Maspin蛋白表达逐渐降低,且其低表达与子宫内膜癌临床分期晚、淋巴结转移有关,并与ER蛋白表达呈一致性,提示Maspin蛋白的表达可能受雌激素调控,参与了子宫内膜癌发生发展和转移过程。     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌FIGO2009新分期改动中的应用及误判分析

目的 评估增强磁共振成像（MRI）对子宫内膜癌肌层和宫颈浸润及盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断价值并分析误判的相关因素。方法 收集2009年3月至2013年3月天津医科大学总医院妇科收治的167例子宫内膜癌患者临床、增强MRI及病理资料进行回顾,将MRI分期与病理分期结果进行对照,并对肌层和宫颈浸润深度及淋巴结转移误判的相关因素进行分析。结果 （1）MRI诊断准确率随期别升高而降低,随子宫内膜样腺癌分化程度的降低而降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;MRI诊断子宫内膜样腺癌和特殊病理类型患者的准确率为79.74%和64.29%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。（2）MRI诊断肿瘤浅肌层浸润的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值（PPV）、阴性预测值（NPV）及与病理结果一致性的手捣直鹞?91.79%、90.91%、91.62%、97.62%、73.17%和0.758;深肌层浸润率分别为90.91%、91.79%、91.62%、73.17%、97.62%和0.758;宫颈浸润率分别为84.21%、95.95%、94.61%、72.73%、97.93%和0.750;盆腔淋巴结转移率分别为45.00%、91.16%、85.63%、40.91%、92.41%和0.347。（3）MRI错误评估肌层浸润、宫颈浸润及盆腔淋巴结转移,与患者分娩次数少、合并肌瘤、宫角部位病变、深肌层浸润、肿瘤体积大（包括肿瘤占宫腔面积≥1/2及肿瘤最大径较大）、子宫内膜样腺癌低分化及特殊病理类型正相关（P<0.05）。结论 增强MRI对术前子宫内膜癌深肌层浸润、宫颈浸润和盆腔淋巴结转移评估具有较高的准确率和阴性预测值。当患者合并肌瘤、宫角部位病变、肿瘤体积较大、特殊病理类型和子宫内膜样腺癌低分化等因素时较易误诊。     

LGR5在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨富含亮氨酸重复序列G蛋白偶联受体5(LGR5)在子宫内膜癌中的表达情况及其与临床病理因素的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测90例子宫内膜癌及30例正常子宫内膜组织中LGR5表达情况,并分析其与临床病理因素的关系。结果:LGR5在子宫内膜癌组织中的阳性表达率(63.3%)显著高于正常子宫内膜(23.3%)(P0.001)。LGR5在1/2肌层浸润组的阳性表达率(72.5%)显著高于≥1/2肌层浸润组(33.3%)(P=0.001)。LGR5的阳性表达率在年龄、病理类型、组织学分级、宫颈累及、淋巴结转移、FIGO分期组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析发现LGR5是子宫内膜癌有无肌层浸润的独立影响因素(OR=0.163,95%CI 0.034~0.772,P=0.022)。结论:LGR5在子宫内膜癌组织中表达上调,提示与肌层浸润深度相关,可能在子宫内膜癌的发生中起一定作用。     

Is it possible to predict para-aortic lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer?

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the histopathologic risk factors for pelvic lymph node (PLN) and para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastasis in endometrial cancer (EC) and to identify in which patients PALN dissection should be performed.

Study design

A total of 204 consecutive patients, with EC and underwent systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy extending to the renal vessels, were studied retrospectively. Statistical significance between risk factors was examined using multivariant logistic regression analysis.

Results

Cell type, depth of myometrial invasion and tumor size were found to be independently related to PLN metastasis. PLN metastasis in any site and lymphovascular invasion (LVSI) were independent prognostic factors for predicting PALN metastasis. The sensitivity, specificity and the NPV of PLN metastasis for detecting PALN metastasis were 80.8%, 89.3% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the 204 patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of one of these following factors: (1) non-endometrioid cell type, (2) PLN metastasis, (3) LVSI, (4) adnexal metastasis and (5) serosal involvement. Among these 204 patients, 104 had one or more of these factors (group A), and 100 patients had none of these factors (group B). PALN metastasis was significantly greater in group A, compared to group B. The sensitivity and the NPV of these combined prognostic factors for predicting PALN metastasis were 96.2% and 99%, respectively.

Conclusions

Presence of non-endometrioid cell type, PLN metastasis, LVSI, adnexal metastasis or serosal involvement diagnosed by frozen section (FS) seem to be poor prognostic factor for PALN metastasis in EC. Also, PALN dissection should be extended to the level of the renal vessels in all patients who will undergo PALN dissection, due to frequent involvement of the supramesenterial region.     

Indispensability of Pelvic and Paraaortic Lymphadenectomy in Endometrial Cancers

The purposes of this study were to analyze the relationship between retroperitoneal lymph node (RLN) metastasis and clinical and pathologic risk factors in endometrial cancers, and to clarify the correlation between RLN metastasis and survival of patients with the disease. This analysis included 63 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent simultaneous pelvic lymph node (PLN) and paraaortic lymph node (PAN) dissection between April 1988 and December 1995. Patients with stage Ia grade 1 and stage IV disease were excluded from this analysis. Both PLN and PAN metastases were found in 10.0% (4/40) of patients with stage I (FIGO, 1988) disease. Of 14 cases with PLN metastases, 8 (57.1%) had PAN metastases simultaneously, whereas 4 (8.2%) of 49 cases without PLN metastases had PAN metastases. There was no significant relationship between the sites or numbers of positive PLN and PAN metastases. Multivariate analysis revealed that poor grade and deep myometrial invasion had an independent relationship with PAN metastases, whereas vascular space invasion and cervical invasion were independently associated with PLN metastases. When divided into the groups of stage I–II and stage III, the prognosis of patients with RLN metastases was significantly poorer than that of patients without RLN metastases in each stage. Furthermore, survival of patients with PAN metastases was significantly worse compared with that of patients with only PLN metastases (44.4 and 80.0%, respectively,P< 0.05). These results reveal that PLN and PAN metastases occur frequently even in early-stage endometrial cancer, and that RLN metastases, especially PAN metastases, have a serious impact on patient survival. In conclusion, systemically simultaneous pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is essential for all the patients with endometrial cancer except those with stage Ia grade 1 and stage IV to provide prognostic information and select suitable postoperative treatment as well as to perform accurate FIGO staging, provided the condition of the patient permits.     

Correlation between clinical and histopathologic risk factors and lymph node metastases in early endometrial cancer (a multivariate analysis of 183 cases)

This study includes 183 patients with clinical stage I endometrial cancer subjected to peritoneal cytology, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy and omental biopsy during a 12-year period in a single institution. The factors analyzed were age, menopausal state, cell type, grade, mitotic activity, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, cervical involvement, microscopic vaginal metastases, adnexal metastases, peritoneal cytology, presence of concomitant endometrial hyperplasia and lymph node status. The overall incidences of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases were found to be 15.3% (28/183) and 9.3% (17/183), respectively. In five of 17 patients (29.4%) with para-aortic nodal metastases, pelvic nodes were free of tumor. The most significant prognostic factors for positive pelvic and/or para-aortic nodes were found to be the depth of myometrial invasion, grade of tumor and age.     

Thrombospondin-1 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: association with p53 status, tumor angiogenesis, and survival in platinum-treated patients

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze FIGO Stage IIIc endometrial cancer (EC) patients to better define clinicopathologic associations, patterns of failure, and survival. METHODS: Charts were abstracted from EC patients with lymph node metastasis from 1989 to 1998. Data on clinicopathologic variables, adjuvant treatment, site of first recurrence, and survival were collected. Associations between variables were tested by chi(2) and Wilcoxon rank sums. Survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multiple regression analysis was done by the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: From 607 EC patients evaluated, 47 (8%) were identified with FIGO Stage IIIc disease. All 47 underwent hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node (PLN) sampling, and 42/47 had para-aortic lymph node (PALN) sampling. Stage IIIc disease was defined by positive PLN alone in 38%, positive PLN and PALN in 41%, and positive PALN alone in 17%. Twelve of 47 also had positive peritoneal cytology and/or adnexal metastases. Grade III tumors were present in 56% and >50% myometrial invasion in 61%. No association between depth of invasion (DOI) and grade was seen, however. Nearly 1/3 of cases had papillary serous or clear cell histology. Postoperative adjuvant treatment included whole abdominal radiation (36%), pelvic radiation with (19%) and without (17%) extended field, chemotherapy (17%), and oral progestins (11%). The 3-year and 5-year survival estimates for all patients were 77 and 65%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 37 months, 5 patients are alive with disease, and 10 are dead of disease. A distant site of first recurrence was most common (21%), followed by pelvic failure (9%). Only 1 patient has had an abdominal recurrence. Univariate predictors of survival included age, DOI, and extranodal disease, but not grade, histology, or PALN involvement. For the 12 patients with nodal disease and positive cytology and/or adnexa, 3-year survival was 39% versus 93% for those patients without evidence of extranodal disease. In a multivariate analysis only DOI was an independent predictor of survival (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Once lymph node involvement occurs, the importance of additional extranodal disease increases. Consideration of substaging Stage IIIc patients based on positive adnexa or cytology is supported by the data. The extent which adjuvant treatments contributed to the 77% 3-year survival remains to be defined. The patterns of failure suggest a possible role for combined modalities in future treatments.     

Combined use of magnetic resonance imaging,CA 125 assay,histologic type,and histologic grade in the prediction of lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to predict retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis during the preoperative examination of patients with endometrial carcinoma and to determine whether lymphadenectomy must be performed. STUDY DESIGN: This study was carried out on 214 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Preoperative evaluators were volume index, depth of myometrial invasion (as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging), serum CA 125 level, histologic type, and histologic grade. With the use of receiver operating characteristic curves, cutoff values of volume index and serum CA 125 levels were determined. The relationships of these evaluators with pelvic lymph node metastasis were investigated by multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model. The relationships of these evaluators with para-aortic lymph node metastasis were investigated in the same way. RESULTS: Histologic type, volume index, histologic grade, and serum CA 125 level were found to be independent risk factors for pelvic lymph node metastasis; serum CA 125 level and volume index were found to be independent risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Among 110 cases with no risk factors for pelvic lymph node metastasis, pelvic lymph node metastasis was observed in 4 cases (3.6%). On the other hand, only 1 case of 128 cases (0.7%) with no risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis actually had metastasis. CONCLUSION: Careful consideration of the possibility of the elimination of the requirement of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is needed in cases with no risk factors for lymph node metastasis. However, our results suggest that para-aortic lymphadenectomy may not be necessary in cases with no risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis.     

Cytokeratin staining of resected lymph nodes may improve the sensitivity of surgical staging for endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE: The presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes (LN) is the single most important risk factor in endometrial cancer. Advances in molecular biology have provided more sensitive methods for detecting micrometastasis. This was a pilot study to determine whether cytokeratin staining of LN from endometrial cancer patients is more sensitive than traditional histopathologic evaluation for the detection of micrometastasis. METHODS: The inclusion criteria included patients with surgical stage I-II endometrial cancer having >50% myometrial invasion, lesions >2 cm, and negative LN together with one of the following: FIGO grade 3 or cervical or lymph-vascular involvement. A matched control group included patients with LN metastasis. The evaluation of the LN at the time of initial surgery consisted of a frozen section and a reevaluation on permanent sections with H&E. In the study, lymphadenectomy specimens were cut, stained again with H&E and with cytokeratin, and examined. Cytokeratin staining was performed with AE1/AE3 antibodies. There were 16 LN-negative cases and 9 LN-positive controls. RESULTS: There was complete agreement between the LN assessment at time of surgery and the study H&E review prior to the staining for cytokeratin. However, 2 LN-negative cases (12.5%) had micrometastasis by cytokeratin staining. One of these patients developed recurrent disease in the para-aortic LN and died of disease at 2.8 years. CONCLUSION: Cytokeratin staining may improve the sensitivity for detection of metastasis compared to traditional evaluation. This study strongly suggests that these micrometastasis are clinically significant. An approach incorporating cytokeratin analysis could improve the risk assessment of specific patients.     

Intraoperative evaluation of depth of myometrial invasion in stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma

In patients with stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma, the incidence of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastasis is related to the grade of the tumor and the depth of myometrial invasion. Although the grade of the tumor may be predicted preoperatively by endometrial sampling, the depth of myometrial invasion cannot be determined until after the uterus has been removed. Although complications have been attributed to lymph node sampling, failure to perform the procedure in patients at risk for nodal metastasis may result in underdiagnosis of extrauterine disease, leading to inadequate therapy. Gross visual examination of the cut surface of the tumor at the time of hysterectomy accurately determined the depth of myometrial invasion in 135 of 148 prospectively studied patients (91%) (P less than .001). The sensitivity of the test was 0.71, the specificity was 0.96, and the positive predictive value was 0.80. Intraoperative assessment of the depth of myometrial invasion is a simple, inexpensive, and useful technique for selecting those patients with stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma who might benefit from selective para-aortic lymphadenectomy.     

Endometrial carcinoma in women aged 40 years or younger: a Japanese experience

We report on the clinical and pathologic findings in 17 cases of endometrial carcinoma in Japanese women aged 40 years or younger. Age of the patients ranged from 16 to 40 years, with a median of 35 years. Nine of 17 tumors (52.9%) were stage I or II (FIGO 1988) but 8 (47.1%) were stage III. Four of the 8 patients with stage III disease had pelvic lymph node metastases and one also had para-aortic lymph node metastasis. One patient had metastasis to the ovary and peritoneal cytology was positive in 4 patients. Histologically, 13 of these 17 patients had endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 3 had adenoacanthoma and 1 had an undifferentiated carcinoma. Ten were well differentiated tumors (G1), 3 were moderately differentiated tumors (G2), and 4 were poorly differentiated tumors (G3). Nine of 17 (52.9%) showed deep myometrial invasion (more than a half of the myometrium) and 5 of 17 (29.4%) demonstrated lymphatic/vascular space invasion. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases were seen in 4 of 15 (26.7%) and 1 of 15 (6.7%), respectively. Two of these 17 patients died of disease in a relatively short follow-up period. In our experience there is no difference in the survival rates between patients aged 40 years or younger and those over 40 years.     

Preoperative Ultrasound Study in Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis for Endometrial Cancer Patients

Objective.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative ultrasound (US) findings such as tumor size, status of myometrial invasion, and intratumoral “resistance index” (RI) in predicting lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma patients.Methods.Forty-two patients with endometrial cancer were enrolled. All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection or sampling, and para-aortic lymph node sampling. Two-dimensional and color Doppler US were performed before surgery to measure tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion, and intratumoral arterial RI. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathologic slides from surgical specimens were reviewed by a senior pathologist to evaluate histologic type and grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, lymph-vascular emboli, and status of lymph node metastasis.Results.There were 12 patients with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node metastases and 30 patients without nodal metastases. Patients with tumors larger than 2.5 cm by US (11/12 vs 14/30,P= 0.008), more than half myometrial invasion by US (9/12 vs 5/30,P< 0.001), and intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 by US (12/12 vs 4/30,P< 0.001) had a significantly higher incidence of nodal metastases as compared with patients with tumors smaller than 2.5 cm, no or superficial myometrial invasion, and RI values higher than 0.4, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that only intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 were significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (P< 0.001,r²= 0.650). We used the intratumoral RI value as the parameter to evaluate nodal metastasis in endometrial cancer patients. Twelve of sixteen patients with intratumoral RI values <0.4 had a high incidence of nodal metastases. None of the 26 patients with intratumoral RI values >0.4 had nodal metastases.Conclusions.Preoperative ultrasound features can offer important information for predicting lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer patients. Patients with tumors with intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 should be highly suspected of having lymph node metastases and further management such as pelvic lymph node dissection or postoperative pelvic radiotherapy would be needed for these patients.