超重人群网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达水平的性别差异

目的:探讨超重人群网膜(OM)脂肪组织脂联素(APN)mRNA表达水平的性别差异.方法:选取女性超重患者26例(BMI≥25 kg/m2,OBF组)、男性超重患者22例(BMI≥27 kg/m2,OBM组)以及正常体质量者40例(BMI<25kg/m2,女性为NF组,男性为NM组),用TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR检测腹部OM脂肪组织中APN mRNA的表达,并测定血糖、血清胆固醇(TC)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、血清胰岛素等指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果:(1)NF组OM脂肪组织APN基因表达量(OAmR)较NM组有升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);OBF组OAmR明显高于OBM组(P<0.05),但OBF组APN基因表达量仍低于NF组(P<0.01);(2)OAmR与BMI、腰臀比(WHR)和TC水平负相关(r分别为-0.262、-0.143、-0.149,均P<0.05);超重人群中,OAmR与性别呈正相关(r=0.259,P<0.05).在OBF组中,OAmR与BMI、LDL-C呈负相关(r分别为-0.320、-0.339,P<0.05).结论:女性超重人群OAmR高于超重男性,性别与脂肪组织APN的表达量之间的联系更多的表现在超重人群,体质量适中者则无此关联.     

肥胖儿童血清vaspin水平与胰岛素敏感性及糖脂代谢的关系

目的:探讨肥胖儿童血清vaspin水平与胰岛素敏感性及糖脂代谢的关系.方法:收集肥胖儿童34例(肥胖组),男22例,女12例.并随机抽取同年龄健康查体的儿童30例为对照组,男20例,女10例.测定所有受试者体格参数、血清vaspin、血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平.计算体质指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、体脂百分比(BF％)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)及致动脉粥样硬化指数(AI).比较2组儿童的上述指标,并对肥胖儿童血清vaspin水平与体格参数及糖脂代谢各指标进行相关分析.结果:肥胖组儿童vaspin、腰围(WC)、BMI、BF％、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、三酰甘油(TG)、LDL-C/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、(TC-HDL-C)/HDL-C均明显高于对照组,而HDL-C、ISI低于对照组.vaspin与BMI、WC、WHR、BF％、TG、FINS、HOMA-IR、(TC-HDL-C)/HDL-C呈正相关,与ISI、HDL-C呈负相关,与年龄、DBP、SBP、FPG、LDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C、TC无明显相关性.结论:vaspin水平升高可能是胰岛素抵抗的代偿性反应;在肥胖儿童早期,其水平测定可用于评价肥胖程度及胰岛素抵抗程度,并评估成年后发生心脑血管疾病的危险性.     

单纯性肥胖青少年chemerin水平与代谢综合征的相关性

目的 探讨单纯性肥胖青少年chemerin水平与代谢综合征的相关性.方法 采用ELISA法检测单纯性肥胖青少年组(A组,64例)[A组内又分为2型糖尿病组(A1组,31例)与非2型糖尿病组(A2组,33例)]、单纯性肥胖成人组(B组,33例)、青少年正常对照组(C组,10例)和成人正常对照组(D组,10例)的血清chemerin水平,同时测量体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、臀围、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂、血压,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 A组chemerin水平明显高于C组(P＜0.05).A组chemerin水平低于B组(P＜0.05).A组血清chemerin水平与BMI、腰臀比(WHR)、甘油三酯(TG)呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关.结论 肥胖青少年中血清chemerin水平与青少年的代谢紊乱症候群密切相关.     

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白与2型糖尿病及肥胖的相关性

目的探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(Lcn2)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)及肥胖的相关性。方法采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附试验检测T2DM正常体重组(A组,42例)、T2DM超重或肥胖组(B组,56例)、正常糖调节正常体重组(C组,40例)、正常糖调节超重或肥胖组(D组,40例)血清Lcn2水平,同时检测空腹胰岛素(FIns)、空腹C肽和血糖、血脂。结果 A组、B组、D组血清Lcn2水平均显著高于C组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。血清Lcn2水平与体重指数、腰臀比、空腹C肽、FIns、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和甘油三酯呈正相关;与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关。HOMA-IR、空腹C肽、甘油三酯是血清Lcn2水平的独立相关因素(P<0.05)。结论超重或肥胖者血清Lcn2水平显著升高,与胰岛素水平、体脂分布、脂代谢相关,提示Lcn2可能参与肥胖及代谢综合征的病理生理过程。     

体质指数、腰围、血脂水平与高血压的关联分析

【摘要】目的 探讨体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、血脂水平与高血压患病的关系,及BMI、WC 对高血压的预测价值。方法 采用整群随机抽样法,抽取宁波市鄞州区40 岁以上常住居民2 303 例进行问卷调查、体格检查及血脂指标检测,其中高血压患者（高血压组）1 081 例,血压正常者（对照组）1 222 例。WC 分组：男性WC≥85 cm、女性WC≥ 80 cm 为中心性肥胖,其余为正常;BMI 分组：BMI≥24 kg/m2 为超重,BMI＜24 kg/m2 为正常。分别采用非条件Logistic 回归模型分析BMI、WC 和血脂水平对高血压的影响,通过ROC 曲线分析BMI 和WC 对高血压的预测价值。结果 高血压组WC、BMI、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均高于对照组（均P＜0.01）,且WC、 BMI、TG 及LDL-C 是高血压的影响因素。高血压组中心性肥胖率、超重率均高于对照组（均P＜0.01）,超重、中心性肥胖、TG 和LDL-C 异常是患高血压的危险因素。超重伴有中心性肥胖人群高血压患病风险＞超重但腰围正常人群＞单纯性中心性肥胖人群>正常者;男、女性人群的ROC 曲线下面积均为BMI > WC。结论 WC、BMI、TG 和LDL-C 异常是患高血压的危险因素,BMI 比WC 能更好地预测高血压的发生。     

早期肥胖患儿胆固醇水平与代谢综合征及动脉粥样硬化的关系分析

目的分析早期肥胖患儿胆固醇(TC)水平与代谢综合征、动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法选择100例早期肥胖儿童(肥胖组)与80例非肥胖(非肥胖组)儿童,收集所有儿童临床资料,记录胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),采用超声测定所有儿童颈动脉中膜层厚度(IMT)、血管舒张功能(FMD)、颈动脉血管顺应性(CAC)、腹膜前脂肪最大厚度(Pmax),总结TC在肥胖儿童代谢紊乱、早期动脉粥样硬化形成过程中的作用。结果1肥胖组体质量指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、Pmax、甘油三酯(TG)、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、超敏C反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)、HOMA-IR、IMT均高于非肥胖组(P<0.05),其脂联素(AD)、FMD、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低于非肥胖组(P<0.05);2肥胖组高血压、高胰岛素血症、低HDL-C、高LDL-C、高TG、高TC、内脏脂肪集聚、代谢综合征所占比例均高于非肥胖组(P<0.05);3TC升高组高血压、高胰岛素血症、高LDL-C、低HDL-C、高TG、代谢综合征、内脏脂肪集聚所占比例均高于TC正常组(P<0.05);4TC>5.20mmol/L肥胖儿童患代谢综合征、动脉粥样硬化风险增高。结论 TC上升为肥胖儿童代谢紊乱及动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素。     

脂肪肝患者肿瘤坏死因子-α与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨脂肪肝患者血清肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法　用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定 5 7例脂肪肝患者 (其中肥胖组 32例 ,非肥胖组 2 5例 )及 4 0例正常对照组患者血清TNF α水平 ,同时测定体重指数 (BMI)、空腹血糖 (FPG)、空腹胰岛素 (FINS)、血脂 ,采用稳态模式(HOMA)评价胰岛素抵抗。结果　①脂肪肝患者TNF α、BMI、FPG、FINS、HOMA、胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL C)均高于对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,高密度脂蛋白 (HDL C)低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。②肥胖、非肥胖组脂肪肝TNF α、FPG、FINS、HOMA、TC、TG、LDL C均高于对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ;肥胖组TNF α、BMI、FINS、HOMA、TG水平明显高于非肥胖组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ;③脂肪肝患者TNF α与HOMA、BMI、FPG、FINS、TG呈正相关 ,多元线性回归分析显示 ,TNF α、FPG、TG是脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗的主要相关因素。结论　脂肪肝患者无论是否肥胖都存在胰岛素抵抗、血清TNF α水平升高 ,且TNF α在胰岛素抵抗的发病环节中起着重要的作用     

超重对高血压患者合并心血管危险因素的作用

目的　比较超重和非超重高血压患者危险因素的差异。方法　分析来自 1136例人群调查中发现的 2 6 7例高血压患者的心血管危险因素 ,按体重指数 (BMI) <2 5kg/m2 和BMI≥ 2 5kg/m2 分为非超重高血压组和超重高血压组。结果　超重与非超重高血压组比较平均血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、胰岛素 (INS)水平均明显增高 ;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)水平及胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI)明显降低 ;心血管代谢性危险因素聚集程度显著增高。结论　超重高血压患者合并代谢性心血管危险因素明显高于非超重高血压者     

2型糖尿病患者瘦素水平测定及临床意义的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者的血清瘦素水平、瘦素与胰岛素抵抗的关系及临床意义。方法糖尿病组100例,分为糖尿病非肥胖组[体重指数(BMI)<25kg/m2)]与肥胖组(BMI≥25kg/m2),计算BMI、腰臀围比值(WHR),用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定人血清瘦素,同时测定空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素原(PI)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、睾酮。胰岛素敏感性以HOMA模型中胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-R)评价。对照组:健康人60名与糖尿病组相匹配,分组和观察指标也相同。结果山西地区人血清瘦素正常值女性为(7.6±3.6)μg/L,男性为(2.1±1.0)μg/L;糖尿病组与对照组肥胖者瘦素水平均明显高于非肥胖者,瘦素水平与性别、体重、BMI、FINS、PI、HOMA-R、FFA显著相关,男性瘦素水平与男性睾酮呈显著负相关。肥胖者多数存在高胰岛素血症,胰岛素不敏感者较胰岛素敏感者瘦素水平增高。多元回归结果显示,糖尿病组性别、BMI、FINS、HOMA-R是瘦素水平的影响因素。结论2型糖尿病患者瘦素水平与非糖尿病无明显差异,瘦素水平与肥胖和胰岛素抵抗关系密切,并对糖尿病患者的防治有一定的临床意义。     

单纯性肥胖儿童存在代谢综合征状况分析

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童与代谢综合征的关系。方法采用随机对照的病例研究方法,分析年龄10～15岁单纯性肥胖儿童(n=40)与非肥胖同年龄组儿童(n=40),分别测体质量指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、肝脏B超、动脉收缩压(SBP)及舒张压(DBP)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)。结果肥胖组儿童脂肪肝等肝脏异常发生率、WC、BMI、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、FPG、IRI均高于对照组(P<0.05),HDL-c水平则低于对照组(P<0.01),FIS与BMI呈正相关(P<0.001)。有20%单纯性肥胖儿童符合MS标准。结论肥胖儿童存在脂代谢紊乱,易发脂肪肝,且普遍存在高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗。代谢综合征的各组分表现已经在肥胖儿童中有所显示。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.