Influence of type of oil and surfactant concentration on the efficacy of emulsified Mycobacterium bovis BCG cell walls to induce tumor regression in guinea pigs.

The influence of mineral ol, squalane, squalene, hexadecane, or peanut oil and of the concentration of Tween 80 on the immunotherapeutic capability of emulsified Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) cell walls was studied in guinea pigs, each with an established dermal transplant of a syngeneic hepatocarcinoma and tumor cells in the draining lymph node. Immunotherapy consisted of an intratumoral injection of emulsified cell walls. Conditions were established under which therapeutically effective emulsions could be made with mineral oil, squalane, squalene, or hexadecane. Emulsions made with peanut oil failed to cause tumor regression. Emulsions of squalene or hexadecane were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of cell walls in the absence of added Tween or at a Tween concentration one-hundredth of that used to stabilize the mineral oil-containing emulsions. Cell wall emulsions made with squalane were therapeutically effective over the same range of Tween concentrations used to prepare emulsions containing mineral oil. Cell wall emulsions made without added Tween demonstrated effective antitumor activity even after autoclaving. Emulsions made with Tween separated after autoclaving. Emulsions of whole killed BCG were immunotherapeutically as active as those made with cell walls.     

The Hoshino wooden skeleton,the first wooden model of a human skeleton,made during the Edo era in Japan

The wooden model of the human skeleton, called the wooden skeleton, is a distinguished original craft object from the Edo era, in Japan, when medical doctors were unable to keep a human skeleton for study and teaching purposes. There are three types of wooden skeletons: (i) Hoshino made in 1792; (ii) Kagami made by 1810; and (iii) Okuda made around 1820. The former two are of adult males and the latter is of a female. The wooden skeletons were made with surprising accuracy compared with figures that appeared in the medical books available in Japan at that time, which suggests a scientific readiness of the doctors and the skill of the craftsmen. In the cases of the Hoshino and Kagami wooden skeletons, it is hard to consider that all wooden bones were assembled to show the entire body. Conversely, the Okuda wooden skeletons were made for showing in the sitting position. The skull of the Hoshino wooden skeleton is of special interest: the skull cap was not cut, yet the internal structures of the skull, such as the sella turcica, foramina for nerves and vessels, and the sulci for venous sinuses, were made with considerable accuracy. The skull caps of the Kagami and Okuda wooden skeletons were cut, as those used in modern medical education.     

Long-term radiographic changes in cemented total hip arthroplasty with six designs of femoral components

Measurements were made from annual follow-up radiographs, obtained over 27.6 years, of 860 cemented total hip arthroplasties implanted by one surgeon. Femoral components were made of stainless steel or titanium alloy, were non-modular, and were all fixed with cement, and acetabular cups were all-polyethylene and were fixed with cement. Radiographic outcome was correlated with the shape and material of the femoral component. Specifically, throughout the follow-up, stems made of titanium alloy were at greater risk of developing bone-cement radiolucent lines than those made of stainless steel, the difference ranging from approximately 10-50 percent at 2-10 years of follow-up. Similarly, titanium alloy stems were at greater risk of developing endosteal scalloping, indicating osteolytic lesions. Among the stainless steel Charnley cobra and straight-narrow Charnley stems, none developed cement fracture, only one became radiographically loose and one developed endosteal scalloping. The differences in the risk of developing radiolucent lines, cement fracture and progressive loosening among these stems were correlated with the relative rigidity of the femoral stems, and were generally consistent with the predictions made heretofore using finite element models, although differences in stem surface finish and femoral ball size and material could have also influenced the results.     

Characteristics of electron beams from a new 25-MeV linear accelerator

Clinically useful electron fields are produced on the Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited Therac 25 linear accelerator by computer-controlled scanning of the electron beam. Measurements were made to determine the properties of these electron fields. Central axis percentage depth dose and bremsstrahlung background were compared for these fields and for the fields from selected machines that use scattering foils. Dose calibrations were made in both water and polystyrene using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 21 protocol. Measurements were made to determine the relative output factors, virtual source position, and the attenuation of the electron fields by lead.     

A follow-up of self-poisoned patients

Over half the patients who were admitted to hospital after self-poisoning had seen their general practitioner in the previous month, and in half of those discharged from hospital no definite after-care arrangements were made. Opportunities for prevention of occurrences are being missed. Thorough follow-up of 135 such patients identified many non-medical problems, and over 80 per cent were helped by appropriate referral. Although only five of these patients made a further attempt during the period of review, the method of selection of patients does not allow definite conclusions to be made.     

A survey of the information gained from planning treatment with a computer

We designed a questionnaire to be filled out by the physicist at the time of planning treatment with the aid of a computer in order to assess what was learned during the course of the planning session. We analyzed the results to gauge the impact of the 70 treatment planning sessions conducted during the one month period in our department in which questionnaires were completed (about 72% of all external beam plans made in that period). In 65 instances (93%) an initial judgment as to how treatment would be delivered had already been made and in 56 of these cases the patient's treatment had already been simulated by the time the computer calculation was made. Changes in the intended plan were made in eight of the 65 cases (12%). In 38% of the cases, more than one plan was developed and, when this was the case, on average records of 2.6 plans were made. Those performing the plans were asked to judge their value to the overall treatment of the patient, and the results were as follows: essential-19 cases (27%); very helpful-22 cases (31%); and somewhat helpful-29 cases (41%).     

两种人造心血管生物力学性能的比较

目的对法国产InterGard针织人造心血管和苏州产机织人造心血管这两种人造心血管试样的力学性能进行测试,为人造血管的研制及临床应用提供参考。方法对两种人造心血管试样分别进行拉伸强度、应力应变、应力松弛以及蠕变的力学性能测试,并对结果进行统计分析处理。结果法国产InterGard针织人造心血管的力学性能优于苏州产机织人造心血管的力学性能结论人造心血管的力学性能主要取决于它所用的材料、结构等因素。     

Accuracy of admitting diagnosis in acute surgical patients by non consultant hospital doctors

The incidence of accurate diagnosis made by non-consultant hospital doctors (NCHDs) is unknown in acute surgical admissions. There is a common assumption that reliance is made on excessive and inappropriate investigations. The aim of study was to assess the accuracy of admitting diagnosis by the NCHDs and the appropriateness of radiological investigations ordered. Data were collected on 100 consecutive acute surgical admissions. A final diagnosis was made in all the patients. 79 patients had accurate initial diagnosis (NCHDs). 23 scans were performed which confirmed the initial diagnosis. Out of 21 initial inaccurate diagnoses, final diagnosis was made on repeated clinical examination in 10, on imaging alone in 5 and by endoscopy or surgery in the remaining 6 patients. 11 patients had scans and 7 were appropriate. We conclude that 79% of diagnoses made by NCHDs are the accurate final diagnoses. The utilization of diagnostic modalities especially radiological imaging is highly appropriate. Our study suggests that the physical presence of a consultant on site may not lead to significant improvement to the delivery of health care to the Irish population.     

重组人血管生长素及其单克隆抗体的特性鉴定

目的 鉴定自制重组人血管生长素rhANG)及其单克隆抗体（mAb)。方法 采用凝胶扫描法分析rhANG的纯度;ELISA等方法检测抗rhANC mAb的特异性,鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜实验检测rhANG及其mAb的生物学活性,并与商品化标准品的免疫结合性进行对比研究。结果 rhANG的纯度达96％,具有促进血管生长的生物学活性;抗ANG mAb具有很好的特异性和抑制血管生长的活性;而且二者较标准品均具有良好的免疫结合活性。结论 该rhANG及其mAb可用于进一步的实验和临床应用研究。     

猫丘脑中央外侧核内脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间的突触联系

本实验应用顺行溃变和HRP逆行追踪相结合的方法，首次在电镜水平对猫丘脑中央外侧核内脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间的突触联系进行了研究．在脊髓第4颈段刀切损毁一侧侧索和前索后，将HRP注射于同侧大脑前上薛氏回和中上薛氏回前端。在电镜下于损毁同侧中央外侧核内可见下列突触连结：（1）溃变的脊丘系轴突终末与标记树突形成的轴-树突触；（2）溃变的脊丘系轴突终末与非标记树突形成的轴-树突触，个别非标记树突含有突触小泡；（3）正常的轴突终末与HRP标记树突和胞体形成的轴-树突触和轮一体突触；（4）正常的两个轴突终末与HRP标记树突形成的轴-轴-树连续性突触；（5）非标记的含突触小泡的突触前树突与HRP标记树突形成的树-树突触。同时可见大量汇聚型突触复合体。本文首次报道在丘脑中央外侧核内，脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间存在着直接的突触联系。     

Fracture resistance of short, randomly oriented, glass fiber-reinforced composite premolar crowns

The aim of this work was to determine the static load-bearing capacity of posterior composite crowns made of experimental composite resin (FC) with short fiber fillers and a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) matrix. In addition, we wanted to investigate how load-bearing capacity of surface composite resins was affected by substructures of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) and FC, and by different curing systems. Five groups of crowns were fabricated (n=6). The crowns were either polymerized with a hand-light curing unit (LCU) or cured in a vacuum curing device (VLC) before they were statically loaded at a speed of 1mm min(-1) until fracture. Failure modes were visually examined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. ANOVA revealed that crowns made from the FC had a statistically significant higher load-bearing capacity than the control PFC composite. Crowns with FRC substructure and PFC covering gave force values of 348N (LCU) and 1199N (VLC), respectively, which were lower than the values of FC composite. No statistically significant difference was found between crowns made from plain FC composite and those made from FC composite with a surface layer of PFC (P=0.892 and 1.00). Restorations made from short glass fiber-containing composite resin with IPN-polymer matrix showed better load bearing capacity than those made with either plain PFC or PFC reinforced with FRC substructure.     

可对细胞施加双向应变的体外培养系统

为考察体外培养细胞在动应变作用下的响应，参考Winston等人的方法，我们制作了一套细胞体外培养系统，培养皿用有机玻璃作成，培养皿底为硅橡胶膜，下面有一封闭压力腔，通过对硅橡胶管和挤压轮间隙的调整，压力腔内的液压使硅橡胶膜产生设计应变，其应变范围可从0～4％调整，改变步进电机的转动方式，加载频率可从0．1～5Hz变化。     

Frozen section diagnosis of hypertensive pulmonary vascular changes at surgery for congenital heart anomalies

Frozen sections of lung biopsy were prepared in 30 cases of congenital heart anomalies with pulmonary hypertension, and evaluation of severity of the pulmonary vascular changes was made during the surgery. Statistically, significant differences was not found between the diagnosis made by frozen sections and those made by paraffin sections. It is concluded that rapid and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary vascular changes can be made by means of frozen section diagnosis. This method will prove to be clinically important by assisting during operation in rapid assessment of indication for total correction of congenital heart anomalies.     

三种促甲状腺素受体抗体检测试剂的比较

目的：评价某国产促甲状腺素受体抗体（TRAb）检测试剂的临床诊断性能,为临床应用提供指导。方法：应用国产TRAb试剂与两种进口同种试剂（德国Roche和英国RSR）同时检测77份临床样本,对比分析三种试剂检测结果的相关性、符合率,并结合历史资料回顾,计算国产试剂对Graves’病的诊断敏感性。结果：两种进口试剂所测TRAb在Graves’病的阳性比例均为13/15,对本文样本阴、阳性分类符合率为89.6%,总体相关系数为0.767（P〈0.001）。国产TRAb试剂在本文Graves’病阳性比例为2/15,在历史回顾病例的阳性比例为5/31;与两种进口试剂比较符合率〈60%、检测浓度相关系数〈0.2（P〉0.1）。结论：两种进口TRAb试剂对Graves’病具有较高的临床诊断性能并相互吻合,某国产TRAb试剂缺乏临床应用价值,建议摒弃。     

Assay of gentamicin in cerebrospinal fluid.

A comparison of standard curves obtained from a conventional plate diffusion assay method revealed significant differences when gentamicin standards were made up in different media. Standards made up in distilled water resulted in a curve which differed from that of standards made up in pooled human cerebrospinal fluid by a factor of up to 4. When the assay medium was supplemented with 0-5% sodium chloride, the difference between the two standard curves was reduced to a factor of about 1-5. The curve obtained from standards made up in 150 mM sodium chloride/4-5 mM calcium chloride correlated well with that from standards made up in cerebrospinal fluid. There was no evidence of gentamicin being bound to protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.     

The importance of radiometer angular response for ultraviolet phototherapy dosimetry

The influence of the angular response of radiometer probes on measurements of irradiance in ultraviolet phototherapy has been studied. Irradiance measurements were made using nine ultraviolet (UV) radiometers employed by phototherapy centres in Scotland and Northern Ireland, and compared with measurements made using two spectroradiometers. The light sources used were UVB TL01 fluorescent lamps, arranged in different geometries. Irradiances within TL01 whole body treatment cabinets were assessed based on a comparison with one of the spectroradiometers. The results show variations of 50% in cabinet irradiance measurements made by different radiometers, even when they were calibrated using the same source geometry and spectroradiometer. Differences in radiometer probe design and construction lead to an under- or over-response at angles of incidence greater than zero. Angular responses of different probes were assessed using banks of fluorescent lamps. The differences found are large enough to account for the variations in measurements of cabinet irradiance. The variations in irradiance measurements are significant in terms of planning and monitoring patient exposure during TL01 phototherapy. Accurate dosimetry can only be achieved if radiometer probes have a good cosine response and recommendations are made for better calibration techniques.     

猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核—丘脑—皮质通路在丘脑水平的突触联系

本文采用HRP逆行追踪与顺行溃变结合法对猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核-丘脑-皮质通路在丘脑腹后内侧核内的突触联系型式进行了研究。在电镜下发现,丘脑腹后内侧核內有五种突触联系形式:(1)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记树突形成轴-树突触;(2)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记的胞体形成轴-体突触,上述两类突触型式为该通路在丘脑水平的直接突触联系方式,此外尚有(3)溃变轴突终末与非HRP标记的树突形成的轴-树突触;(4)HRP标记树突与非溃变轴突终末形成轴一树突触;(5)HRP标记树突与非HRP标记的含有突触小泡的突触前树突形成的树-树突触。本文首次报道了三叉丘系纤维与丘脑皮质投射神经元间的直接突触联系方式为轴-树和轴-体突触。同时也发现了以树突为中心的突触复合体,它是该通路在丘脑水平的一个显著特点。     

Cine-MRI versus two-dimensional echocardiography to measure in vivo left ventricular function in rat heart

Two-dimensional echocardiography is the most commonly used non-invasive method for measuring in vivo cardiac function in experimental animals. In humans, measurements of cardiac function made using cine-MRI compare favourably with those made using echocardiography. However, no rigorous comparison has been made in small animals. Here, standard short-axis two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography (2D-echo) and cine-MRI measurements were made in the same rats, both control and after chronic myocardial infarction. Correlations between the two techniques were found for end diastolic area, stroke area and ejection fraction, but cine-MRI measurements of ejection fraction were 12+/-6% higher than those made using 2D-echo, because of the 1.8-fold higher temporal resolution of the MRI technique (4.6 ms vs 8.3 ms). Repeated measurements on the same group of rats over several days showed that the cine-MRI technique was more reproducible than 2D-echo, in that 2D-echo would require five times more animals to find a statistically significant difference. In summary, caution should be exercised when comparing functional results acquired using short-axis 2D-echo vs cine-MRI. The accuracy of cine-MRI allows identification of alterations in heart function that may be missed when using 2D-echo.     

张应力作用下体外细胞培养膜上应力分布的三维有限元分析

在自行研制细胞张应力施加装置的基础上，建立细胞张应力施加装置中生物膜三维有限元模型，模拟施加不同大小的静水压力，采用有限元应力分析的方法计算生物膜（硅胶膜）上的张应力及位移分布及其规律，为相关的细胞力学实验提供理论依据。     

Effects of gravitational forces on single joint arm movements in humans

We have examined the kinematics and muscle activation patterns of single joint elbow movements made in the vertical plane. Movements of different amplitudes were performed during a visual, step-tracking task. By adjusting shoulder position, both elbow flexion and extension movements were made under three conditions: (a) in the horizontal plane, (b) in the vertical plane against gravity, and (c) in the vertical plane with gravity. Regardless of the gravitational load, all movements were characterized by time symmetric velocity profiles. In addition, no differences were found in the relationships between movement duration, peak velocity, and movement amplitude in movements with or against gravity. The pattern of muscle activation was influenced however, by the gravitational load. Both flexion and extension movements made with gravity were characterized by a reciprocally organized pattern of muscle activity in which phasic agonist activity was followed by phasic antagonist activity. Flexion and extension movements made against gravity were characterized by early phasic antagonist activity occurring at about the same time as the initial agonist burst. These findings suggest that EMG patterns are modified in order to preserve a common temporal structure in the face of different gravitational loads.