遗传毒性试验的质量保证与现场检查

遗传毒性试验在毒理学试验中属于短期、小型试验，但因其测试终点的多样性及统计分析的复杂性，在药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）和质量保证（QA）方面有其特殊性。文中从实验室资质的确认、研究过程的核查、原始资料和报告的审核、现场检查等4个方面介绍遗传毒性试验质量保证的程序、要求和注意事项。     

遗传毒性试验的质量保证与现场检查

遗传毒性试验在毒理学试验中属于短期、小型试验，但因其测试终点的多样性及统计分析的复杂性，在药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）和质量保证（QA）方面有其特殊性。文中从实验室资质的确认、研究过程的核查、原始资料和报告的审核、现场检查等4个方面介绍遗传毒性试验质量保证的程序、要求和注意事项。     

遗传毒性试验的质量保证与现场检查

遗传毒性试验在毒理学试验中属于短期、小型试验,但因其测试终点的多样性及统计分析的复杂性,在药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）和质量保证（QA）方面有其特殊性。文中从实验室资质的确认、研究过程的核查、原始资料和报告的审核、现场检查等4个方面介绍遗传毒性试验质量保证的程序、要求和注意事项。     

遗传毒性试验的质量保证与现场检查

遗传毒性试验在毒理学试验中属于短期、小型试验,但因其测试终点的多样性及统计分析的复杂性,在药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）和质量保证（QA）方面有其特殊性。文中从实验室资质的确认、研究过程的核查、原始资料和报告的审核、现场检查等4个方面介绍遗传毒性试验质量保证的程序、要求和注意事项。     

生殖毒性试验的质量保证

生殖毒性试验是毒理学试验中最为复杂、繁琐,技术要求最高的试验,在药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）和质量保证（QA）检查方面有其特殊性.现从实验室资质的确认、试验关键阶段的检查、研究资料和报告的审查、特殊评价项目的质量保证和现场检查等5个方面介绍生殖毒性试验质量保证的程序、要求和注意事项.     

毒性病理评价的质量保证

毒性病理学评价是一般毒性试验、啮齿类致癌性试验以及一般生殖毒性试验的重要组成部分，在GLP质量管理和质量保证（QA）检查方面有其特殊的要求。现从试验人员、设施资质的确认、实验室质量控制，质量评估措施，病理资料、报告和材料的核查等方面详细介绍了毒性病理学评价QA的程序、要求和重点考虑的问题。     

盐酸川丁特罗遗传毒性研究

目的：研究盐酸川丁特罗（SPFF）的遗传毒性。方法：采用Ames试验、哺乳动物培养细胞染色体畸变试验、小鼠微核试验，考察SPFF对鼠伤寒沙门菌和细胞的遗传毒性。结果：经Ames试验、CHL细胞染色体畸变试验、小鼠微核试验，SPFF的结果均呈阴性。结论：SPFF无遗传毒性。     

灵芝孢子粉胶囊急性毒性及遗传毒性实验研究

目的：了解灵芝孢子粉胶囊的毒理学，评价其安全性。方法：小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验（Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验）。结果与结论：灵芝孢子粉胶囊的小鼠经口LDs。〉10g／kg，在Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应，未显示有遗传毒性作用，表明灵芝孢子粉胶囊基本无毒性。     

体内Pig-a基因突变试验方法的开发

体内基因突变是遗传毒理试验中非常重要的检测终点。国际人用药物注册技术协调会议（ICH）新版遗传毒性指导原则的出台,对体内遗传毒性检测方法的发展提出了更高的要求。新的检测体细胞突变的体内实验方法即磷脂酰肌醇聚糖A（Pig-a）基因突变试验,有望成为一项新药遗传毒性评价的标准试验。本文简要综述Pig-a体内基因突变试验的特点及其在新品种开发遗传毒性检测中的应用。     

药物代谢产物安全性评价策略

药物代谢产物存在质和／或量的种属差异，现综述药物代谢产物安全性评价的重要性及评价策略和评价项目。当发现代谢产物是人特有或人体主要代谢产物高于给药剂量或全身暴露量（二者中的较低者）的10％，特别是这些物质比毒性试验动物体内水平高时更应关注其安全性，必须及早确证这些代谢产物，并进行一般毒性试验、遗传毒性试验、胚胎一胎仔发育试验和致癌试验等。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.