机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床分析

目的探讨分析目前应用机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病效果及存在的问题。方法对2 4名胎龄平均为 31.2周 ,出生体重平均为 16 15 g的早产儿肺透明膜病患儿进行传统呼吸机治疗 ,所用呼吸机为InfantStar压力限制型婴儿呼吸机 ,入院时摄胸片 7例为Ⅱ级肺透 ,11例为Ⅲ级 ,6例为Ⅳ级肺透。结果除 6例自动退院外 ,其余 18例患儿均痊愈出院 ,平均用呼吸机时间 10 9h ,其中 13例患儿合并肺炎 ,4名合并肺出血 ,1名合并气胸 ,3例合并颅内出血 ,住院日数平均为 2 7d。结论应用呼吸机技术提高后将有更多小早产儿肺透明膜病进入NICU做机械通气治疗 ,限制高PIP应用的策略减少了气胸的发生 ,在机械通气过程中如何防止呼吸道感染仍是我国NICU今后需要重视的问题     

机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床分析

目的探讨分析目前应用机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病效果及存在的问题.方法对24名胎龄平均为31.2周,出生体重平均为1615 g的早产儿肺透明膜病患儿进行传统呼吸机治疗,所用呼吸机为Infant Star压力限制型婴儿呼吸机,入院时摄胸片7例为Ⅱ级肺透,11例为Ⅲ级,6例为Ⅳ级肺透.结果除6例自动退院外,其余18例患儿均痊愈出院,平均用呼吸机时间109 h,其中13例患儿合并肺炎,4名合并肺出血,1名合并气胸,3例合并颅内出血,住院日数平均为27 d.结论应用呼吸机技术提高后将有更多小早产儿肺透明膜病进入NICU做机械通气治疗,限制高PIP应用的策略减少了气胸的发生,在机械通气过程中如何防止呼吸道感染仍是我国NICU今后需要重视的问题.     

机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床分析

[目的]探讨分析目前应用机械通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病效果及存在的问题。[方法]对24名胎龄平均为31.2周，出生体重平均为1615g的早产儿肺透明膜病患儿进行传统呼吸机治疗，所有呼吸机为Infant Star压力限制型婴儿呼吸机，入院时摄胸片7例为Ⅱ级肺透，11例为Ⅲ级，6例为Ⅳ级肺透。[结果]除6例自动退院外，其余18例患儿均痊愈出院，平均用呼吸机时间109h，其中13例患儿合并肺炎，4名合并肺出血，1名合并气胸，3例合并颅内出血，住院日数平均为27d。[结论]应用呼吸机技术提高后将有更多小早产儿肺透明膜病进入NICU做机械通气治疗，限制高PIP应用的策略减少了气胸的发生，在机械通气过程中如何防止呼吸道感染仍是我国NICU今后需要重视的问题。     

肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床研究

目的:探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)治疗早产儿肺透明膜病(HMD)的疗效及临床价值。方法:对32例诊断肺透明膜病的早产儿采用气管内快速注入PS,观察使用PS前后的动脉血气变化及机械通气情况。结果:应用PS后患儿皮肤颜色迅速转红,使用PS前后PaO2、PaCO2、pH比较差异显著,23例HMD胸片Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级及2例Ⅲ级患儿只需采用持续气道正压通气、面罩等呼吸支持和氧疗技术,7例Ⅲ级患儿机械通气。治愈率96.88%。结论:PS能有效地改善HMD患儿肺顺应性和氧合功能,缩短机械通气时间,提高治愈率。     

高频振荡通气加常频通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床和护理研究

目的研究高频振荡通气加常频通气治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床疗效和护理特点。方法以2009年1月～2010年12月在本院新生儿重症监护室（NICU）住院采用机械通气治疗的18例早产儿肺透明膜病（HMD）患儿为研究对象,随机分为研究组10例和对照组8例,研究组通气模式为高频振荡通气加常频通气,对照组采用为常频通气模式,比较两组患儿匕机后临床疗效、呼吸机参数、氧合指标以及气胸、颅内出血等并发症的发生率,同时总结高频振荡通气加常频通气的护理特点和体会。结果研究组上机24h后吸氧浓度（FiO2）、平均气道压力（MAP）、氧合指数（0I）和临床转归均优于对照组（P〈0．05）;研究组气胸发生率低于对照组（P〈0．05）;颅内出血发生率两者无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论高频叠加常频通气模式能提高HMD患儿的氧合,改善临床转归,降低气胸的发生率,而且不增加颅内出血的发生,疗效明显优于常频通气模式。同时治疗过程中优质的机械通气相关护理配合是抢救成功的重要因素。     

早产儿机械通气并发症临床分析

目的探讨早产儿机械通气并发症的临床特点及防治措施。方法回顾性分析我院NICU 1998年1月~2003年12月收治的110例早产儿机械通气的临床资料及并发症的发生情况。结果新生儿肺透明膜病(HMD)是早产儿接受机械通气治疗的首要原因。早产儿机械通气最常见的并发症是呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP),占40%,其次为肺出血、颅内出血、气胸、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)等。发生并发症的高危因素包括机械通气时间长、孕周低、出生体重低等。结论机械通气早产儿是NICU最危重的一组病例,并发症多,死亡率高,充分认识早产儿机械通气合并症的临床特征,及时发现,有效处理,可增加机械通气的成功率,提高早产儿存活率和生活质量。     

产前应用地塞米松预防早产儿肺透明膜病的临床分析

目的探讨产前应用塞米松对预防早产儿肺透明膜病（HMD）的作用，以及其对产妇产后感染的影响。方法分析我院2003年2月至2007年10月住院的妊娠小于36周先兆早产孕妇共216例，其中治疗组产前应用地塞米松预防HMD116例，对照组未予地塞米松预防HMD100例，比较两组早产儿HMD发生率，死亡率，HMD患儿机械通气时间，临床治愈时间，以及产妇产褥病率。结果治疗组HMD发生率11．21％，死亡率0．86％，与对照组发生率29％，死亡率8％比较有差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；治疗组HMD患儿机械通气时间（50．56±12．83）h，临床治愈时间（7．06±1．34）d，与对照组机械通气时间（85．41±19．79）h，临床治愈时间（9．27±2．65）d比较亦有差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01；〈0．05），而两组产妇产褥病率比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论产前应用地塞米松预防早产儿HMD疗效显著，可减少HMD发生率，死亡率，减少机械通气时间及临床治愈时间，但并没有增加产褥病率的风险。     

肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿肺透明膜病16例疗效观察

目的:探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)治疗早产儿肺透明膜病(HMD)的疗效和临床价值.方法:对16例确诊为HMD的早产儿给予固尔苏(PS)按100 mg/kg气管内给药,观察治疗后患儿血气分析、肺氧合指标、肺功能指标和呼吸机参数变化.结果:用药后患儿呼吸窘迫及皮肤紫绀情况明显改善,用药后30 min 6 h、12 h及24 h肺氧合及肺功能指标均数较用药前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);呼吸机参数较用药前下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);用药后24 h胸部X线显示患儿肺野透亮度明显改善.6 h以内用PS的早产儿其胸片好转率均较6～24 h使用者高,且通气时间较后者短.结论:PS能快速、安全、有效地改善HMD患儿的临床症状及肺功能,降低呼吸机指数,早期使用PS是治疗新生儿HMD的关键.     

不同通气模式联合肺表面活性物质、沐舒坦治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床研究

目的观察不同通气模式联合肺表面活性物质(PS)、沐舒坦治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的疗效。方法收集2013年1月至2015年2月徐州市中心医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)收治76例患肺透明膜病(HMD)(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)机械通气早产儿,采用随机数字表法将患儿分为高频震荡通气(HFOV)组40例和常规机械通气(CMV)组36例。两组在上机初即开始应用PS,HFOV组同时每日静脉给予沐舒坦30 mg/kg。观察两组早产儿上机前后血气指标、相关呼吸功能指标变化以及并发症发生率等。结果 HFOV组上机1 h、12 h、24 h评估Pa O2、Pa O2/Fi O2、氧合指数(OI=100×MAP×Fi O2/Pa O2)、动脉/肺泡氧分压比值(a/APO2)=Pa O2/(713×Fi O2-Pa CO2/0.8)与CMV组比较有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);HFOV组与CMV组死亡例数、上机时间、气胸、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)例数、早产儿脑室内出血(IVH)及脑室周围白质软化(PVL)例数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论联合应用HFOV、PS、沐舒坦治疗早产儿肺透明膜病可以改善其动脉血气指标和呼吸功能指标,改善其氧合,有一定的推广应用价值。     

1例新生儿肺透明膜病应用肺表面活性物质治疗的护理

新生儿肺透明膜病(HMD)临床上以往抢救依赖机械通气,由于容易并发气漏,致张力性气胸而死亡.存活儿因长时间的高氧浓度及高气道正压导致支气管发育不良,80年代以来,国外应用肺表面活性物质治疗(HMD)取得突破性进展.我科在1995年7月应用美国雅培药厂生产的肺表面活性物质Survanta气管内注药治疗1例HMD患儿取得满意疗效,现介绍     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.