威海市区中小学生血尿酸水平的分析研究

目的：了解威海地区儿童青少年血尿酸水平。方法采取抽样方法抽取10所中小学的学生共1759人进行调查,检测血尿酸(uric acid UA),并对测定结果进行统计学分析。结果男女生尿酸平均值分别为(404.16±112.38)μmol/L、(362.98±87.17)μmol/L,两组间差异有统计学差异(P<0.01),男女高尿酸血症的总检出率分别为41.26%、50.25%,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。小学组与初中组的尿酸平均值分别为(345.12±81.36)μmol/L、(446.85±103.86)μmol/L,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在儿童青少年时期,随着年龄的增长,血尿酸水平呈升高的趋势,年龄可能是儿童青少年时期血尿酸变化的重要影响因素。     

健康体检人群血清尿酸水平及高尿酸血症的分布特点分析

目的研究健康体检人群血清尿酸(SUA)水平及高尿酸血症(HUA)的分布特点。方法选取2018年2月至2019年2月我院健康体检人群20874例并采集晨起空腹外周静脉血5 mL,凝固、分离后取上清,采用酶比色法检测SUA水平同时进行HUA诊断,分析不同年龄和性别人群SUA水平和HUA检出率变化,比较不同SUA水平人群高血压、糖尿病及心血管疾病等发生率。结果60岁以上男性SUA水平低于18~60岁组;50岁以上女性SUA水平高于18~50岁组,60岁以上女性SUA水平高于51~60岁组;且各年龄段男性SUA水平均高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);20874例受检者中共检出HUA患者4584例,占比21.96%,男性和女性HUA检出率分别为29.39%和13.80%,其中男性60岁以上年龄段HUA检出率明显低于18~60岁组,女性HUA检出率随年龄增加而升高,51~60岁年龄段HUA检出率高于18~50岁组,60岁以上年龄段HUA检出率高于18~60岁组,且18~60岁年龄段男性HUA检出率高于女性,60岁以上年龄段男性HUA检出率低于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男性、HUA家族史、BMI增加、GFR降低、饮酒史、糖尿病以及高脂血症均为HUA发病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论60岁以上男性SUA水平明显降低,50岁以上女性SUA水平明显升高,针对不同年龄段男性和女性分别制定相应参考值范围有利于提升HUA诊断和治疗水平,对改善患者身心健康具有重要意义。     

西南地区各族人群血清同型半胱氨酸水平分析及参考范围的建立

目的 分析西南地区各族人群血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平,建立基于循环酶法的西南主要民族血清HCY参考区间,并初步探讨海拔对血清HCY水平影响.方法 用循环酶法试剂检测体检健康的汉族人群4021名(包括平原汉族3581名、高原汉族440名)、藏族人群680名、彝族人群369名血清HCY水平,根据性别、年龄、种族、生活海拔进行分层分组统计分析.结果 藏族人群血清HCY水平均高于彝族及汉族同性别同年龄阶段组(P＜0.01),而彝族人群均高于汉族同性别同年龄阶段组(P＜0.01);汉、彝族各年龄阶段男性血清HCY水平均显著高于女性(P＜0.05);藏族人群性别间血清HCY水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);彝族、藏族所有年龄组间血清HCY水平差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而汉族男性和女性各年龄组间血清HCY水平不完全一致(P =0.001,0.005),两两分别比较发现,汉族男性和女性在＞70岁组、61 ～ 70岁组与其他各组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而＜60岁各组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).民族年龄性别分层分析可将所有受试者分为汉族男性21～ 60岁、61～70岁、＞70岁、女性21 ～ 60岁、61～ 70岁、＞70岁、彝族男性、女性、藏族人群九个小组,血清HCY水平参考区间分别为6.87～22.18μmol/L、7.33～27.69μmol/L、9.81～31.03μmol/L、4.39 ～ 17.36μmol/L、5.68 ～ 20.90μmol/L、7.11 ～ 26.33μmol/L、8.65～27.11μmol/L、6.92 ～ 25.37μmol/L、10.26～ 36.66μmol/L.根据生活海拔分层分析,高原汉族组血清HCY水平显著高于平原汉族组(P ＜0.001).结论 健康人群血清HCY水平与性别、年龄、种族、生活海拔密切相关,我们基于循环酶法根据不同因素分别建立的西南地区各组人群血清HCY参考区间,对本地区临床实验室有重要借鉴意义.     

中国人群血清尿酸与高血压相关

目的探讨中国人群血清尿酸与高血压相关性。方法收集2007至2011年进行的中国人群生理常数调查数据,共22 983例(男10 787例,女12 796例),按照是否患有高血压分为高血压组和非高血压组。入组对象均进行体格检查及生化指标检测,两组间比较用非参数秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U),两组间率的比较用卡方(χ2)检验。结果总高尿酸血症(HUA)患病率为13. 0%(2 977/20 006),高血压组HUA患病率显著高于非高血压组(18. 3%vs11. 2%,P0. 05)。不同性别均表现为HUA组高血压患病率高于non-HUA组(男:38. 2%vs 26. 0%,P0. 05;女:37. 4%vs 20. 2%,P0. 05)。按照年龄分组,两组均显示45岁以后随着年龄增加,HUA患病率呈升高趋势。汉、回、蒙古、朝鲜、藏、土家和其他民族均显示高血压组HUA患病率明显高于非高血压组。结论血清尿酸水平与高血压患病率呈正相关。     

西藏山南地区藏族人群血清同型半胱氨酸和瘦素水平

目的 研究西藏山南地区藏族人群血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)和瘦素(leptin)水平。方方法 本研究以2018年2月至2021年1月在西藏山南地区进行常规体检的藏族人群880例作为研究对象,分别采用化学发光法对不同年龄、不同性别、不同季节受试者的HCY、leptin水平进行比较,研究西藏山南地区藏族的血清HCY、leptin水平分布。结果 随着年龄的升高,其血清HCY、leptin水平显著升高;男性组的血清HCY、leptin水平显著高于女性组(P<0.05);季节对血清HCY、leptin水平影响无统计学意义(P>0.05),西藏山南地区藏族的男性血清HCY、leptin水平的上限分别为22.18μmol/L、7.85μg/L;女性血清HCY、leptin水平的上限分别为18.01μmol/L、7.01μg/L。结论 西藏山南地区藏族人群血清HCY、leptin水平显著升高,未来关于对高危人群的健康教育方面,建议针对居民的危险因素展开健康教育。     

正己烷职业暴露人群尿液中吡咯加合物及相关指标分析

目的探讨正己烷职业接触人群尿液与血液多项生物监测指标的差异,分析其内在相关性,为该人群的健康监护提供依据。方法用溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中正己烷浓度;采用酶标仪比色法测定受检者尿液中吡咯加合物的水平;全自动生化分析仪进行血清主要生化指标检测;全自动血细胞分析仪进行全血细胞计数分析;采用SPSS20.0软件进行均数t检验、秩和检验、双变量Pearson相关分析。结果正已烷职业接触组和对照组车间空气中正己烷时间加权平均浓度(TWA)分别为32.6±6.9mg/m^3和<0.15mg/m^3,两组工人尿液中吡咯加合物水平为1.91±0.29nmol/mL和1.17±0.18nmol/mL,两个指标在两组中差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。职业接触组血清总胆红素(TBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、钾离子(K^+)分别是15.76±5.29μmol/L、11.87±4.14μmol/L、64.1±14.9U/L、4.34±0.33mmol/L,对照组上述4项指标分别为11.89±4.1μmol/L、8.36±3.92μmol/L、43.34±9.68U/L、4.49±0.41mmol/L,两组比较(t检验),各指标差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接触组平均红细胞血红蛋白水平(MCHC)、大血小板比例(P-LCR)、单核细胞绝对值(MONO)、嗜酸性细胞绝对值(EOS)指标分别为337.3±9.37g/L、(28.93±1.17)%、(0.35±0.09)×10^9/L、(0.163±0.079)×10^9/L,与对照组指标341.7±13.58g/L、(27.45±0.99)%、(0.39±0.11)×10^9/L、(0.129±0.083)×10^9/L比较,差异均有统计学意义(t检验,P<0.05);尿液中吡咯加合物水平与TBIL、IBIL、ALP呈正相关,相关系数r分别为0.577、0.566、0.431;与MCHC呈负相关,相关系数r为-0.433;与EOS呈正相关,相关系数r为0.517。结论正己烷职业接触人群尿中吡咯加合物水平,血清TBIL、IBIL、ALP、K^+水平与非接触人群相比有显著性差异,建议作为正己烷职业接触者健康监护的监测指标;其中尿液吡咯加合物水平与血液多项功能指标存在相关关系。     

中国南方地区正常人群血清肌酐水平的变化其临床意义

目的： 探讨中国南方地区正常人群各年龄阶段的血清肌酐水平变化,并初步建立酶学检测中国人群血清肌酐的参考范围。方法: 采用酶法检测2 000例不同年龄阶段的健康人群血清肌酐水平,其中男性1 200例,女性800例,年龄从1个月至80岁,通过统计学方法分析各年龄阶段人群的血清肌酐水平。结果: 正常人群的血清肌酐水平随年龄增长而增高,在同一年龄组中,两性之间的血清肌酐水平存在显著差异。10岁以下的男女血清肌酐分别为(26.67±7.84、25.20±6.40)μmol/L;11-20岁组分别为(68.26±12.74、54.72±7.78)μmol/L; 21-30岁组分别为(77.74±8.09、57.17±8.18)μmol/L; 31-40岁组分别为(79.35±10.36、55.65±9.07)μmol/L;41-50岁组分别为(81.21±12.86、62.40±10.91)μmol/L;51-60岁组分别为(79.49±11.54、61.11±12.65)μmol/L;61-70岁组分别为(83.87±16.74、60.62±11.47)μmol/L;年龄大于71岁组分别为(96.61±25.26、64.55±12.01)μmol/L。结论: 不同年龄正常人群的血清肌酐水平存在显著的差异;在同一年龄阶段,男女之间也存在显著的差异,在临床诊断中应该建立对应的参考标准。     

血清C肽与糖化血红蛋白联合检验对糖尿病的诊断价值

目的探究血清C肽与糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)联合检验在糖尿病诊断中的应用价值。方法选取90例糖尿病患者为研究组,另取同期健康体检正常者90例为对照组,两组均行血清C肽、Hb Alc检测,比较两组血糖水平、空腹及餐后2 h血清C肽水平以及Hb Alc水平。结果研究组餐后2 h血糖(11.28±2.10)mmol/L、FBG(8.89±2.50)mmol/L均显著高于对照组,空腹、餐后2 h血清C肽水平分别为(1.47±0.39)μg/L、(4.74±1.01)μg/L,均较对照组高,具有明显统计学差异(P0.05);对照组Hb Alc水平(5.53±0.32)%显著低于研究组,具有明显统计学差异(P0.05)。结论糖尿病患者血糖水平显著高于健康人群,且血清C肽水平显著升高,Hb Alc水平显著增高,经血清C肽和Hb Alc检测可有助于评估糖尿病患者病情,指导临床治疗方案的制定,可加以临床应用推广。     

中风后遗症患者球结膜微循环与内皮功能

目的:观测中风后遗症患者球结膜微循环及血管内皮功能指标,为临床治疗和预后分析提供资料。方法:选择首次中风,一年后仍存在偏瘫、失语等后遗症患者38例,男28例,女10例,年龄50-60岁;其BrumslromⅣ级左右,BDAE评定分级3级-2级、Bathel’s Index 40分左右;正在进行功能锻炼、针灸等康复治疗。另选年龄、性别与之匹配的同期健康体检者30例作为对照。采用XW型微循环检测系统观察两组人群球结膜微血管直径、血流状态及白色微小血栓;并抽取所有受检者空腹肘静脉血液,放免法测定血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)水平,硝酸还原酶法测定血清一氧化氮(NO)水平,并计算ET/NO比值。结果:中风后遗症患者中微动脉纤细、微静脉瘀曲较多见,占81.58%(31/38),血流呈粒流-粒缓流状态者占65.79%(25/38),高于对照人群的16.67%(5/30)和6.67%(2/30);中风后遗症患者17例(44.74%)见到白色微小血栓,对照人群仅见1例(3.33%);差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。中风后遗症患者ET-1水平明显高于对照人群(82.54±11.76ng/L vs 51.96±8.75ng/L,P0.05);NO水平却较对照人群稍低(45.33±12.80μmol/L vs50.23±18.65μmol/L,P0.05);中风后遗症的ET/NO也大于对照组(1.82±0.23vs 1.03±0.12,P0.05)。结论:部分中风后遗症患者存在微循环障碍,内皮功能不稳定可能是其重要原因之一;临床应加强防范其二次中风的危险。     

不同年龄及性别健康成人血浆同型半胱氨酸的水平研究

目的: 分析不同性别及年龄健康成人的血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,明确健康人群Hcy的标准,为高Hcy血症的防治提供指导和依据。方法: 剔除高血压、脑卒中、冠心病等常见致血Hcy升高因素的健康体检人群,共738人,按不同年龄分为青(≤35岁)、中(≥36,<60岁)、老(≥60岁)3组,并按性别分为男女亚组,以循环酶法分别测定其血浆Hcy水平,进行比较。结果: 各年龄组男性均高于女性(P<0.01);同时男女各组Hcy均随年龄增加而升高,青、中、老组比均有显著差异(P<0.01);男性均数为13.26 μmol/L,女性为9.68 μmol/L,差异显著(P<0.01); 多数男性(73.21%)血Hcy水平在10.01-15.00 μmol/L间,多数女性(84.06%)小于10.00 μmol/L。 结论: (1) 健康成人血浆Hcy水平存在性别和年龄的差异,男性高于女性,并随年龄增加而逐渐升高。(2) 正常健康成人血浆Hcy水平高限的确定,应考虑性别及年龄因素。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.