吸烟对健康人体肺功能的影响

我们对４６１例健康职工的肺功能ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＶ－１，ＦＥＶ－１／ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＦ２５－７５％，进行分析，结果发现，吸烟者特别是长期大量吸烟者，肺部气道阻力增大，通气功能受损，尤其是小气道功能受损最为突出。     

吸烟对闽南地区男性不育患者精液质量的影响分析

目的探讨吸烟对闽南地区男性不育患者精液质量的影响。方法选择200例男性不育患者精液标本,其中100例为吸烟者,100例为非吸烟者,对2组精液标本的各项主要参数进行对比分析。结果与非吸烟组比较,吸烟组的精子密度,精子活率,A级精子活力百分率和（A＋B）级精子活力百分率降低,2组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,其他参数差异无统计学意义。结论吸烟可能成为影响男性不育的重要因素之一。     

吸烟对人体血液流变性的影响

吸烟对人体血液流变性的影响１樊希承２刘世伟３王细川２王爱平３根据循环中血液流动是不同切变率作用的特征，对吸烟在不同切变率下血液粘度和红细胞变形性进行观察。１资料与方法１．１对象将１９９３至１９９５年的健康体检者按每日吸烟１０支以上、持续１年定为吸烟者...     

被动吸烟对儿童唾液SIgA含量的影响

本文探讨了被动吸烟对儿童唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)含量的影响,现将结果报道如下。 对象和方法 一、对象:选取无锡市北塘区积余街小学四年级学生,年龄10～11岁,并问卷调查学生同居一室者中有无吸烟者?家中使用何种燃料作炊?最近是否在患感冒、气管炎或肺炎?是否患有哮喘病?剔除家中使用煤炉者,患气管炎、肺炎及哮喘者。对调查对象分别在下午1∶00～1∶30留取唾液待测。 二、方法:采用RIA法。试剂盒系本所生产。标     

吸烟对精子DNA碎片的影响

目的探讨男性不育症患者吸烟对精子DNA碎片的影响。方法采用精子染色质扩散（SCD）实验检测383例男性不育患者精子DNA碎片的比率,根据吸烟多少分组并进行比较研究。结果吸烟〉20支/天组患者与吸烟≤20支/天组患者及不吸烟组患者相比DNA碎片率显著升高（P〈0.05）。吸烟≤20支/天组患者与不吸烟组患者相比DNA碎片率没有明显差别。结论吸烟对DNA碎片率有影响,且吸烟量越大、时间越长、精子DNA碎片率越高。     

吸烟行为对优生影响的研究进展

国内外有关资料显示，吸烟可导致妇妇盆腔炎和输卵管堵塞，引起女性卵巢功能下降，生殖力降低，自发流产率增高，引起胎儿畸形和发育迟缓。为此，我们从优生学的角度探讨了吸烟对优生的毒性，并从伦理学的角度提出吸烟是危害人体健康的自损行为；吸烟影响优生，不利于提高中华民族的人口素质等方面提出伦理思考及对策。     

高血压患者对影响血脂水平相关食物知晓率的调查与分析

目的：评估社区老年高血压患者关于影响血脂水平知识的食物的认知情况，以便有针对性地实施健康教育，对高血压患者的饮食方式起到一定的指导作用。方法采用便利抽样法，对兰溪市106例老年高血压患者进行问卷调查，分析调查高血压患者对影响血脂水平相关食物的认识。结果分析后发现院高血压患者对含胆固醇含量较高食物的知识掌握的最差；对脂肪含量较高的食物知晓程度较高。结论社区高血压患者血脂知识了解不多。医护人员应重视老年高血压患者影响血脂水平相关食物的教育需求，有针对性地进行健康教育，以降低高血压的发生率。     

Triggers of Heavier and Lighter Cigarette Smoking in College Students

This preliminary study examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and several environmental and psychological cues to smoke in college students who were lighter (2–8 cigarettes per day) and heavier (greater than 10 cigarettes per day) smokers. Nineteen lighter and 16 heavier smokers monitored their smoking behavior and certain smoking cues, and reported this information daily to an interactive voice response (IVR) system over a 13-day period. Results indicated the lighter smokers consumed a significantly greater proportion of cigarettes when drinking alcohol and during the evening hours compared to heavier smokers. No differences were found between groups on smoking in the presence of negative affect or coffee, although heavier smokers smoked a greater proportion of cigarettes when experiencing low energy positive affect (e.g., calm). If a replication of this study produces similar results, there could be implications for public policy, particularly the regulation of smoking in venues where alcohol is served.     

原发性高血压患者的血液流变性及其与血脂间的关系

对２７６例原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者进行血液流变性及血脂检测。结果表明，ＥＨ患者血粘度增高主要与ＨＣＴ、Ｆｉｂ和ＩＲ增高有关，与高脂血症无关，但与ＨＤＬ－Ｃｈ减低有关，因而认为ＥＨ患者易发生心脑缺血性疾病与前三者增高和后者减低有关。     

The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Frequency of and Qualitative Differences in KRAS Mutations in Korean Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

Purpose

This study was designed to determine the relationship of cigarette smoking to the frequency and qualitative differences among KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinomas from Korean patients.

Materials and Methods

Detailed smoking histories were obtained from 200 consecutively enrolled patients with lung adenocarcinoma according to a standard protocol. EGFR (exons 18 to 21) and KRAS (codons 12/13) mutations were determined via direct-sequencing.

Results

The incidence of KRAS mutations was 8% (16 of 200) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS mutations were found in 5.8% (7 of 120) of tumors from never-smokers, 15% (6 of 40) from former-smokers, and 7.5% (3 of 40) from current-smokers. The frequency of KRAS mutations did not differ significantly according to smoking history (p=0.435). Never-smokers were significantly more likely than former or current smokers to have a transition mutation (G→A or C→T) rather than a transversion mutation (G→T or G→C) that is known to be smoking-related (p=0.011). In a Cox regression model, the adjusted hazard ratios for the risk of progression with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) were 0.24 (95% CI, 0.14-0.42; p<0.001) for the EGFR mutation and 1.27 (95% CI, 0.58-2.79; p=0.537) for the KRAS mutation.

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking did not influence the frequency of KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinomas in Korean patients, but influenced qualitative differences in the KRAS mutations.     

老年高血压患者血压变异性对左心室肥厚的影响

目的　观察血压变异性 (BPV)对老年性高血压患者左心室肥厚的影响 .方法　老年性高血压患者 10 0例 ,根据左室重量指数 [LVMI]分为两组 :左室肥厚组和非左室肥厚组 ,进行 2 4小时动态血压监测 ,以各时段 (日间、夜间及 2 4小时 )血压的标准差作为血压变异性的量化指标 .结果　左室肥厚组日间、夜间及 2 4小时收缩压BPV显著高于非左室肥厚组 (p <0 .0 1) ,日间、夜间及 2 4小时收缩压BPV与LVMI呈正相关 ,舒张压BPV与LVMI无相关性 .结论　收缩压BPV与高血压左室肥厚的发生和肥厚程度有关 ,老年性高血压患者更容易出现左室肥厚 ,在治疗老年性高血压时 ,要注意平稳降压     

原发性高血压合并微量白蛋白尿患者动态血压观察

目的了解原发性高血压患者微量白蛋白尿(micro-albuminuria,MAU)与动态血压的特征性改变,包括血压变异指数(ABPVs、ABPVd)、血压负荷(BPload)及血压昼夜节律的相关性。方法确诊的141例原发性高血压患者进行24h动态血压和24h尿微量白蛋白检查,分为微量白蛋白尿(MAU)组及尿微量白蛋白正常组(NAU)。结果MAU组血压变异指数及血压负荷较NAU组增大(P<0.05),合并MAU的患者血压昼夜节律不明显。结论微量白蛋白尿的发生与血压变异指数、血压负荷和血压昼夜节律密切相关,有无微量白蛋白尿可一定程度上反映血压控制状况。     

A Preliminary Study of Cigarette Smoking in Female Orofacial Pain Patients

The relationship between behavior (eg, diet, exercise, substance use) and the functioning of chronic-pain patients, including orofacial-pain patients, is poorly understood. This preliminary study examined cigarette smoking and both pain-related and psychological functioning in female orofacial-pain patients. Correlates of intentions to quit smoking were also explored. There were 48 participants in this cross-sectional study. Smokers reported significantly less self-control over pain (d = .66), lower general activity levels (d = .52), more fatigue (d = .80), and poorer sleep quality (d = .53) than non-smokers. The mean effect size for all dependent variables was .49 (range, .33–.80) with the smallest and largest effect found for negative mood and fatigue, respectively. More positive attitudes toward smoking cessation independently predicted stronger intentions to quit (β = .52, p = .03). Findings suggest smoking is significantly associated with pain-related and psychological functioning in female orofacial-pain patients. Smoking-cessation treatment for these patients should include motivational interviewing techniques directed toward attitudinal change.     

不同时间服用小剂量阿司匹林对高血压患者血压影响的Meta分析

目的 评价高血压患者在睡前与晨起服用小剂量阿司匹林对血压的影响。方法 通过计算机检索中国知网、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、Cochrane Library、Pubmed、Web of Science数据库,检索时限至2018年10月,按照纳入和排除标准由2名评价者独立筛选并提取资料,采用Cochrane 5.1手册提供的偏椅风险评估方法,对纳入研究进行治疗评价后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入7篇文献,共1102例。Meta分析结果显示:睡前与晨起服用小剂量阿司匹林对收缩压的影响,进行异质性检验结果示（?字2=57.50,P＜0.00001,I2=90%）。采用随机效应模型,结果示（MD -3.74,95%CI（-7.11,-0.38）,Z=2.18,P=0.03）。剔除丘文山[7]、董军亚[8]、廖承广[9]等研究后,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析,结果示（MD-2.09,95%CI（-3.84,-0.33）,Z=2.33,P=0.02）,睡前服用小剂量阿司匹林降低高血压患者收缩压优于晨起服用（P＜0.05）;睡前与晨起服用小剂量阿司匹林对舒张压的影响, 进行异质性检验结果示（?字2=40.21,P＜0.00001,I2=85%）,采用随机效应模型,结果示（MD -2.63,95%CI（-4.71,-0.55）,Z=2.48,P=0.01）。剔除董军亚[8]、廖承广[9]研究后,采用固定效应模型进行分析,睡前与晨起服用小剂量阿司匹林对高血压患者舒张压影响比较,差异无统计学意义（MD -0.85,95%CI（-1.91,0.21）,Z=1.57,P=0.12）。结论 睡前服用小剂量阿司匹林较晨起服用可能降低高血压患者的收缩压,尚不能确定是否降低舒张压。鉴于研究样本量少及部分文献质量限制,论证强度受到一定限制,因此尚需进一步开展高质量、大样本随机对照试验对本研究结果予以验证,从而为临床提供更可靠的证据。     

Structural and Functional Support in the Prediction of Smoking Cessation in Caregivers of Children with Asthma

Caregivers of children with asthma smoke at rates similar to the general population. Research on the relative importance of structural or functional social support in smoking cessation has been mixed. Participants were smokers (N = 154) who were caregivers of children with asthma. Both functional (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) and structural social support (living with another smoker, partner status, and the proportion of smoking friends) were measured at baseline. Participants received an asthma-education and smoking cessation intervention based on Motivational Interviewing. Biochemically-verified abstinence was assessed at six months post treatment. Results indicated that functional support predicted smoking abstinence even when controlling for relevant covariates and structural support (OR = .896, p = .025). Exploratory analyses revealed that this effect was driven primarily by the self-esteem ISEL subscale. Smoking cessation that focuses on building general functional support, particularly self-esteem support, may be beneficial for smoking cessation in caregivers of children with asthma.     

Arousing and De-Arousing Effects of Cigarette Smoking Under Conditions of Stress and Mild Sensory Isolation

The arousing and de-arousing effects of smoking a 1.3 mg nicotine delivery cigarette, measured by changes in electrodermal, heart rate and EEG alpha responding, were examined under conditions of stress, induced by aversive white noise, and mild sensory isolation. Compared with sham smokers and a situation control group, smokers showed significant arousal elevations in all response systems under sensory isolation conditions, but mixed stimulant (heart rate response) and depressant (EEG, skin conductance response) effects under stress conditions. Possible reasons for these differential effects are suggested.     

基于局部一致性(ReHo)方法的慢性吸烟静息状态功能磁共振(fMRI)研究

目的:探讨慢性吸烟者静息状态下的脑功能活动情况。方法:采用局部一致性(ReHo)方法,对44名慢性吸烟者和44名与之相匹配的不吸烟的健康志愿者在静息状态下脑功能活动情况进行比较分析。结果:与不吸烟者相比,慢性吸烟者静息状态右侧额下回BOLD信号ReHo降低,左侧顶上回BOLD信号ReHo增强(P<0.05,纠正后,cluster水平)。结论:研究结果提示慢性吸烟会导致额叶和顶叶脑区功能活动的改变。