血清尿酸水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的危险因素众多,对于已明确的可控因素,应积极干预,对新的危险因素的探讨,有利于对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的早期干预治疗。该文对血清尿酸水平与血压、血糖、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖等冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病危险因素的关系及其是否为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的独立危险因素进行综述。     

青年急性心肌梗死与残余胆固醇的关系

目的分析残余胆固醇对青年急性心肌梗死的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年2月至2015年12月于苏州大学附属第一医院诊断为急性心肌梗死的青年患者共80例,选取同期住院非冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的青年对照组共60例。观察体质量指数、吸烟史、原发性高血压(高血压)、糖尿病、血脂与青年急性心肌梗死发病的关系。结果(1)急性心肌梗死组与对照组相比,体质量指数、高血压患者比例、吸烟患者比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。其他指标中,急性心肌梗死组与对照组相比,残余胆固醇约为对照组的1.5倍[(0.67±0.44)mmol/L vs(.0.4±0.30)mmol/L,P0.01)]。而非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,non-HDL-C)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、载脂蛋白(apolipoprotein,Apo)B在急性心肌梗死组比对照组分别仅增加了28%、17%、37%、22%、19%。HDL-C在AMI组较对照组减少了11%。两组Apo A-I和脂蛋白(a)浓度、糖尿病、年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)Logistic分析显示,与青年急性心肌梗死独立的危险因素依次为肥胖(OR=3.02)、高血压(OR=2.44)、吸烟(OR=2.12)。在血脂成分中,残余胆固醇与青年急性心肌梗死相关性最高(每增加1 SD的OR=3.89)。结论肥胖、高血压、吸烟是青年急性心肌梗死的独立危险因素。在血脂成分中,残余胆固醇与青年急性心肌梗死发病率相关性最高。     

高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的相关性分析

目的 通过对高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的横断面研究,分析高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的相关性.方法 入选太原市中心医院心内科符合标准患者150例,依据尿酸水平分为高尿酸血症组(80例)及非高尿酸血症组(70例).记录年龄、性别、身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压及血生化指标等基本资料,通过横断面研究高尿酸血症与冠心病及危险因素的关系.结果 高尿酸血症组与非高尿酸血症组比较,在吸烟年限、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、腰围、腰臀比、体重指数(BMI)、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、空腹血糖等均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高尿酸与冠心病间存在相关性.针对高尿酸血症危险因素空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL - C)、BMI以及代谢综合征(MS)四者进行多元Logistic回归分析,并校正年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒后分析表明,MS(校正前OR=1.110,校正后OR=1.111,P＜0.001)及FBG(校正前OR=2.586,校正后OR=2.685,P＜0.001)是高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,而LDL -C(校正前OR=0.638,校正后OR=0.642,P＜0.05)则是高尿酸血症的保护因素.BMI的Logistic回归分析无统计学意义(校正前OR=0.795,校正后OR=0.757).结论 高尿酸血症与冠心病存在一定的协同作用;在高尿酸血症的危险因素中MS、FBG是高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,LDL -C是高尿酸血症的保护因素.     

同型半胱氨酸促进冠状动脉粥样硬化—新视角、新洞察

心血管疾病是威胁人类健康的主要疾病,其中冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CAD）占有越来越重要的作用。高血压、血脂紊乱、肥胖及吸烟解释了大多数CAD的发病原因。然而,这些已经建立的危险因素并不能解释全部CAD,仍然存在其他的危险因子,     

高血压伴高尿酸血症的研究进展

正高血压与高尿酸是心血管病的两个危险因素。研究表明,高血压与高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)相互影响、相互作用。两者并存时,其冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)、心力衰竭、肾功能不全等靶器官损害风险较血尿酸正常的高血压患者明显升高。因此,高血压合并HUA的临床诊治与管理很重要。本文综述了高血压伴HUA的流行病学、相互作用机制、靶器官损害、治疗及相关研究。     

江苏盛泽农村老年高血压患病现况及危险因素调查

目的调查江苏盛泽农村地区老年高血压患病率、治疗率、知晓率、控制率及相关危险因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取当地19个村≥60岁的全部居民进行现况调查,并根据性别、年龄分层从中随机抽取3181名居民进行配对病例对照研究,调查方法包括问卷调查、体格检查及血生化检查。结果该地区≥60岁人群高血压患病率达64.9%,高血压知晓率、治疗率及接受治疗患者血压控制率分别为73.5%、65.3%、53.4%。随着年龄的增长,高血压患病率逐渐升高(χ2=27.25,P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示吸烟(OR=1.197)、饮酒(OR=1.181)、超重与肥胖(OR=1.252),腹型肥胖(OR=1.651)、血糖异常(OR=1.461)、高尿酸血症(OR=1.826)、高三酰甘油血症(OR=1.371)、高胆固醇血症(OR=1.227)是高血压发病的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论江苏盛泽农村老年高血压患病率较高,治疗率、知晓率及控制率有待进一步提高,应通过健康宣教和规律体检进一步加强上述危险因素的防治。     

老年男性高血压患者心血管疾病检出率与血压达标的相关性研究

目的探讨血压全程管理良好的老年男性高血压患者心血管疾病检出率与血压达标情况的相关性。方法选择老年男性患者719例,其中正常血压组228例,血压达标组389例,血压不达标组102例。调查冠心病(包括不同类型的心绞痛和心肌梗死)、慢性心力衰竭、阵发性心房颤动和持续性心房颤动检出率与血压达标的相关性。结果血压达标组心绞痛、心肌梗死检出率明显高于正常血压组(48.8%vs 26.8%,P0.01;16.2%vs 6.6%,P0.01)。血压不达标组心绞痛、心肌梗死、阵发性心房颤动、持续性心房颤动检出率明显高于正常血压组(62.7%vs26.8%,P0.01;12.7%vs 6.6%,P0.01;11.8%vs 4.8%,P0.05;8.8%vs 3.1%,P0.05)。血压不达标患者冠心病(心绞痛和心肌梗死)发病风险较血压达标患者增高(OR=5.067 vs OR=3.561)。结论老年男性高血压患者,降压治疗及血糖、血脂、肥胖等危险因素的控制虽然能够降低心血管疾病检出率,但高血压的发生及理想血压的控制在心血管疾病的发生和发展中起到重要作用;年龄和伴随疾病等因素也影响患者的预后。     

同型半胱氨酸与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的相关性研究进展

虽然经历了40余年的漫长研究,但高同型半胱氨酸血症是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的预测因子还是危险因素目前仍无定论。系列临床观察性研究及其荟萃分析一致显示轻、中度高同型半胱氨酸血症对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的发生和预后有独立预测价值,而近期以冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者为主要研究对象的大型随机对照试验却证实补充维生素B(包括叶酸)尽管能有效降低血浆同型半胱氨酸水平,但不能减少心血管事件,尤其是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病事件,这对高同型半胱氨酸血症在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病发病中的作用提出了质疑。为更好地指导临床抉择,现对近年来两者的相关性研究进展做一综述。     

血清氧化低密度脂蛋白与不同年龄男性冠心病患者的相关性

目的探讨血清氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,Ox-LDL)与不同年龄阶段男性冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者的相关性。方法入选男性冠心病患者153例,对照组患者149例,各再分别按照年龄分为3个亚组:A组≤55岁;B组56～70岁;C组≥71岁。采集各组传统冠心病危险因素,包括原发性高血压(高血压)、血糖、血脂、肥胖、吸烟及超敏C反应蛋白等;利用弗明翰危险评分(FRS)计算患者10年冠心病发生风险;采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清Ox-LDL浓度;分析不同年龄阶段冠心病患者的危险因素差异及与Ox-LDL的相关性。结果在A组中,吸烟、高三酰甘油血症、Ox-LDL、超敏C反应蛋白是冠心病的独立危险因素(P<0.01)。在B组、C组中,吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、Ox-LDL、超敏C反应蛋白是冠心病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。在不用年龄阶段患者中,校正了年龄、血脂异常、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、超敏C反应蛋白等因素后,Ox-LDL均为冠心病的独立危险因素,但在A组患者中相关性更为明显[A组:OR=3.68,95%CI(1.70～9.61);B组:OR=2.01,95%CI(1.14～3.54);C组OR=1.56,95%CI(1.13～2.15)]。冠心病组A组和对照组A组的弗明翰危险评分估算风险比较,差异无统计学意义[5.9%±1.0%vs.4.8%±0.8%,P>0.05]。结论不同年龄阶段男性冠心病患者的危险因素存在一定差别。Ox-LDL是冠心病的独立危险因素,但在中青年男性患者中其相关性更为明显,提示体内氧化应激与男性早发冠心病的危险密切相关。     

早发冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病人群危险因素、病变特点及其预后

目的研究早发冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者的危险因素、病变特点及预后。方法本研究为回顾性研究,纳入972例≤50岁、经冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病并行支架置入术的患者,收集其基线临床特征。通过电话和(或)门诊随访,收集支架置入12个月后主要不良心血管事件(包括全因死亡、心血管死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性缺血性脑卒中、不稳定型心绞痛和冠状动脉血运重建术),比较有临床事件和无临床事件患者的基线数据。分析与冠心病严重程度相关的危险因素,使用Cox比例风险回归分析危险因素与预后的相关性。结果患者年龄为46(43～49)岁,男性患者占90.2%。大多数患者因稳定型心绞痛(48.8%)和不稳定型心绞痛(48.1%)而接受冠状动脉支架术。纽约心脏协会(NYHA)心功能Ⅲ级以上患者约占5%。冠状动脉单支、双支、三支以及左主干加三支血管狭窄率为30.0%、24.8%、39.3%和5.9%。经过1年随访,最常见临床事件为不稳定型心绞痛(56例),少数患者为非致死性心肌梗死(2例)、非致死性缺血性卒中(4例)和冠状动脉血运重建(2例)。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、吸烟、原发性高血压(高血压)和糖尿病、多支血管狭窄以及急性冠状动脉综合征与临床事件发生具有独立相关性。结论年龄、吸烟、高血压和糖尿病、多支血管狭窄以及急性冠状动脉综合征与早发冠心病患者预后具有独立相关性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.