超声心动图对主动脉瓣二叶畸形的探讨

目的 探讨超声心动图评估主动脉瓣二叶畸形(BAV)的应用价值.方法 选取我院2012年3月至2014年6月经超声诊断并被临床证实的BAV患者70例(横裂组44例、纵裂组21例、斜裂组5例),并与正常组30例进行比较.测最主动脉窦部及升部内径、室间隔及左室后壁厚度、左心功能及左房横径,观察患者瓣膜有无钙化、狭窄、关闭不全及脱垂.结果 BAV患者部分伴有瓣膜回声增强、增厚、钙化和脱垂,可造成瓣膜狭窄或关闭不全.主动脉升部增宽,纵裂组(39.840±6.361)mm,横裂组(37.480±5.793)mm,高于正常组的(30.270±2.348)mm;室间隔增厚,纵裂组(11.180±1.968)mm,横裂组(11.430±1.912)mm,高于正常组的(9.900±0.403)mm;左房横径增大,纵裂组(37.090±8.203)mm,横裂组(37.950±9.058)mm,高于正常组的(30.330±2.820)mm.结论 超声心动图对诊断BAV有重要价值.BAV可合并主动脉升部增宽、室间隔增厚及左房横径增大,而瓣膜舒张期关闭线形态分类横裂式、纵裂式对心脏结构和功能影响不大.     

二叶主动脉瓣畸形的胸主动脉超声特征与临床意义

目的利用超声心动图研究二叶主动脉瓣（BAV）患者胸主动脉的形态学特征。方法回顾性分析1991年4月至2006年2月诊断的273例BAV患者的超声心动图及临床资料。结果（1）无明显主动脉瓣（AV）病变的BAV患者的主动脉瓣环、窦部、窦管结合部、升主动脉较正常对照组明显增宽（P≤0．001）;而二者胸降主动脉比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．061）。（2）BAV患者的AV排列位置对各级胸主动脉内径无影响（P〉0．05）。（3）主动脉瓣环、窦部内径与AV最大压力阶差、平均压力阶差呈低度负相关;主动脉瓣环、窦部、窦管结合部内径与AV反流程度呈低度正相关。结论BAV患者的胸主动脉可发生独立于血流动力学影响之外的扩张。AV的功能变化对胸主动脉内径影响略有不同。在临床上,主动脉内径可作为手术时机选择的参考指标。     

实时三维超声心动图的临床应用现状及进展

自20世纪60年代初Baun和GreeWood提出三维超声成像以来,受到众多学者的关注,迄今已经历了静态三维、动态三维,直至目前正在使用的实时三维超声心动图(real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, RT-3DE).ORT-3DE的问世是超声发展史上一个令人瞩目的技术突破[1],现就RT-3DE临床应用现状及进展等综述如下.     

主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎并主动脉瓣穿孔的临床特点及超声心动图应用

目的 :探讨主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎 ( AVIE)并发主动脉瓣穿孔 ( AVP)的临床及超声心动图( UCG)的特点。方法 :对 11例经临床及 UCG诊断的 AVIE并发 AVP患者的资料进行分析 ,并与手术结果进行对照。结果 :临床特点 :基础心脏病以主动脉瓣畸形多见 ;主要表现发热、贫血、心脏杂音、急性左心衰竭 ;UCG特点 :二维超声心动图 ( 2 DE)显示瓣体的回声连续缺失 ,彩色多普勒血流显像 ( CDFI)显示穿瓣偏心血流 ,U CG诊断 AVP特异性为 90 .9% ;术后患者的心脏血流动力学均明显改善。结论 :U CG检查是正确诊断 AVIE并发 AVP及评价其手术治疗效果的首选方法 ,对早期正确诊断本病有十分重要的临床意义     

超声心动图在主动脉瓣狭窄经导管主动脉瓣植入术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在主动脉瓣狭窄患者经导管主动脉瓣植入术中的作用。方法3例重度主动脉瓣瓣膜狭窄患者接受经导管主动脉瓣人工瓣膜植入术。使用PhilipS iE33型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,配备经胸探头S5—1和经食道探头S7—2,X7—2t。超声观察内容包括明确主动脉瓣膜病变范围和程度,测量主动脉瓣环前后径,人工瓣膜植入术后瓣膜功能等。结果3例患者经导管主动脉瓣植入术均取得了成功,人工瓣膜位置稳定,常规超声心动图3例患者术前经胸超声心动图与术中经食管超声心动图诊断相符,跨瓣压差较术前明显下降,主动脉瓣瓣上流速明显下降,瓣周漏瞬时反流量平均约1．2mL。结论经导管主动脉瓣人工瓣膜植入术在治疗严重主动脉瓣瓣膜狭窄中方法可行,效果良好;超声心动图在这项工作中具有重要的辅助作用。     

经食管三维超声心动图临床应用的新进展

经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocar diography,3D—TEE）于上世纪90年代初期问世并应用于实验室及临床检查。由于探头位置的改变,它能由后向前,近距离扫查心脏深部结构,有效排除肺气干扰、肥胖、胸廓畸形和肋间隙狭窄的影响,明显改善超声图像的清晰度及分辨率。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图对室间隔缺损并发畸形的诊断价值

目的 :探讨超声心动图检测室间隔缺损 （室缺 ）并发畸形的价值。方法 :将手术证实的室缺并发畸形与超声检查进行比较 ,分析超声检测敏感度、特异度及准确度。结果 :超声心动图检出室缺并发畸形的敏感度为 5 8.8% ,特异度 92 .9% ;准确度 80 .6 %。结论 :室缺并发卵圆孔未闭及并发右室流出道较易漏诊 ,其他一些少见并发畸形多因主观忽视而漏诊。注意全面扫查及改善检查技巧有助于提高室缺并发畸形的检出和减少误诊。     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振对比评价老年患者的左心室质量

目的 评价实时三维超声心动图测量老年患者左心室质量的准确性和重复性,并与磁共振对比.方法 选取因各种不同原因进行心脏磁共振检查的老年患者31例,同时进行实时三维超声心动图检查.实时三维超声心动图检查采用Philips iE-33型超声心动图仪,左心室质量的分析通过TomTec工作站用人工描记法完成,并与磁共振所得结果相比较.结果 实时三维超声心动图测量所得的左心室质量与磁共振测量结果比较,有良好的相关性.磁共振测量的左心室质量为74.4～208.1 g,平均(123.9±35.0)g.实时三维超声心动图测量的左心室质量为67.0～222.9 g,平均(128.6±37.9)g.二者所测结果相似(r=0.869,y=0.943 x+11.69,标准误为19.09 g),平均相差(4.7±37.7)g.在不同观察者间及观察者自身不同时间内测量的实时三维超声心动图结果显示良好的重复性.结论 实时三维超声心动图可以用于测量老年患者的左心室质量.与磁共振比较,实时三维超声心动图测量老年患者的左心室质量有较好的准确性和重复性.     

二维超声心动图诊断先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形

本文报告7例经手术和病理证实的先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的二维及M型超声心动图特征。二维超声正确地诊断了6例,符合率为85.7%,,而M型超声主动脉瓣关闭偏心指数(EI),诊断符合率仅57%。     

胎儿二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的超声心动图特征分析

目的：探讨确诊二叶式主动脉瓣（BAV）畸形的胎儿超声心动图特征及预后。方法：对生后确诊BAV的患者产前超声心动图进行回顾和分析,并对其特征进行总结。结果：14例生后确诊患者产前胎儿超声心动图均有异常超声征象提示,包括直接征象（主动脉瓣增厚、回声增强、融合嵴、两个交界及“鱼嘴样开口”、活动及开放受限、一字型关闭线或偏心关闭线）及间接征象（主动脉瓣上流速增快,升主动脉增宽）。其中2例患者产前均进行了3次胎儿超声心动图检查,发现主动脉瓣上流速及升主动脉内径随着孕周的增大而增加。14例患者中,2例（14.3%）出生后因主动脉瓣中重度狭窄出现生长发育受限,其中1例于2个月龄进行主动脉瓣球囊扩张治疗。结论：胎儿BAV主要依靠产前超声心动图筛查,直接超声征象结合间接超声征象可帮助诊断。超声医师疑诊胎儿BAV应建议其父母规律随访患儿主动脉瓣及主动脉情况,有助于确诊及预后咨询。     

二叶主动脉瓣的超声分析

目的 探讨二叶主动脉瓣的超声心动图特征。方法 采用回顾性方法分析了26例先天性二叶主动脉瓣,其中主动脉瓣狭窄17例（有或无主动脉瓣关闭不全）和单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全9例。结果 在主动脉瓣狭窄组、轻度狭窄14例（82％）;二叶主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的发生率为42％;主动脉瓣狭窄组与单纯主动脉瓣反流组相比,主动脉瓣增厚钙化有极显性差异（P＜0．00005）,结果表明,二叶主动脉瓣狭窄的发生与主动脉瓣的增厚钙化有关,且主动脉瓣狭窄多为轻度狭窄。结论：二叶主动脉瓣狭窄的发生与主动脉瓣的增厚钙化有关,且主动脉瓣狭窄多为轻度狭窄。二叶主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的发生率较高。彩色多普勒二维超声心动图对二叶主动脉瓣的诊断具有重要价值。     

Aortic elasticity and size in bicuspid aortic valve syndrome.

AIMS: To investigate the relation between aortic elastic properties and size in bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs). METHODS AND RESULTS: 127 BAV outpatients (121 males; age 23 +/- 10 years) with no or mild valvular impairment, were recruited with 114 control subjects comparable for age, gender, and body size. Aortic distensibility (DIS) and stiffness index (SI) were derived by M-mode evaluation of the aortic root together with blood pressure measured by cuff sphygmomanometer. BAVs vs. controls had increased aortic diameter (P < 0.0001), higher systolic (P = 0.02) and pulse (P = 0.04) pressures. DIS was lower in BAVs than in controls (4.71 +/- 3.67 vs. 7.44 +/- 3.94 10(-6) cm(2)dyne(-1), respectively; P < 0.0001) and SI was greater in BAVs (7.21 +/- 4.93 vs. 3.57 +/- 1.88, respectively; P < 0.0001). Definite impairment in aortic elasticity was present in 53 (42%) BAVs. Both DIS and SI were related (P < 0.0001) to aortic size in BAVs and controls. After adjusting for aortic size and blood pressure, the regression relations between SI and aortic diameter of BAVs were significantly different from controls (P = 0.0052). CONCLUSION: Abnormal aortic elasticity is a common finding in BAVs with no or mild aortic valve impairment. However, impaired aortic stiffness is not due to aortic dilation. Simple assessment of aortic size may thus fail to identify early abnormal load bearing characteristics of the aortic wall in BAVs.     

Echocardiographic prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in the population

INTRODUCTION: The exact prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is controversial. We studied the prevalence of BAV using two large independent echocardiographic databases. METHODS: We analyzed 24,265 echocardiograms performed at our academic institution between 1984 and 1998 for various clinical reasons and 1742 echocardiograms that were obtained by screening teenage athletes in Southern California. The total prevalence of BAV was calculated. RESULTS: The first database revealed a gender distribution of 11,339 (47%) male and 12,926 (53%) female patients. The second database consisted of 1172 (67%) male and 570 (33%) female athletes. The echocardiographic prevalence of BAV was 0.6% in the larger database and 0.5% in the smaller athletic database. CONCLUSION: We found the prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in two large databases to be between 0.5% and 0.6%. This figure was consistent across different ages, in both databases.     

先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形所致主动脉瓣狭窄的外科治疗体会

目的总结先天性主动脉瓣二叶式畸形所致的主动脉瓣狭窄手术治疗的经验。方法1995年9月至2010年12月福建医科大学附属协和医院心外科共为46例二叶式主动脉瓣畸形所致主动脉瓣狭窄患者实施了瓣膜置换术。对这些患者的手术效果及其影响因素进行回顾性总结。结果术后随访3个月至12年,死亡1例（为猝死）,1例出现与抗凝有关的脑部并发症;心功能Ⅰ级36例,心功能Ⅱ级9例。术后超声心动图测得主动脉瓣跨瓣压差17～51（29．2±11．5）mmHg。结论主动脉瓣置换术是治疗先天性主动脉瓣二叶式畸形所致主动脉瓣的有效疗法,应尽可能选择有效瓣口面积较大的人造瓣膜,这样可以有效降低术后主动脉跨瓣压差,提高手术安全性和远期疗效。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的术中投照角度预测值分析

目的在二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)行经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)中,分析术前多排螺旋CT(MDCT)预测的最佳导丝跨瓣角度、球囊预扩张角度和瓣膜释放角度规律,总结三种投照角度预测值的规律。方法回顾性分析2019年7月至2020年6月在复旦大学附属中山医院因严重症状性重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)而行TAVR的BAV患者31例。收集基线资料、术前评估和手术情况。使用MDCT预测TAVR最佳导丝跨瓣角度、球囊预扩张角度和瓣膜释放角度,按照横裂式BAV和纵裂式BAV分组,比较两组之间的差异和规律。结果最佳导丝跨瓣角度,横裂式BAV为右前斜(RAO)8°(18°,3°)、足位(CAU)25°(29°,17°),纵裂式BAV为左前斜(LAO)26°(21°,34°)、头位(CRA)13°(6°,22°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);最佳球囊预扩张角度(显示左冠状动脉开口),横裂式BAV为LAO 11°(9°,26°)、CRA 8°(1°,19°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 36°(30°,39°)、CRA 22°(14°,25°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);最佳球囊预扩张角度(显示右冠状动脉开口),横裂式BAV为LAO 48°(43°,60°)、CRA 26°(3°,29°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 48°(39°,70°)、CRA 25°(22°,33°),两者差异均无统计学意义(P=0.320、P=0.560);最佳瓣膜释放角度,横裂式BAV为RAO 12°(16°,4°)、CAU 25°(28°,19°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 21°(17°,26°)、CRA 3°(-2°,12°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论术前MDCT可预测BAV行TAVR的最佳导丝跨瓣、球囊预扩张和瓣膜释放投照角度,这些角度与BAV为横裂式还是纵裂式相关,存在明显规律。     

二叶式与三叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者的临床对照研究

目的 通过对二叶式与三叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者进行临床特征及围术期指标的回顾性对比分析,以期指导二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者的术前管理、手术方案制定及术后治疗。方法 选取我院心外科自 2011 年 01 月至 2017 年 12 月期间收治的所有因主动脉瓣狭窄而单纯行主动脉瓣置换术的患者90例（术中处理主动脉、马凡综合征、主动脉夹层及临床资料不全等患者未纳入本研究）,根据瓣叶特点分为二叶式主动脉瓣组（BAV组,n=45）和三叶式主动脉瓣组（TAV组,n=45）。分别收集两组患者围术期临床资料,从术前、术中、术后三个方面对比两组差异,所有资料均应用SPSS20.0进行相关统计分析。结果 BAV组患者中男性29名、女性16名,约2:1。在术前指标对比方面,相比较TAV组,BAV组发病年龄明显较小（47.76±10.80 vs.54.58±9.29 岁,P=0.002）,合并升主动脉扩张的比例高（66.7％ vs.37.8％,P=0.006）,且升主动脉直径更大（39.55±6.77 vs.35.55±4.78 mm,P=0.002）;BAV组合并三尖瓣反流的比例明显高于TAV组（62.2％ vs.40.0％,P=0.035）;对比两组左室内径、主动脉瓣口流速及跨瓣压差,差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。在术中指标对比方面,BAV组主动脉阻断时间明显长于TAV组(72.07±22.05 vs.55.80±16.77 min,P=0.000)。在术后指标对比方面,两组患者在ICU时间、ICU呼吸机时间、住院时间及复查超声上差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论 二叶式主动瓣狭窄患者容易较早发病,并且具有男性优势,所以应提高心脏疾病筛查能力,以便于早诊断、早治疗。同时,二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者易合并升主动脉扩张和三尖瓣反流,且升主动脉直径和主动脉阻断时间明显大于三叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者,因此依据指南并结合手术经验术中积极处理扩张主动脉、修复三尖瓣是非常必要的,此外还应加强围手术期心肌保护、缩短阻断时间来减少术中损害。     

Etiology of bicuspid aortic valve disease: Focus on hemodynamics

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common form of inheritable cardiac defect. Although this abnormality may still achieve normal valvular function, it is often associated with secondary valvular and aortic complications such as calcific aortic valve disease and aortic dilation. The clinical significance and economic burden of BAV disease justify the need for improved clinical guidelines and more robust therapeutic modalities, which address the root-cause of those pathologies. Unfortunately, the etiology of BAV valvulopathy and aortopathy is still a debated issue. While the BAV anatomy and its secondary complications have been linked historically to a common genetic root, recent advances in medical imaging have demonstrated the existence of altered hemodynamics near BAV leaflets prone to calcification and BAV aortic regions vulnerable to dilation. The abnormal mechanical stresses imposed by the BAV on its leaflets and on the aortic wall could be transduced into cell-mediated processes, leading ultimately to valvular calcification and aortic medial degeneration. Despite increasing evidence for this hemodynamic etiology, the demonstration of the involvement of mechanical abnormalities in the pathogenesis of BAV disease requires the investigation of causality between the blood flow environment imposed on the leaflets and the aortic wall and the local biology, which has been lacking to date. This editorial discusses the different hypothetical etiologies of BAV disease with a particular focus on the most recent advances in cardiovascular imaging, flow characterization techniques and tissue culture methodologies that have provided new evidence in support of the hemodynamic theory.     

Valve preserving surgery in patients with bicuspid aortic valve

Bicuspid aortic valve can be associated with clinically important aortic regurgitation and dilatation of ascending aorta. Aortic valve repair seems to be optimal therapeutic option how to avoid valve-related and anticoagulation-related complications. We have analyzed midterm outcomes of patients after bicuspid aortic valve repair.MethodsBetween January 2008 and December 2015, 91 patients (mean age 40.9 ± 12.2) with bicuspid aortic valve (type 0 or 1) underwent valve-sparing surgery for aortic valve insufficiency or aortic aneurysm. Urgent procedures and patients of age more than 65 were not included. The cohort of patients was retrospectively divided into two groups. Forty-nine patients underwent aortic valve-sparing procedure with root replacement (group 1). Forty-two patients underwent aortic valve repair without root replacement (group 2). The mean length of follow-up was 57.5 months.ResultsThere was no death in connection with aortic valve repair during follow up. Three patients from group 2 required in-hospital reoperation for early repair failure. Another seven patients (4 from group 1 and 3 from group 2) were reoperated for recurrent aortic insufficiency during follow-up period. Freedom from aortic valve reoperation at 5 years was 90% in group 1 and 87% in group 2. Freedom from recurrent aortic insufficiency (>2°) at 5 years was 85% in group 1 and 78% in group 2.ConclusionBicuspid aortic valve repair is a safe procedure, which can be performed with acceptable midterm results. Risk of repair failure depends on preoperative valve morphology and choice of repair technique. Repair technique needs to be tailored to the specific anatomy of the valve.