APACHE评分联合血乳酸清除率在评估老年重症肺炎患者预后中的价值

目的分析急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分联合血乳酸清除率评估老年重症肺炎(SP)患者预后的临床价值。方法选取2015年1月-2017年6月我院重症监护室(ICU)收治80例老年SP患者,根据入院时,入ICU后12h、24h、48h、72h各项实验室指标最差值计算各时点APACHEⅡ评分,同时,采集动脉血测定血乳酸水平,计算对应时间血乳酸清除率。评价APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸清除率预测老年SP患者死亡的价值。结果以入院后28d预后为研究终点,80例患者分为存活组46例和死亡组34例。死亡组入院时,入ICU后12h、24h、48h、72h平均APACHEⅡ评分均显著高于存活组,平均血乳酸清除率均显著低于存活组(P0.05);同时,死亡组APACHEⅡ评分与入ICU时间呈线性相关(r=0.55,P0.05),而存活组APACHEⅡ评分与入ICU时间无明显相关性(r=0.21,P0.05)。患者入ICU 24h、72h APACHEⅡ评分ROC曲线下面积较大(为0.91、0.95);入ICU 12h、24h、48h、72h四个时间点血乳酸清除率ROC曲线下面积均较大(为0.93、0.92、0.90、0.95)。结论密切监测入ICU后APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸清除率对判断老年SP患者预后有较强的可靠性,两者联合可作为评估SP患者预后的指标。     

24小时乳酸清除率对109例慢阻肺急性期合并高乳酸血症患者预后的评估价值

目的评估血乳酸水平及24小时乳酸清除率对慢阻肺急性期(AECOPD)患者预后的关系。方法通过结合APACHEⅡ评分及AECOPD患者的一般临床资料,分析109例AECOPD患者24小时血乳酸及24小时乳酸清除率的变化。结果将AECOPD患者分为存活组和死亡组,结合APACHEⅡ评分及AECOPD患者的一般临床资料分析,存活组98例患者24小时乳酸清除率为36.84±17.42%,死亡组11例患者24小时乳酸清除率为14.63±9.42%,死亡组患者24小时血乳酸明显高于存活组,而乳酸清除率明显低于存活组,且APACHEⅡ评分与血乳酸呈高水平;24小时乳酸清除率越低,患者住院天数越短。结论 24小时乳酸清除率及血乳酸水平的检测对于评估AECOPD患者预后是一个较好的指标,血乳酸越高,乳酸清除率越低,患者预后越差。     

动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率对老年脓毒症患者预后判断的价值

目的探讨动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率对老年脓毒症患者预后的判断价值。方法选择该院收治的老年脓毒症患者76例,于患者入院即刻、入院6、24、48 h测定患者动脉血乳酸,并计算入院6、24、48 h乳酸清除率,入院24 h急性生理和慢性健康状态评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ),根据患者入院即刻动脉血乳酸水平将患者分为乳酸正常组(血乳酸<2.0 mmol/L,n=26例)、轻度升高组(2.0 mmol/L≤血乳酸<4.0 mmol/L,n=33例)和重度升高者(血乳酸≥4.0 mmol/L,n=17例),观察患者预后情况。结果①重度升高组APACHEⅡ评分、住院时间、呼吸机使用率、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发病率及病死率明显高于轻度升高组和正常组(P<0.05)。②76例患者死亡29例,存活47例,死亡组入院即刻、入院6、24、48 h血乳酸水平明显高于存活组,入院6、24、48 h乳酸清除率明显低于存活组(P<0.05)。结论动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率与脓毒血症患者预后有密切的关系,动脉血乳酸水平和乳酸清除率是评估老年脓毒症患者预后的有效指标。     

亚低温疗法对心肺复苏后病人脑复苏及预后的临床观察

目的探讨亚低温治疗心肺复苏后病人脑复苏的临床效果。方法选取来我院治疗的心跳呼吸骤停后心肺复苏病人88例,随机分为对照组(43例)和亚低温治疗组(45例)。对照组只进行心肺复苏治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加亚低温以及冰毯冰帽全身降温治疗方法。评价两组病人的格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分,测定血糖、血乳酸水平,观察并发症,评价预后和日常生活能力。结果亚低温治疗组GCS评分、血糖、血乳酸水平、并发症发生率、预后和日常生活能力不同时间点与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论亚低温治疗方对心跳呼吸骤停病人心肺复苏后脑复苏是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,可以促进神经功能恢复,改善病人的远期生活质量。     

静脉滴注参附注射液辅助治疗心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床疗效

目的探讨参附注射液治疗心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床效果。方法选取心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征患者72例随机分为对照组与观察组,每组36例,对照组接受常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上应用静脉滴注参附注射液进行辅助治疗。比较两组治疗后24 h和48 h血清肌酸激酶同工酶、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、乳酸、白蛋白、血小板计数、总胆红素、肌酐和尿素氮水平,氧合指数,平均动脉压;比较两组治疗后72 h和96 h多器官功能障碍严重程度评分。结果治疗后24 h和48 h,观察组血清肌酸激酶同工酶、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、乳酸、总胆红素、肌酐和尿素氮水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组氧合指数、平均动脉压、血白蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组多器官功能障碍严重程度评分显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论参附注射液可发挥多器官保护作用,有效治疗心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征。     

CRRT联合乌司他丁早期干预心肺复苏后综合征的疗效观察

目的 探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)联合乌司他丁早期干预心肺复苏后综合征(PRS)的疗效.方法 选择心肺复苏成功的心脏骤停患者60例,随机分为观察组32和对照组28例.两组均给予常规治疗,观察组在此基础上行CRRT联合乌司他丁治疗.观察两组治疗前后白蛋白、血乳酸、APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分、MODS累积脏器数等及14、30 d病死率.结果 两组治疗后白蛋白、乳酸水平均有下降趋势,且观察组更明显.观察组A-PACHEⅡ评分、14 d病死率较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05),GCS评分明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 CRRT联合乌司他丁对PRS的治疗有益,可以保护重要脏器功能,但不能改善患者远期预后.     

早期血乳酸监测在老年社区获得性肺炎中的临床价值

目的研究早期乳酸和乳酸清除率监测对老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者预后的评估价值。方法收集我院急诊科入院时血乳酸升高老年CAP患者55例,根据预后分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组患者的乳酸水平、6 h和24 h乳酸清除率、机械通气、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ（acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ）评分等指标的区别;把55例乳酸升高CAP患者根据乳酸清除率≥10%和〈10%分为两组,比较两组病死率和APACHEⅡ评分等指标的区别。结果死亡组与存活组患者比较,在入院乳酸值、6 h和24 h乳酸清除率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;6 h乳酸清除率≤10%的老年CAP患者病死率明显大于乳酸清除率≥10%患者（P〈0.01）。结论入院时乳酸值和6 h乳酸清除率是评价老年CAP患者预后的良好指标。6 h清除率≤10%时提示患者预后较差。     

感染性休克患者预后与早期血乳酸清除率的关系

目的:探讨感染性休克患者早期血乳酸清除率与预后的关系。方法:回顾性分析重症监护病房感染性休克患者56例的APACHEⅡ评分、入ICU 6 h后动脉血乳酸清除率及预后。分别将患者分成存活组(33例)和死亡组(23例),高乳酸清除率组(6 h乳酸清除率≥10%)和低乳酸清除率组(6 h乳酸清除率10%),比较各组间的差异。结果:各组年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分和基础血乳酸值差异无统计学意义。存活组乳酸清除率明显高于死亡组[(29.8±15.0)%vs(9.7±8.6)%,P0.05];高乳酸清除率组病死率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组(11.5%vs44.0%,P0.01)。结论:早期乳酸清除率≥10%能准确评估感染性休克患者的预后。     

动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率对老年脓毒症患者预后判断的价值

目的 探讨动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率对老年脓毒症患者的临床意义. 方法 对急诊科收治的82例老年脓毒症患者,平均年龄(78.1±8.1)岁,分别于入院、入院后6h测定动脉血乳酸,计算早期乳酸清除率,记录患者入院时的心率、血压,并在第一个24 h内进行急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分.患者入院后28 d为研究终点,将患者分为存活组(59例)和死亡组(23例),比较两组患者初始动脉血乳酸、早期乳酸清除率及APACHEⅡ评分;以入院后6h乳酸清除率分为高乳酸清除率组(乳酸清除率≥10％,59例)和低乳酸清除率组(乳酸清除率＜10％,23例),比较两组患者初始动脉血乳酸、APACHEⅡ评分及病死率;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析动脉血乳酸、APACHEⅡ评分及早期乳酸清除率预测老年脓毒症患者预后的价值. 结果 存活组和死亡组初始动脉血乳酸分别为(2.4±1.7)mmol/L和(3.9±3.2)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);存活组和死亡组的早期乳酸清除率+ 300％分别为(339.0±28.0)％和(300.0±81.0)％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组28 d病死率分别为18.6％(11/59)和52.2％(12/23),高乳酸清除率组低于低乳酸清除率组(P＜0.01);早期乳酸清除率预测老年脓毒症患者28 d病死率最佳临界点为24.0％,敏感性72.9％,特异性65.2％,其预测价值高于APACHEⅡ评分. 结论 动脉血乳酸和早期乳酸清除率可作为判断老年脓毒症患者预后的指标.     

心肺复苏机与徒手心肺复苏在心脏骤停救治中的应用效果观察

目的探讨在心脏骤停救治中心肺复苏机与徒手心肺复苏的应用效果。方法选取商丘市第一人民医院急诊重症监护室EICU收治的心脏骤停患者50例,随机分为两组,各25例。对照组给予徒手心肺复苏,观察组采用心肺复苏机,对比两组长时间与短时间复苏患者复苏时间、复苏成功率及复苏后乳酸值。结果两组短时间与长时间复苏患者的复苏成功率、复苏时间对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对于长时间复苏患者,对照组复苏后乳酸值明显高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在心脏骤停患者救治中采用心肺复苏机心肺复苏的效果较好,可有效减低血乳酸值,提高生存率。     

卒中后便秘

便秘是卒中后的一种主要胃肠道并发症,其患病率为22．9％～60％,不仅会影响患者的生活质量和限制其社会活动,而且还可导致转归不良。卒中后便秘与多种因素有关,包括使用多种药物、脱水和不活动,其治疗策略均基于经验和专家意见。现有的证据提示,由护士主导的干预可改善排便。     

卒中后便秘

便秘是卒中后的一种主要胃肠道并发症,其患病率为22.9％～ 60％,不仅会影响患者的生活质量和限制其社会活动,而且还可导致转归不良.卒中后便秘与多种因素有关,包括使用多种药物、脱水和不活动,其治疗策略均基于经验和专家意见.现有的证据提示,由护士主导的干预可改善排便.     

Pathophysiology after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) will result in removal of important multiorgans in upper intestinal tract and subsequently secondary physiologic change. In the past, surgeons just focused on the safety of surgical procedure; however, PD is regarded as safe and widely applied to treatment of periampullary lesions. Practical issues after PD, such as, effect of duodenectomy, metabolic surgery-like effect, alignment effect of gastrointestinal continuity, and non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease were summarized and discussed.     

卒中后情感淡漠

情感淡漠是卒中后的一种常见神经精神并发症.识别卒中后情感淡漠及其相关因素并对其进行有效干预,有助于卒中患者的康复.文章对卒中后情感淡漠的发病率、病理生理学机制、诊断评估和治疗等进行了综述.     

ECG findings after myocardial infarction in children after Kawasaki disease

Standard 12-lead ECGs were evaluated in 17 children with myocardial infarction and 78 children without myocardial infarction after Kawasaki disease; sensitivity and specificity of the ECG infarction criteria were determined. The presence or absence of myocardial infarction was determined from either clinical examination results (coronary angiography, ventriculography, and thallium-201 myocardial imaging) or autopsy findings. Of seven patients with inferior infarction, abnormally deep Q waves in lead II, III, or aVF were observed in six, but the duration was greater than 0.04 second in only one (14%). The sensitivity and specificity of inferior infarction criteria based on Q wave amplitude were 86% and 97%, respectively. Of eight patients with anterior infarction, seven (88%) had abnormally deep and wide (greater than or equal to 0.04 second) Q waves in anterior chest leads. The sensitivity and specificity of the infarction criteria based on the amplitude and duration of the Q wave were 75% and 99%, respectively. Of seven patients with lateral infarction, Q waves were observed in lead I, aVL, or both in four patients, and in all of these patients Q waves were wider than 0.04 second. In two patients with both inferior and anterior infarction, Q waves were observed only in leads II, III, and aVF; in only one patient were the Q waves wider than 0.04 second. Thus deep Q waves in lead II, III, or aVF that are not wider than 0.04 second may indicate inferior infarction in children. Q waves in lead I, aVL, and chest leads associated with anterolateral infarction are in most instances deep and wide.     

Plasma troponin levels after cardiac surgery vs after myocardial infarction

Raised plasma troponin, a diagnostic marker for myocardial infarction, usually occurs after cardiac surgery, leading to difficulties in diagnosing postoperative myocardial infarction. To ascertain whether the same processes influence troponin elevation in both conditions, a literature search was performed for plasma troponin elimination curves after myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction with reperfusion, and cardiac surgery. From 70 studies, 11 curves using the Stratus immunoassay kit were analyzed: 5 post-cardiac surgery (412 patients), 2 after myocardial infarction with reperfusion (169 patients), and 4 after myocardial infarction (640 patients). For each group, a new plot was formulated from the mean troponin level at each time interval. While the up-slope of the cardiac surgery curve was much steeper than that of myocardial infarction, resembling that of myocardial infarction with reperfusion, its down-slope was significantly more gentle than that of both other groups (-0.91 vs -5.31, t = 3.47, df = 8, p < 0.01). This suggests that postoperative troponin elevation involves enhanced cell permeability as seen after ischemia reperfusion rather than permanent cellular damage. The gentler down-slope may point to surgery-induced impaired troponin removal from the circulation. Due to the different mechanisms proposed, implications from post-myocardial infarction troponin levels may not be conferred on post-cardiac surgery patients.     

Life after colectomy

Animal and epidemiologic studies have raised hopes that effective chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in very high-risk patients may be possible in the future, but at present, the only established effective way to prevent colorectal cancer in very high-risk patients is colectomy. Advances in surgical techniques, improvements in stomal appliances, and medical advances in dealing with complications of colorectal surgery (such as impotence) have contributed to substantial improvements in the quality of life of patients who have had prophylactic colectomies.     

Restenosis after angioplasty

Opinion statement