HPLC测定奥美沙坦酯中的基因毒性杂质

目的 建立HPLC测定奥美沙坦酯中潜在的基因毒性杂质[杂质1 ：N-（三苯基甲基）-5-（4''-溴甲基联苯-2-基）四氮唑,杂质2 ：N-三苯甲基-5-（4'',4''-二溴甲基联苯-2-基）四氮唑]的含量和限度。方法 采用Phenomenex C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：0.1%冰乙酸水溶液-0.1%冰乙酸乙腈溶液（15：85）;检测波长：254 nm;流速：1.5 mL·min^-1;柱温：25℃。结果 杂质1 和杂质2 均在0.030 97~0.247 7 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r分别为0.999 6和0.998 7）,平均回收率分别为94.37%和94.43%,RSD分别为2.38%和2.72%（n=9）。结论 该方法专属性强,准确、灵敏,可以作为奥美沙坦酯中基因毒性杂质1 和杂质2 的液相分析方法。     

奥美沙坦酯的工艺改进

目的 改进奥美沙坦酯的合成工艺。方法 以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯(2)为起始原料,经溴代反应,“一锅法”完成N-烷基化和皂化-酯化反应,再经氰基四氮唑化反应,得到奥美沙坦酯(1)。结果 3步得到成品,总收率46.5%(以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯计)。结论 改进后的工艺非常实用,适合工业化生产。     

奥美沙坦酯中4-氯甲基-5-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮和4,5-二氯甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮的HPLC法测定

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定奥美沙坦酯中氯代烷基结构类潜在基因毒性杂质（4-氯甲基-5-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮（杂质1）和4,5二氯甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮（杂质2））。方法：采用色谱柱为Kromasil Eternity 5-PhenylHexyl 柱 250×4.6 mm;检测波长：215 nm,流动相A：乙腈：2.04 g?L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用1.73 g/L磷酸溶液调节pH值至3.4）（20：80）;流动相B：2.04 g?L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用1.73 g?L-1磷酸溶液调节pH值至3.4）：乙腈（20：80）,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量10 μL。结果：杂质1和杂质2与主峰分离良好,在浓度为0.1066~0.7104 μg·mL-1和0.1235~0.6174 μg·mL-1范围内杂质1和杂质2的线性关系良好（相关系数分别为1.0000和0.9971）;杂质1和杂质2的平均回收率分别为98.09%和114.85%,RSD（n=9）分别为7%和7%。结论：经方法学验证,本法准确性好、灵敏度高,适用于奥美沙坦酯中的杂质1和杂质2的定量控制。     

厄贝沙坦的合成

环戊酮与氰化钠反应制得1-氨基环戊腈，成盐、水解成酰胺后与戊酰氯反应制得2-丁基-1，3-二氮杂螺[4-4]壬-1-烯-4-酮，相转移催化条件下与4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯反应制得2-丁基-3-[（2’-氰基联苯-4-基）甲基]-1，3-二氮杂螺[4-4]壬-1-烯-4-酮，最后与叠氮化钠反应制得厄贝沙坦，总收率约39％。     

HPLC/MS法测定厄贝沙坦中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯

目的建立检测厄贝沙坦中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基-2-氰基联苯的液质联用方法。方法选择三重四极杆质谱仪(电喷雾离子源ESI)进行检测,流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-甲醇梯度洗脱。结果该方法专属性良好;标准曲线线性范围1.25~100 ng/ml;检测限浓度为1.25 ng/ml,定量限浓度为2.5 ng/ml;精密度RSD均小于5.0%;回收率为89.2%~91.6%,准确度良好;耐用性良好。结论该方法简单灵敏准确,可以较好地满足厄贝沙坦原料生产中潜在基因毒性杂质4’-溴甲基2-氰基联苯的检测。     

4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯的合成

目的：合成4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯。方法；以2-氰基-4’-甲基联苯为原料，经水解，酯化，溴代3步反应合成4’-溴甲基-2联苯甲酸甲酯。结果：合成了4’-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸甲酯，总收率70％。结论：本合成方法提高了反应收率，简化了操作，降低了成本。     

HPLC法测定葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中的遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法测定葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中的遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna C18（250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0. 1%甲酸（15∶85）,流速为1. 0 ml·min-1,检测波长为284 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μl。结果:5-羟甲基糠醛在0. 205～20. 520μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性,r=0. 999 9;平均回收率为99. 3%,RSD为0. 7%（n=9）。结论:本方法可用于葡萄糖酸钙口服溶液中遗传毒性杂质5-羟甲基糠醛的含量检测。     

4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸叔丁酯的合成

4′-溴甲基-2-联苯甲酸叔丁酯（1）是降压药替米沙坦（telmisartan）的合成中间体。本研究参考文献，用4′-甲基-2-氰基联苯（2）经水解、酯化、溴代制得1（图1），并进行了改进。2在乙醇-水（5：1）中于80℃反应16h，得粗品纯度99％，可直接用于下步反应。酯化时，文献用浓硫酸催化或直接通入异丁烯制取，用HPLC跟踪反应进程，经试验结果不理想。现改在0℃用叔丁醇加DCC酯化，收率90％（文献：86．1％）。溴化时用氯仿代替四氯化碳㈨作溶剂。改进后的1总收率61％。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定厄贝沙坦和氯沙坦钾原料药中3种叠氮类基因毒性杂质

目的:建立厄贝沙坦原料药和氯沙坦钾原料药中5-[4′-(叠氮甲基)-[1,1′-联苯]-2-基]-1H-四氮唑(MB-X),4′-叠氮甲基-[1,1′-联苯]-2-氰基(AZBC)和5-[4′-[(5-(叠氮甲基)-2-丁基-4-氯-1H-咪唑-1-基)甲基]-[1,1′-联苯]2-基]-1H-四唑(LADX)这3种叠氮类基因毒性杂质的超高效液相色谱-串联(UPLC-MS/MS)三重四级杆质谱的检测方法。方法:ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm)色谱柱；0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱；流速为0.35 mL·min^-1,柱温为50℃;采用大气压化学离子源(APCI)正/负离子扫描，多反应监测(MRM)模式对3种基因毒性杂质同时进行定量检测。结果:3种杂质在0.5～100 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系；检测限分别为0.05,0.03,0.02 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.15,0.11,0.08 ng·mL^-1     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定瑞戈非尼中两种痕量基因毒性杂质

目的 建立UPLC-MS/MS方法测定瑞戈非尼中两类基因毒性杂质（3-氟-4-氨基苯酚（SM2）、3-三氟甲基-4-氯异氰酸苯酯（SM3））的含量。方法 采用色谱柱Agilent RRHD C₁₈（2.1mm ×100 mm，1.8 μm），流动相为 0.05% 甲酸水－甲醇，梯度洗脱，流速为0.3 mL·min^-1，柱温为35℃；采用Agilent 1290-6470A液质联用仪和电喷雾离子源（AJS ESI）源检测，正负离子模式采集数据。结果 本方法的专属性、线性与范围、定量限与检测限、准确度、精密度及稳定性均符合中国药典的验证指标。结论 本方法操作简便，结果可靠，用于两批瑞戈非尼中潜在毒性杂质（3-氟-4-氨基苯酚、3-三氟甲基-4-氯异氰酸苯酯）的测定。两批样品中均未检测到SM2，而基因毒性杂质SM3的含量分别为13.6×10^-6和41.4 ×10^-6。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.