原发性高血压患者血压变异性及昼夜节律与左室肥厚的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性及血压昼夜节律与心室肥厚的关系.方法 连续入选2010 年8 月至2012 年1 月,于中国医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科住院的原发性高血压患者共93例,根据超声心动图测量指标计算所得的左心室重量指数(LVMI)分为左心室肥厚(LVH)组与无LVH 组;再根据24 h 动态血压监测获得的结果分为血压晨峰组与无血压晨峰组,杓型血压组与非杓型血压组.分析比较24 h 血压、白昼和夜间血压均值、血压变异性、血压昼夜节律及晨峰与心室肥厚的相关性.结果 ①与无LVH 组相比,LVH 组24 小时收缩压(24 h SBP)、24 小时舒张压(24 h DBP)、白昼收缩压(dSBP)、白昼舒张压(dDBP)、夜间收缩压(nSBP)和夜间舒张压(nDBP)均升高,P<0.01;LVH 组24 小时平均收缩压标准差(24 hSSD)高于无LVH 组,P<0.05,但两组24 小时平均舒张压标准差(24 h DSD)无差别;与无LVH 组相比,LVH组夜间收缩压标准差(nSSD)和夜间舒张压标准差(dDSD)升高,P<0.01;但白昼收缩压标准差(dSSD)和白昼舒张压标准差(dDSD)无差别.②血压晨峰组LVMI 高于无血压晨峰组,P<0.05;血压晨峰组LVH 比率也高于无血压晨峰组,P<0.01;与无血压晨峰组相比,血压晨峰组24 h SBP、dSBP 和nSBP 均增高,P<0.05,但两组24 h DBP、dDBP 和nDBP 无差别.③杓型血压组LVMI 低于非杓形血压组,P<0.05;杓型血压组LVH 比率低于非杓形血压组,P<0.01;与非杓形血压组相比,杓型血压组nSBP、nDBP 均降低,P<0.01;而两组24 hSBP、24 h DBP、dSBP、dDBP 差异无统计学意义.结论 原发性高血压患者LVH 的发生与血压变异性和血压晨峰密切相关.具有血压晨峰的患者和血压昼夜节律消失的非杓型高血压患者更易出现LVH.     

原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律、血压变异性与动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的:探讨原发性高血压患者的血压昼夜节律、血压变异性与动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法:入选原发性高血压患者120例,行24 h动态血压监测,根据血压昼夜节律分为杓型组(n=22)、非杓型组(n=36)和反杓型组(n=62)。分析比较3组的血压变异性、冠心病发生率及颈动脉斑块检出率。结果:反杓型组的24 h收缩压标准差(24hSSD)、24 h舒张压标准差(24hDSD)、白昼收缩压标准差(dSSD)、白昼舒张压标准差(dDSD)、24 h收缩压变异系数(24hSBP-CV)、夜间收缩压变异系数(nSBP-CV)均低于杓型组;反杓型组的24hDSD、dDSD、24hDBP-CV低于非勺型组;反杓型组冠心病发生率及颈动脉斑块检出率较杓型组明显升高(P均<0.05)。结论:原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律异常对动脉粥样硬化进展可能有促进作用。     

血压正常高值者动态血压变化与动脉顺应性的相关性研究

目的探讨血压正常高值者24 h动态血压变化与颈桡动脉脉搏波传导速度(crPWV)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的相关性。方法入选受试对象286例,其中理想血压组(血压<120/80 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.1 33 kPa)90例,血压正常高值组196例,对所有入选对象进行24 h动态血压监测,根据监测参数将血压正常高值组又分为杓型组103例,非杓型组93例,同时进行crPWV及颈动脉IMT检测。结果非杓型组24h收缩压均值较杓型组升高[(122.00)±9.74)mm Hg vs(11 6.74±8.66)mm Hg,P<0.05]。非杓型组夜间血压各指标均较杓型组明显升高(P<0.01),非杓型组crPWV较杓型组升高[(9.53±1.14)m/s vs(8.38±0.88)m/s.P<0.05],非杓型组IMT较杓型组升高[(0.93±0.11)mm vs(0.81±0.1 2)mm,P<0.05],多元回归分析显示,夜间收缩压均值、夜间收缩压下降率、夜间舒张压均值等是crPWV的影响因素,夜间舒张压下降率、24 h收缩压均值、甘油三酯是IMT的影响因素。结论血压昼夜节律异常与crPWV及IMT密切相关,血压正常高值者已出现血管结构与弹性功能异常。     

原发性高血压病左室肥厚与血压变异性及血压昼夜节律的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压病左室肥厚(LVH)与24h血压变异性及血压昼夜节律的关系。方法 运用无创性动态血压仪对56例原发性高血压患者(EH)进行24小时监测，分析其24h血压变异性系数和昼夜节律。并通过超声心动图进行左室重量测定，根据左室重量将其分为左室肥厚组(30例)和无左室肥厚组(26例)，同时将左室重量指数(LVMI)与上述参数进行相关性分析。结果 LVH组血压变异性平均血压水平较无LVH组明显增大，LVH组夜间血压下降率低于无LVH组。LVMI与血压变异性系数及平均血压水平呈正相关，与夜间血压下降率呈负相关。结论 EH平均血压升高、血压变异性增大及昼夜节律消失是导致LVH的原因之一。     

瑞舒伐他汀联合奥美沙坦对老年高血压患者内皮功能和血压变异性的影响

目的探讨瑞舒伐他汀联合奥美沙坦对老年高血压患者内皮功能和血压变异性的影响。方法将100例老年高血压患者随机分为对照组和研究组各50例,对照组患者给予奥美沙坦治疗,研究组患者在对照组治疗的基础上加用瑞舒伐他汀钙治疗。治疗12 w后,比较两组患者治疗前后血脂、平均血压、血压变异性、内皮素(ET-1)和一氧化氮(NO)变化。结果与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后日间收缩压均数(d SBP)、日间舒张压均数(d DBP)、夜间收缩压均数(n SBP)、夜间舒张压均数(n DBP)、24 h SBP、24 h DBP、日间收缩压标准差(d SSD)、日间舒张压标准差(d DSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(n SSD)、夜间舒张压标准差(n DSD)、24 h SSD、24 h DSD、ET-1明显降低,NO明显升高;研究组治疗后总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显升高(P0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,研究组治疗后d SBP、d DBP、n SBP、n DBP、24 h SBP、24 h DBP、d SSD、d DSD、n SSD、n DSD、24 h SSD、24 h DSD、TC、TG、LDL-C、ET-1显著降低,HDL-C、NO明显升高(P0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率较对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。结论瑞舒伐他汀联合奥美沙坦治疗老年高血压患者,具有降血压、降血脂作用,且能够有效改善血管内皮功能和血压变异性,安全可靠,值得推广应用。     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性与左心室质量指数的相关性分析

目的探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)与左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)的相关性。方法选择我院住院的原发性高血压患者95例,根据心电图、彩色超声心动图检查确定是否伴有左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)分为LVH组42例及无LVH组53例,另选择血压正常且无LVH的健康体检者40例为对照组,收集3组一般临床资料,检测同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,进行24 h动态血压监测,比较3组24 h、夜间、昼间平均血压、收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差及LVMI。结果3组年龄、体质量指数、吸烟、尿酸、血红蛋白、血脂、糖化血红蛋白及各时间段内平均血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组性别、糖尿病比例、Hcy、肌酐、LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。LVH组男性比例、Hcy、LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差明显高于无LVH组和对照组(P<0.05),LVH组和无LVH组糖尿病比例和肌酐水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[59.5%和56.6%vs 7.5%,(92.0±4.8)μmol/L和(81.3±15.9)μmol/L vs(65.4±13.2)μmol/L,P<0.05]。无LVH组与对照组LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。LVH组非杓型高血压比例明显高于无LVH组和对照组(85.7%vs 34.0%、5.0%,P=0.000)。结论BPV与高血压患者的LVH关系密切,其可能作为靶器官损伤最新的独立预测因素。     

血压变异性及血压昼夜节律对老年冠心病并发慢性心力衰竭伴高血压患者临床治疗效果的影响研究

目的探讨血压变异性及血压昼夜节律对老年冠心病并发慢性心力衰竭伴高血压患者临床治疗效果的影响。方法选取重庆市长寿区人民医院2013—2014年收治的老年冠心病并发慢性心力衰竭伴高血压患者188例,根据临床治疗结果分为治疗有效组136例和治疗无效组52例,并根据治疗后心功能好转情况分为左心室射血分数(LVEF)10%者111例、LVEF≤10%者77例,纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级改善者103例、NYHA分级未改善者85例。对所有患者进行24 h血压动态监测,比较治疗有效组和治疗无效组以及不同心功能好转情况患者血压变异性〔24 h收缩压标准差(24 h SSD)、24 h舒张压标准差(24 hDSD)、日间收缩压标准差(dSSD)、日间舒张压标准差(d DSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(nSSD)及夜间舒张压标准差(n DSD)〕、血压昼夜节律(超杓型、杓型、非杓型、反杓型)。结果治疗有效组患者24 hSSD、24 hDSD、dSSD、dDSD、nSSD及nDSD低于治疗无效组(P0.05)。治疗有效组患者血压昼夜节律优于治疗无效组(P0.01)。LVEF10%、NYHA分级改善者24 hSSD、24 hDSD、dSSD、dDSD、nSSD及nDSD低于LVEF≤10%、NYHA分级未改善者,血压昼夜节律优于LVEF≤10%、NYHA分级未改善者(P0.05)。结论血压变异性越大、血压昼夜节律异常(非杓型)对老年冠心病并发慢性心力衰竭伴高血压患者的影响较大,其治疗效果相对不佳,提示控制血压变异性、恢复血压昼夜节律与控制患者的平均血压同等重要。     

动态血压监测高血压与左心室肥厚的关系

目的探讨高血压者(EH)血压负荷值与血压昼夜节律与左心室肥厚(LVH)的关系。方法采用24h动态血压(ABPM)监测100例EH者并应用心电图、超声心动图确定的有LVH和无LVH各50例,以24h白天、夜间平均血压(SBP和DBP)及血压负荷值,计算出血压昼夜节律值:(日间均值-夜间均值)/日间均值×100%,为参数指标。结果两组血压昼夜节律、血压负荷值、血压均值比较差异有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血压昼夜节律及血压负荷值与高血压LVH密切相关,并对LVH的发生和预后有重要的指导价值。     

原发性高血压病人血清视黄醇结合蛋白4水平与血压变异性的关系

目的探讨原发性高血压病人血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平与血压变异性的关系。方法选取我院心内科2014年3月—2015年1月收治的42例原发性高血压病人作为观察组,再选取同期在本院进行健康体检的45例健康病人作为对照组。所有研究对象均接受动态心电监护仪的检查,并采集静脉血检测其血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)RBP4的水平。比较两组血压变异性参数24 h收缩压标准差(24 h SSD)、24 h舒张压标准差(24 h DSD)、日间收缩压标准差(d SSD)、日间舒张压标准差(d DSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(n SSD)、夜间舒张压标准差(n DSD)以及其与相关血清指标的相关性。结果观察组血清RBP4(t=7.729,P0.001)水平高于对照组;观察组血压变异参数24 h SSD(t=7.626,P0.001)、d SSD(t=8.207,P0.001)、d DSD(t=2.891,P=0.005)、n SSD(t=5.653,P0.001)的水平均高于对照组;观察组血压变异性参数24 h SSD(r=0.829,P0.001)、d SSD(r=0.687,P0.001)、d DSD(r=0.571,P0.001)、n SSD(r=0.475,P0.05)与血清RBP4水平均呈显著正相关。结论血清RBP4水平与原发性高血压病人的血压变异性呈正相关性,对病人的高血压病情有预示作用。     

老年类风湿关节炎合并原发性高血压患者动态血压的昼夜节律及血压变异性

目的探讨类风湿关节炎(RA)合并原发性高血压(EH)患者24 h动态血压的昼夜节律变化及血压变异性(BPV)的特点。方法纳入44例诊断为RA合并EH的老年患者作为观察组,同时选取42例仅诊断为EH的老年患者作为对照组,再随机抽取27例健康体检人群为正常组。入组者均进行24 h无创动态血压检查。24 h血压水平指标包括24 h平均收缩压(SBP)、24 h平均舒张压(DBP)、日间平均收缩压(d SBP)、日间平均舒张压(d DBP)、夜间平均收缩压(n SBP)、夜间平均舒张压(n DBP);BPV参数包括24 h收缩压标准差(24 h SBP-SD),24 h舒张压标准差(DBPSD),日间收缩压标准差(d SBP-SD)和舒张压标准差(d DBP-SD),夜间收缩压标准差(n SBP-SD)和舒张压标准差(n DBP-SD)。根据d SBP和d DBP的差值与d SBP的比值判定血压昼夜节律变化,比较观察组与对照组间血压昼夜节律的差异。结果观察组与对照组n SBP、n DBP、n SBP-SD和n DBPSD均有显著差异(P0.05);观察组与正常组24 h SBP、24 h DBP、d SBP、d DBP、n SBP、n DBP、n SBP-SD差异显著(P0.05)。对照组与正常组24 h SBP、24 h DBP、d SBP、d DBP、n SBP、n DBP、n SBP-SD差异显著(P0.05)。观察组中存在昼夜节律异常者占95%(42/44),其中反杓型及浅杓型发生率分别为55%(24/44)、41%(18/44);对照组中昼夜节律异常占57%(24/42),均为浅杓型;两组间差异显著(P0.05)。结论 RA合并EH的老年患者夜间SBP及DBP的BPV较EH患者明显增大,同时该组患者的昼夜血压节律更易出现异常,提示自身调节功能损害更大。     

Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient in Cirrhosis: Correlation with the Size of Varices, Bleeding, Ascites, and Child's Status

The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) clearly reflects portal pressure in cirrhotic portal hypertension. Its relation with variceal bleeding has been well studied. We undertook to study the relation of HVPG to variceal size, Child's status, and etiology of cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension with esophageal varices underwent HVPG measurement as part of a prospective evaluation. One hundred seventy-six cirrhotics with varices (M:F, 140:36; mean age, 42.6 ± 13.4 years), 104 with CLD related to viral etiology, 40 with alcoholic liver disease, 26 cryptogenic with cirrhosis, and 6 with miscellaneous causes of CLD underwent HVPG measurement. The mean HVPG was lower in patients with small varices (n = 77; 14.6 ± 5.9 mm Hg) than in patients with large varices (n = 99; 19.2 ± 6.6 mm Hg; P < 0.01). In patients with large varices, the mean HVPG in bleeders (n = 37) was higher than in nonbleeders (n = 62) (21.7 ± 7.2 vs 17.9 ± 6.2 mm Hg; P < 0.01). The mean HVPG was significantly higher in Child's B (n = 97; 17.4 ± 6.9 mm Hg) and C (n = 56; 19.0 ± 5.7 mm Hg) compared to Child's A cirrhotics (n = 23; 12.2 ± 5.9 mm Hg; P < 0.01), and Child's C compared to Child's B cirrhotics (P = 0.05). HVPG was higher in alcoholic compared to nonalcoholic cirrhotics (20.8 ± 7.3 vs 16.4 ± 6.3 mm Hg; P < 0.05), but this was not significant in multivariate analysis. The HVPG was comparable between hepatitis B- and hepatitis C virus-related cirrhotics (P = 0.8). Cirrhotics with ascites had a higher HVPG than those without ascites (18.5 ± 5.6 vs 16.6 ± 7.6 mm Hg; P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, only Child's status, size of varices, and variceal bleed predicted higher HVPG. HVPG is higher in cirrhotics with large varices and a history of bleed. There is a good correlation between HVPG and large varices, bleeder status, and ascites. A higher HVPG reflects more severe liver disease. The etiology of liver disease did not influence the portal pressure.     

血压控制不达标患者血压特征及与缺血性脑卒中的关系

目的：了解血压控制不达标高血压患者收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压、血压控制不达标类型以及血压分级等血压特点及其与脑卒中患病情况的关系。方法：2012年3月至12月在北京安贞医院门诊及所属社区卫生服务中心门诊筛查血压控制不达标的高血压患者,共收集血压控制不达标高血压患者3909人。结果：研究对象男性占49.4%,女性占50.6%。62.2%患者服用一种降压药,37.8%联合用药。144例患缺血性脑卒中,患病率为3.68%。多因素回归分析发现,和收缩压及舒张压均未控制的患者相比,单纯舒张压控制不达标者脑卒中的患病危险低,OR=0.339(95%CI:0.124-0.923)。和收缩压＜140 mmHg者相比,收缩压高于150mmHg者缺血性脑卒中的患病危险增加,收缩压150~159mmHg以及≥160mmHg者相对危险度分别为2.532 (95%CI:1.266-5.067),和2.004(95%CI:1.010-3.979)。而脉压差、平均动脉压、舒张压以及血压分级在多因素分析中均为显示与缺血性脑卒中的相关关系。结论：单纯舒张压控制不达标类型以及收缩压水平与缺血性脑卒中的患病危险相关。单纯舒张压控制不达标的患者以及收缩压高于150 mmHg者缺血性脑卒中的患病危险增加。     

Simplified hypertension screening approaches with low misclassification and high efficiency in the United States,Nepal, and India

Standard triplicate blood pressure (BP) measurements pose time barriers to hypertension screening, especially in resource‐limited settings. We assessed the implications of simplified approaches using fewer measurements with adults (≥18 years old) not using anti‐hypertensive medications from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2016 (n = 30 614), and two datasets from May Measurement Month 2017‐2018 (n = 14 795 for Nepal and n = 6 771 for India). We evaluated the proportion of misclassification of hypertension when employing the following simplified approaches: using only 1st BP, only 2nd BP, 2nd if 1st BP in a given range (otherwise using 1st), and average of 1st and 2nd BP. Hypertension was defined as average of 2nd and 3rd systolic BP ≥140 and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg. Using only the 1st BP, the proportion of missed hypertension ranged from 8.2%–12.1% and overidentified hypertension from 4.3%–9.1%. Using only 2nd BP reduced the misclassification considerably (corresponding estimates, 4.9%–6.4% for missed hypertension and 2.0%–4.4% for overidentified hypertension) but needed 2nd BP in all participants. Using 2nd BP if 1st BP ≥130/80 demonstrated similar estimates of missed hypertension (3.8%–8.1%) and overidentified hypertension (2.0%–3.9%), but only required a 2nd BP in 33.8%–59.8% of participants. In conclusion, a simplified approach utilizing 1st BP supplemented by 2nd BP in some individuals has low misclassification rates and requires approximately half of the total number of measurements compared to the standard approach, and thus can facilitate screening in resource‐constrained settings.     

Reliability of morning,before‐dinner,and at‐bedtime home blood pressure measurements in patients with hypertension

The authors evaluated differences in the reliability of home blood pressure measurements taken in the morning, before dinner, and at bedtime. Forty‐eight patients with hypertension (age range, 50–89 years; mean age, 76.4 years) measured their home blood pressure using a validated automatic information/communication technology‐based device for 14 consecutive days. Those days were divided into the first seven days (1–7) and the following 8 to 14 days (days 8–14) and compared systolic blood pressure (SBP) reliability in the two periods for each measurement time point. In Bland‐Altman analyses, morning SBP showed the least standard error of measurement (3.0 mm Hg). There were fixed biases in morning and before‐dinner SBP with average limits of agreement of 3.9 and 6.4 mm Hg, respectively. For at‐bedtime SBP, a random error was detected and the minimal detectable change was 13.8 mm Hg. The percentage of near‐maximal variation of morning SBP was the smallest at 18.1%. Morning SBP therefore provided the most reliable home blood pressure value in the day.     

Association of BP with Death,Cardiovascular Events,and Progression to Chronic Dialysis in Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease

Background and objective

The optimal BP target to reduce adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CKD is unclear. This study examined the relationship between BP and death, cardiovascular events (CVEs), and kidney disease progression in patients with advanced kidney disease.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The relationship of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) with death, CVE, and progression to long-term dialysis was examined in 1099 patients with advanced CKD (eGFR≤30 ml/min per 1.7 3m²; not receiving dialysis) who participated in the Homocysteine in Kidney and ESRD study. That study enrolled participants from 2001 to 2003. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between BP and adverse outcomes.

Results

The mean±SD baseline eGFR was 18±7 ml/min per 1.73 m². During a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 453 patients died, 215 had a CVE, and 615 initiated long-term dialysis. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and confounders, SBP, DBP, and PP were not associated with a higher risk of death. SBP and DBP were also not associated with CVE. The highest quartile of PP was associated with a substantial higher risk of CVE compared with the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10 to 2.52). The highest quartiles of SBP (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.61) and DBP (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.73), but not PP, were associated with a higher risk of progression to long-term dialysis compared with the lowest quartile.

Conclusions

In patients with advanced kidney disease not undergoing dialysis, higher PP was strongly associated with CVE whereas higher SBP and DBP were associated with progression to long-term dialysis. These results suggest that SBP and DBP should not be the only factors considered in determining antihypertensive therapy; elevated PP should also be considered.     

Intra‐bolus pressure and esophagogastric gradient,assessed with high‐resolution manometry,are associated with acid exposure and proximal migration of refluxate

Trans‐sphincteric pressure gradient (TSPG) seems to play a relevant role in eliciting refluxes during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs). Intra‐bolus pressure (IBP) is considered to be correlated to esophageal wall tone. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between IBP, TSPG during TLESRs and the dynamic properties of refluxate in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Sixteen non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD), 10 erosive disease (ERD) patients and 12 healthy volunteers (HVs), underwent 24‐hour impedance‐pH monitoring and combined high‐resolution manometry‐impedance before and 60 minutes. After a meal, ERD patients presented a significantly lower mean IBP (4.7 ± 1.6 mmHg) respect to NERD patients (8.9 ± 2.8 mmHg) and HVs (9.2 ± 3.2 mmHg). NERD patients with physiological abnormal acid exposure time showed a mean IBP (10.4 ± 3.1 mmHg) significantly higher than that in NERD with pathological abnormal acid exposure time (5.1 ± 1.5 mmHg). The TSPG value was significantly higher during TLESRs accompanied by reflux than during TLESRs not associated with reflux, both in patients and in HVs. A significant direct correlation was found between IBP, TSPG and proximal spread of refluxes in patients and in HVs. Gastroesophageal reflux disease patients display different degrees of esophageal distension. An increased compliance of the distal esophagus may accommodate larger volumes of refluxate and likely facilitates the injuries development. Higher TSPG values appear to facilitate the occurrence of refluxes during TLESRs. In patients with NERD, higher TSPG and IBP values favor proximal spread of refluxate and hence may play a relevant role in symptom generation.     

Left atrial size,pressure, and v wave height in patients with isolated,severe, pure mitral regurgitation

In recent years, some concepts regarding the etiology and hemodynamics present in the syndrome of mitral regurgitation have changed. Coronary artery disease and mitral valve prolapse have replaced rheumatic heart disease as the most frequent cause of mitral regurgitation. Hemodynamic studies have shown that tall V waves in the pulmonary capillary wedge tracings are neither specific nor sensitive in detecting the presence of mitral regurgitation. In this study, we evaluated the role of various clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic findings with regard to left atrial (LA) size, pressure, and V wave height. We found that the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) and V wave height for the subset of patients with acute mitral regurgitation (PCW = 24.1 ± 10.9; V = 41.2 ± 20.7 mm Hg) was similar to the subset with chronic mitral regurgitation (PCW = 17.9 ± 7.5; V = 32.0 ± 18.2 mm Hg). In addition, we found that there was a significant logarithmic relationship between the LA size and the duration of the mitral regurgitation (y = 1.404 [log X] + 3.948; R = 0.678; p < 0.0005). Lastly, we found that LA size, compliance, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant valve orifice area all increase with time.     

Systolic,diastolic, and pulse pressures as coronary risk factors in a population with low cholesterol levels: a prospective 10-year evaluation

BACKGROUND: Pulse pressure (PP) has recently been found to be predictive of subsequent cardiovascular, particularly coronary, events in some middle-aged and elderly populations. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this prospective population-based study was to evaluate the roles of systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP in predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality in both genders in a population of a wide age span and a setting of low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. METHODS: Of participants in the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study aged > or = 20 years, those free of CHD at baseline examination in 1990 were followed up for a mean of 9.3 years. Coronary heart disease was diagnosed based on clinical findings and Minnesota coding of resting electrocardiograms (ECGs). In 2,601 men and women (mean age at baseline 41.4 +/- 15 years), deaths from CHD developed in 80 and nonfatal CHD in 158 patients. RESULTS: In a logistic regression analysis for predictors of composite endpoint of coronary mortality and morbidity, individually. DBP was not significantly and independently associated, while SBP was an independent risk predictor in both genders (relative risk [RR] 1.016). When two of three blood pressure components were entered jointly into the multivariable model, PP had a value inferior to that of SBP among men and women, but was of greater value than DBP in men in predicting both the composite endpoint and death from CHD. Among women, the predictive values of PP and DBP were similar. Within the categories of SBP > or = 120 mmHg in men, PP contributed significantly to the predictive power of SBP in overall CHD risk over and above that supplied by SBP, whereas DBP remained noncontributory. CONCLUSION: Although inferior to the predictive power of SBP, PP was an important determinant of CHD risk in a population of a diverse age span and a better predictor than DBP in men.     

A Method to Define Reference Profiles for Ambulatory Blood Pressure,with Application to Blood Pressure Profiles in 158 Young Subject

ABSTRACT

Ambulatory blood pressures (systolic, SBP, diastolic, DBP) and heart rate were determined over 24h every 15min in the day and every 15min in the night in 72 normal subjects aged 21±1SEM with normal casual office pressures (WHO's criteria: officeDBP ≤ 90mmHg, officeSBP ≤ 140mmHg) and in 86 essential hypertensive subjects aged 21±1, with borderline office pressure (WHO's criteria: officeDBP ≤ 95mmHg, officeSBP ≤ 160mmHg). Complete 24-hour profiles (mean±SD) were reported. In the average, mean ambulatory DBP in the normal group was about 72.5mmHg in “day time” (9 a.m.-9 p.m.) and 63.5mmHg in “night time” (midnight-7 a.m.). Ambulatory SBP in the normal group were about 126mmHg and 110mmHg for the same time periods. In the borderline hypertensive group, the figures were 74mmHg (day-time) and 67mmHg (night time) for diastolic pressure and 140mmHg (day time) and 118mmHg (night time) for systolic pressure. However, when the normal and borderline groups were defined as above on the basis of office pressures, ambulatory blood pressure profiles in the two groups showed a large overlap. A method was proposed to reduce this overlap by partially reallocating the subjects on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure. First, a typical profile was defined for each group and a distance was defined between two arbitrary profiles. Then a subject in the normal (resp. hypertensive) group was reallocated to the hypertensive (normal) group if his profile was closer to the typical profile of the hypertensive (normal) group than the typical profile of his own group. Applied to ambulatory DBP profiles, this method reallocated 49 subjects (over the total of 158), significantly reduced the initial overlap of BP profiles between the two groups, and defined reference profiles for “normal” and “borderline” ambulatory blood pressures.     

血压、脉压水平及高血压病程对高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响

目的探讨血压、脉压水平及高血压病程对高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响。方法从上海市宝山区6家社区卫生中心及本院入选1026例高血压患者,收集相关病史信息,检测其颈-股动脉(C-F)、颈-桡动脉(C-R)、颈-足背动脉(C-D)脉搏波传导速度(PWV),672例患者在随访1年后复测PWV。从血压、脉压、高血压病程3者的不同水平进行分组比较及随访前后对照分析。结果 (1)1、2、3级高血压患者的C-FPWV随血压水平的增高而增快,分别为(12.61±2.76)m/s,(14.35±3.41)m/s,(15.50±2.93)m/s(均为P<0.01)。1级高血压组较2级、3级高血压组C-FPWV差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。(2)随访前后C-FPWV在1级和2级高血压组分别为(12.73±2.91)m/s和(13.39±3.25)m/s,(13.96±3.07)m/s和(14.75±4.10)m/s,差异有统计学意义,而在3级高血压组差异无统计学意义。(3)脉压<40 mm Hg,40～60 mm Hg,≥60 mm Hg 3组C-FPWV随脉压的增大而增快,分别为(11.95±2.60)m/s,(12.94±2.85)m/s,(14.89±3.22)m/s(均为P<0.01)。随访1年后3组的C-FPWV分别较前增快0.70 m/s,0.65 m/s,0.85 m/s,差异均有统计学意义。(4)高血压病程<5年、5～10年、≥10年3组C-FPWV分别为(12.77±2.75)m/s,(12.85±3.07)m/s,(13.76±3.05)m/s,3组比较差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.01),病程越长,C-FPWV越快。结论(1)C-FPWV较C-RPWV、C-DPWV更能反映动脉僵硬度的变化。(2)C-FPWV随血压、脉压水平的增高及高血压病程的延长而增快,3者均为动脉僵硬度的重要影响因素。