实时三维超声心动图评估左束支起搏术对左心室同步性及心室功能的影响

目的 实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评估左束支区域起搏（LBBP）与右心室流出道起搏（RVOP）手术前后患者左右心室收缩功能及左心室同步性。方法 纳入西安交通大学第二附属医院永久起搏器置入患者56例,根据不同术式分为LBBP组（n=30）和RVOP组（n=26）。应用三维超声心动图获取两组患者术前及术后左右心室收缩功能以及左室同步性参数,比较两组患者手术前后及两组之间的差异。结果 术后6个月随访,RVOP组LVGLS较术前降低（P<0.05）;患者左心室16节段同步性参数Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv16-Dif%较术前均明显增大（均P<0.01）;右心室收缩功能减低,TAPSE(P<0.01)、3D-RVEF(P<0.05)较术前下降。术后6个月随访,LBBP组LV-GLS值高于RVOP组（P<0.05）,左心室16节段同步性参数Tmsv16-SD(P<0.05)、Tmsv16-SD%(P<0.01)、Tmsv16-Dif(P<0.01)、Tmsv16-Dif%(P<0.05)均明显减...     

实时三维超声评价心脏再同步化治疗临床应用探讨

目的评价实时三维超声心动图在双心室再同步化治疗慢性心衰中的临床价值。方法设置正常对照组16例,其中男性10例,女性6例,年龄(58.00±6.22)岁:CRT治疗组16例,其中男12例,女性4例,年龄(64.77±11.11)岁。所有入选病例均行实时三维超声心动图检查,其中CRT治疗组于手术治疗前和治疗后3个月分别各接受一次实时三维超声心动图检查。计算舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积和左室射血分数,显示左室整体时间-容积曲线和16节段时间-容积曲线,自动测量每个节段达到最小收缩容积的时间Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif,将上述指标分别除以一个心动周期的持续时间,分别为Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv6-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif%、Tmsv12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%。计算左室整体收缩同步性容积分析指标即时间-位移参数指标,位移平均值、标准差、最大值、最小值。"牛眼图"显示左室各节段达到最小容积的时间先后顺序及达到最小容积的位移变化。采用成组t检验和方差分析,全部数据均使用spss13.0软件包进行统计分析处理。结果 (1)16例患者均成功植入CRT或CRTD起搏器;(2)CRT治疗前组与正常对照组比较,EDV、ESV、SV、LVEF等指标差异有显著性(P≤0.05);CRT治疗后,上述指标较CRT治疗前均有明显改善,但差异无显著性。(3)比较CRT治疗前组与正常对照组,左室时间-容积参数的多个指标明显增加,包括Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv6-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif、Tmsv16-Dif%、Tmsv12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%,差异有显著性(P≤0.05)。CRT治疗后,Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD等指标与CRT治疗前比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);而Tmsv16,12,6-Dif、Tmsv16,12,6-SD%及Tmsv16,12,6-Dif%等指标较CRT治疗前组虽明显改善,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);(4)CRT治疗前组与正常对照组比较,Excursion Avg、ExcursionSD、Excursion Max、Excursion Min四个指标差异均有显著性(P<0.001);CRT治疗后,Excursion SD、Excursion Max、Excursion Min等指标较CRT治疗前明显减小,差异有显著性(P<0.001),而Excursion Avg较CRT治疗前无明显变化,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论实时三维超声心动图为评价慢性心衰患者左室收缩同步性、评估临床疗效和预后转归提供了一种新的方法。其中左室时间-容积指标Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD和左室时间-位移参数Excursion SD、Excursion Max、Excursion Min可用于准确定量评价左室收缩不同步性。     

实时三维超声评价心脏再同步化治疗临床应用探讨

目的评价实时三维超声心动图在双心室再同步化治疗慢性心衰中的临床价值。方法设置正常对照组16例,其中男性10例,女性6例,年龄(58.00±6.22)岁:CRT治疗组16例,其中男12例,女性4例,年龄(64.77±11.11)岁。所有入选病例均行实时三维超声心动图检查,其中CRT治疗组于手术治疗前和治疗后3个月分别各接受一次实时三维超声心动图检查。计算舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积和左室射血分数,显示左室整体时间-容积曲线和16节段时间-容积曲线,自动测量每个节段达到最小收缩容积的时间Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif,将上述指标分别除以一个心动周期的持续时间,分别为Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv6-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif%、Tmsv12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%。计算左室整体收缩同步性容积分析指标即时间-位移参数指标,位移平均值、标准差、最大值、最小值。"牛眼图"显示左室各节段达到最小容积的时间先后顺序及达到最小容积的位移变化。采用成组t检验和方差分析,全部数据均使用spss13.0软件包进行统计分析处理。结果 (1)16例患者均成功植入CRT或CRTD起搏器;(2)CRT治疗前组与正常对照组比较,EDV、ESV、SV、LVEF等指标差异有显著性(P≤0.05);CRT治疗后,上述指标较CRT治疗前均有明显改善,但差异无显著性。(3)比较CRT治疗前组与正常对照组,左室时间-容积参数的多个指标明显增加,包括Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-SD%、Tmsv12-SD%、Tmsv6-SD%、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif、Tmsv16-Dif%、Tmsv12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%,差异有显著性(P≤0.05)。CRT治疗后,Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD等指标与CRT治疗前比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);而Tmsv16,12,6-Dif、Tmsv16,12,6-SD%及Tmsv16,12,6-Dif%等指标较CRT治疗前组虽明显改善,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);(4)CRT治疗前组与正常对照组比较,Excursion Avg、ExcursionSD、Excursion Max、Excursion Min?     

实时三维超声心动图评价2型糖尿病患者左室功能及同步性的观察

目的 利用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评价T2DM患者左室收缩功能及同步性.方法 选取T2DM患者60例,根据BP水平分为T2DM合并高血压（T2DM＋-HT）组28例及单纯T2DM组32例,另设正常对照（NC）组30名,均行常规二维超声心动图及RT-3DE检查. 目的 T2DM＋ HT组及单纯T2DM组RT-3DE测量的左室射血分数（LVEF）均低于NC组（P均＜0.05）;与NC组相比,T2DM＋ HT组及单纯T2DM组左室容积-时间曲线各参数（Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv1 6-Dif、Tmsv12-Di、Tmsv6-Di、Tmsv16-SD％、Tmsv12-SD％、Tmsv6-SD％、Tmsv1 6-Di f％、Tmsv12-Di f％、Tmsv6-Dif％）均较NC组增大（P均＜0.05）. 结论 应用RT-3DE技术可早期、准确评价T2DM患者左室收缩功能及其收缩不同步性.     

三维超声评价沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗慢性心力衰竭疗效的研究

目的:利用三维超声评价射血分数减低慢性心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者应用沙库巴曲缬沙坦(LCZ696)治疗6个月后左心室协调性及左心房功能变化。方法:25例心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级左心室射血分数≤40%的慢性心力衰竭患者纳入本研究。应用实时三维超声(RT-3DE)分析服用LCZ696初始及服药后6个月左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV-3D),左心室整体射血分数(GLVEF-3D)变化。分析左心室各节段到达最小收缩容积时间(Tmsv)标准差和最大差值被标准化为心动周期的百分比(Tmsv 16-SD%、Tmsv 12-SD%、Tmsv 6-SD%、Tmsv 16-Dif%、Tmsv 12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%)作为评价左心室收缩同步性的指标。二维超声心动图测量左心房最大容积指数(LAVImax),多普勒超声测定舒张早期跨二尖瓣血流速度E峰与二尖瓣环组织速度e’的比值(E/e’)作为评价左心室充盈压指标。结果:25例患者服用沙库巴曲缬沙坦6个月后LVEDV-3D、GLVEF-3D、LAVImax及E/e’较前明显减小(P<0. 05),Tmsv 16-SD%、Tmsv 12-SD%、Tmsv 6-SD%、Tmsv 16-Dif%、Tmsv 12-Dif%、Tmsv6-Dif%均明显缩短(P<0. 05),氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)较前明显降低(P<0. 05)。结论:LCZ696可显著改善HFrEF患者的左心室协调性及心房辅助功能,从而改善左心室功能。     

RT-3DE评价SLE患者左室收缩同步性临床研究

用二维及三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）检查系统性红斑狼疮患者（SLE组）33例及对照组21例,应用Qlab技术描绘左室容量-时间曲线（VTC）。发现与对照组比较,SLE组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-Dif及Tmsv16-Dif／R．R（％）、Tmsv16-SD／R—R（％）、LVESV均升高（P〈0．05）,3D—EF降低（P〈0．01）。对照组VTC各节段排列有序,而SLE组各节段排列紊乱,达最低收缩末容量的时间点先后分散。认为RT-3DEVTC形态及参数能在同一心动周期内比较左心室内收缩同步性,为评价SLE患者左心室内收缩不同步和心功能提供了无创精确的评价方法。     

实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病左心室收缩同步性

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病患者左心室收缩同步性的临床价值。方法：对32例冠心病患者和30例健康体检者进行实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）检查，获得左心室收缩同步性指标：Tmsv 16-SD，Tmsv 12-SD，Tmsv 6-SD，Tmsv 16-Dif，Tmsv 12-Dif，Tmsv 6-7Dif。结果：冠心病组左心室收缩同步性指标均大于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：实时三维超声心动图能够评价冠心病左心收缩同步性，为临床提供简便、直观、无创的新方法。     

实时三维超声心动图评价永久起搏患者左心室收缩同步性和心功能

目的 探讨应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价永久起搏患者左心室收缩同步性和心功能.方法 15例病态窦房结综合征置入双腔起搏器患者,分别将起搏模式程控为心房抑制型按需起搏(AAI)、房室按需型起搏(DDD)、心室抑制型按需起搏(VVI),每种起搏模式稳定5 min后,在RT-3DE下取左心室全容积图像.应用Qlab4.2脱机分析软件,获得左心室整体与17节段容积-时间曲线和比较左心室16、12、6节段心电图QRS波起点至左心室最小容积点时间的标准差和最大时间差(即Tmsv16-s、Tmsv12-s、Tmsv6-s、Tmsv16-dif、Tmsv12-dif、Tmsv6-dif)、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、左心室射血分数、左心室舒张早期峰值充盈率、左心室17节段的舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积和节段射血分数.结果 心室同步性指标容积-时间曲线和Tmsv16-s、Tmsv12-s、Tmsv6-s、Tmsv16-dif、Tmsv12-dif、Tmsv6-dif在AAI模式明显优于DDD、VVI模式(P<0.05),心功能指标左心室射血分数、左心室舒张早期峰值充盈率在AAI模式下显著高于DDD和VVI模式(P<0.05);DDD和VVI模式的上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);DDD与VVI模式时左心室前间隔、下壁和后壁基底段、心尖段节段射血分数较AAI模式明显降低(P<0.05).结论 采用RT-3DE可客观准确地评价永久起搏患者左心室收缩同步性和心功能.     

实时三维超声心动图和二维斑点追踪对冠心病患者左心室整体收缩功能与同步性的评价

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)和二维斑点追踪显像 (2D-STI)评价心肌缺血和心肌梗死患者左室整体收缩功能和同步性的临床应用价值,及两种方法在评价左室收缩同步性方面的相关性。方法 46例心肌缺血患者（心肌缺血组）、44例心肌梗死患者（心肌梗死组）和60例健康志愿者（正常对照组）行RT-3DE和2D-STI检查,应用Qlab8.1软件脱机分析,获得左心室收缩功能参数:GLS、GCS、GRS、3D-LVEDV、3D-LVESV和3D-LVEF;同步性参数:Tls-l6-SD、Trs-l2-SD、Tcs-l2-SD、TAS-POST、Tmsv-l6-SD和Tmsv-16-Dif。 结果 与正常对照组比较,心肌缺血组常规超声心动图无阳性发现,2D-STI示GLS明显降低,Tls-16-SD明显延长（P<0.05）; RT-3DE“牛眼图”可见室壁运动异常的节段,Tmsv-16-SD、Tmsv-16-Dif明显延长（P<0.05）。心肌梗死组常规超声心动图、2D-STI 及RT-3DE均有阳性表现,RT-3DE与2D-STI同步性参数相关性分析示Tmsv-16-SD与TAS-POST呈正相关(r=0.574,P<0.01),其余参数无相关性。 结论 RT-3DE与2D-STI可早期客观评价心肌缺血组冠心病患者左室收缩同步性,且二者存在一定相关性。     

扩张型心肌病左室质量指数与左室收缩不同步的关系

实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）观察扩张型心肌病（DCM）30例患者左心室质量指数（LVMI）和左心室收缩不同步指标Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 12-SD、Tmsv 6-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 12-Dif、Tmsv 6-Dif，并评价两者之间的关系。结果DCM组LVMI、左心室收缩不同步性指标均大于对照组（P均〈0．01）。LVMI与左心室收缩不同步指标之问呈正相关（r分别为0．635、0．573、0．673、0．513、0．469、0．445，P均〈0．01）。认为RT-3DE能够准确评价DCM患者LVMI和收缩不同步性，DCM患者LVMI与左心室收缩不同步有关。     

Transvascular and intracardiac two-dimensional echocardiography

Recent developments in transesophageal and catheter-based ultrasound instrumentation have allowed invasive ultrasound imaging. This experimental study presents a new application of invasive ultrasound, transvascular and intracardiac ultrasound imaging. In six pigs, we introduced a 7-mm, 5-MHz esophageal ultrasound probe into both the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava and explored the imaging potential of this approach. Transvascular imaging from the aorta allowed visualization of the various cardiac structures, the neural canal and interspaces, and peritoneal anatomy. Advancement of the transducer to the level of the aortic valve or into the left ventricle yielded images of the cardiac valves and chambers. With transvascular imaging from the inferior and superior vena cava, the aorta, neural canal, pancreas, and liver were well visualized. Intracardiac imaging from the inferior venae cavae and various regions of the right heart, the left heart structures could be visualized. This in vivo feasibility study demonstrates the potential application of transducer-tipped catheters for transvascular and intracardiac imaging.     

How does computer-assisted digital wall motion analysis influence observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy during stress echocardiography?

This study assessed interobserver and intraobserver variation and diagnostic accuracy during 25 dipyridamole stress echocardiography tests interpreted with different analysis systems: a) computer display of high frame rate digital cineloops (47 frames/s); b) computer display of lower frame rate digital cineloops (24 frames/s); and c) videotape recordings. The majority of the patients (84%) had documented coronary artery disease with baseline wall motion anormalities due to previous myocardial infarctions and/or coronary bypass surgery, thus comprising a population with difficult interpretation of stress echocardiography. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using coronary angiography as reference method. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement was highest when analysis was performed from computer-displayed cineloops, 96 and 92%, respectively, compared to 84 and 80% respectively, using videotape recordings. Sensitivity for identification of coronary artery stenosis was similar using digital cineloops with high frame rate or videotape recordings (67% to 80% for both systems), and tended to be lower using cineloops with lower frame rate for analysis (53%). Inter- and intraobserver differences for wall motion score index were not significantly influenced by the analysis system. We conclude that computer assisted analysis with high frame rate of the displayed cineloops provides optimal observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy in the same range as videotape analysis in patients undergoing stress echocardiography.     

Comparison of left atrial dimensions by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an established cardiovascular diagnostic technique. Left atrial (LA) size, as measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), is associated with cardiovascular disease and is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, stroke, death, and the success of cardioversion. Assessment of LA size has not been as well validated on TEE as on TTE. We determined LA size measurements in four standard views in 122 patients undergoing TEE and TTE at the same setting. In this study, we found that measurement of LA dimensions by TEE suffers from significant limitations in all views except the basal long-axis view (mid-esophageal level) with transducer plane at 120-150 degrees. This view had the best correlation with transthoracic LA measurements: r = 0.79 for TEE long axis (CI 0.71-0.85), P <.0001.     

Biplane transesophageal echocardiography utilizing transverse and sagittal imaging planes: technique, echo-anatomic correlations, and display approaches

The recent development of biplane transesophageal probes equipped with both transverse plane and sagittal plane imaging transducers allows a more complete examination of cardiac and aortic anatomy than is possible with conventional single plane transesophageal instruments. While the imaging planes used in transverse plane transesophageal imaging have been standardized, several different approaches have been suggested for the orientation and display of the newer sagittal plane images. An accepted display convention for the transverse and sagittal plane images would ease interpretation of the multiple complex images obtained during the biplane transesophageal examination. In this article, the different transverse plane and sagittal plane echocardiographic images that may be acquired during the biplane transesophageal examination are described and correlated with cardiac anatomy. A method for image display orientation is suggested that is most consistent with that previously used for the single plane transesophageal examination.     

Real-time intracardiac two-dimensional echocardiography: an experimental study of in vivo feasibility, imaging planes, and echocardiographic anatomy

The traditional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic examination have proven to be useful imaging tools for studying cardiac morphology, pathology, and function. Recently, catheter-based ultrasound transducers have been available for intravascular ultrasonic imaging. We supposed that echocardiographic examination performed from within the heart itself can provide useful information about cardiac structure and function, especially in settings where transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography may be technically difficult to perform or poorly tolerated by the patient. To explore this concept, we performed intracardiac echocardiography in vivo in 22 dogs using both 5-MHz and 20-MHz transducers. High-quality images were obtained in all animals. Using the higher frequency transducer, detailed images with only a limited depth of field were obtained. With the 5-MHz transducer, a comprehensive cardiac examination was feasible from within the right atrium and inferior vena cava. We were able to visualize the great vessels, all cardiac valves, and cardiac chambers in a multitude of imaging planes. Alterations in ventricular function were instantly recognized. Color Doppler capabilities allowed visualization of flow abnormalities as well. We conclude that intracardiac echocardiography is feasible and could be potentially useful in certain clinical situations. With further research and development, this technique may have an important clinical impact in cardiac therapy and diagnosis.     

超声增强剂在超声心动图中的临床应用现状及进展

2018年3月美国超声心动图学会发布了超声增强剂(UEA)在超声心动图中的临床应用指南,对其应用范围进行了更新。UEA已广泛应用于左心室结构与功能评估、心内异常、负荷超声心动图、血管成像、重症及急诊监测以及部分儿科心脏成像等。其新型应用也在不断扩展中,包括超声溶栓、分子成像、靶向药物及基因传递等。UEA有益于心血管疾病的早期诊治与治疗,临床成本效益显著。     

完全性和矫正性大动脉转位的超声心动图诊断及误诊分析

作者报道经手术或心血管造影证实的完全大动脉转位４例、矫正性大动脉转位９例的超声结果，超声诊断符合率７６．９％（１０／１３例）。大动脉转位并发畸形以室间隔缺损及肺动脉狭窄最多见，其次为房间隔缺损。本组误诊为右室双出口３例，其原因与室缺较大、大动脉远离室间隔、室间隔移位和切面选择等有关。作者认为大动脉转位选择剑突下切面观察最佳。     

Transesophageal echocardiography for the evaluation and management of patients with cerebral ischemia.

To prevent recurrent strokes and transient ischemic attacks, considerable attention is devoted to investigating the etiology of acute cerebral ischemia in the large subpopulation of patients without an easily identifiable cause. In general, transthoracic echocardiography is an insensitive tool for the evaluation of patients with cerebral ischemia, unless clinical signs and/or symptoms of cardiac disease are present. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), because of its increased sensitivity for aortic arch atheromata, atrial septal pathology, left atrial thrombi, and valvular abnormalities, is the preferred cardiac imaging modality, especially in young patients, older patients with hypertension or systemic atherosclerosis, and patients with prosthetic heart valves. This paper reviews the prognostic and therapeutic impact of TEE in patients with cerebral ischemia, specifically focusing on the ability of information obtained by this technique to alter patient management and improve risk stratification.     

Three-dimensional color Doppler transpharyngeal echocardiographic reconstruction of the left common,internal, and external carotid arteries

To our knowledge, we report the first cases of successful three-dimensional reconstruction of the left common, internal, and external carotid arteries using color Doppler transpharyngeal echocardiography.