人缝匠肌肌内神经、肌梭分布和神经入肌点定位

目的:观察人缝匠肌肌内神经分支分布;肌梭的分布部位、范围及密度,分析肌梭与肌内神经分布间的功能联系;测定神经入肌点,为临床外科提供肌形态学资料.方法:用大体解剖法观察20具尸体缝匠肌的形态学特点,并以髂前上棘为骨性标志,定位缝匠肌神经入肌点;用组织学H-E染色法研究5具尸体缝匠肌肌梭分布;用改良Sihler's 肌内神经染色法,探讨10具尸体缝匠肌肌内神经分支分布.结果:缝匠肌是1块由长肌束平行排列构成的带状肌.缝匠肌有2支1级神经支支配,发出分支支配肌的上、中和下部.缝匠肌的神经入肌点距髂前上棘(9.75±1.30)cm.结论:缝匠肌有2支一级神经支支配,神经支配有一定的区域性;缝匠肌肌内神经的分支分布与肌构筑学特点有关;缝匠肌的上部比中部和下部肌梭密度高;缝匠肌的神经入肌点集中在股前部上2/5区内.     

电刺激与冷冻固定同步以获得生物组织毫秒级功能变化时的超微结构

生物组织功能变化发生时间历程极短（以毫秒计）,常规化学固定（固定时间以分钟计）无法保留其瞬间超微结构变化,这也是细胞生物学、细胞生物物理学亟待解决的难题。我们采用红外线技术和计算机技术控制电刺激一超低温快速冷冻固定（微秒级）,并以骨骼肌为研究对象,分别在对骨骼肌电刺激后0．8、5．6、8．4ms,对其进行超低温快速冷冻固定,并采用冷冻置换技术作后处理,因而完全保留了骨骼肌在兴奋一收缩偶联发生时的超微结构特点。     

大鼠肾小体发育中滤过屏障超微结构的演变

目的:探讨大鼠肾小体发育中滤过屏障超微结构的变化规律。方法:采用光镜、电镜技术,并结合体视学分析方法,对不同发育阶段大鼠滤过屏障超微结构的变化进行形态学观察和体视学测量。结果:在肾小体发育过程中,足细胞和内皮细胞的形状逐渐低平,内皮孔增多,足突及裂孔大量分化增多;足细胞下先出现电子密度较低的基膜,随后内皮细胞下才出现基膜,以后,二者融合形成一层电子密度较高的血管球基膜。结论:在大鼠肾小体的发育过程中,足细胞比内皮细胞先分泌基膜,然后二者融合形成血管球基膜。     

家兔心肌细胞肌浆网与横管系统关系的观察

本文就家兔心肌细胞的连接,特别是心肌细胞内横小管与肌浆网的“特化连接”进行了研究。心肌细胞膜深入肌细胞内,形成横小管,围绕在肌丝区之间。兔心肌横小管较发达,切面呈椭圆形,直径为150nm,横靠心肌纤维Z线。心肌细胞肌浆网分支互相吻合,围绕每个肌丝区之间,网孔较大,其末端膨大,附于Z线附近的横小管上,与横小管共同构成二联管。肌浆网和横小管互不相通,相邻两膜不融合,两膜间有10nm宽的空隙,肌浆网规则地向横小管伸出足突。有些二联管中,横小管与肌浆网间存在着膜的“连接”,即横小管的一侧,有长约375nm的细胞膜增厚,电子密度加大,并且分裂成2层。相对应的肌浆网膜也产生同样的特化。横小管膜和肌浆网膜之间,有宽约31nm的间隙,间隙中央有电子致密物质,致密区和透明区有规则地间隔,构成不连续的小点。     

缝匠肌深层肌间筋膜蒂髂骨瓣转位的应用解剖和临床应用

目的：为带缝匠肌深层肌间隙筋膜蒂的髂前上下嵴间骨瓣转位治疗殴骨颈部病变提供解剖学依据。方法：在28侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本上，对缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌和股直肌三者之间的肌问筋膜的血管分布和走行进行观察。并进行12例手术应用。结果：所需的肌间筋膜位于髂前上棘下10cm的范围内，由缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌和股直肌三者之间的肌间的近侧段所组成。该肌间行走的主要血管：来自旋股外侧动脉的升支及其分支—髂嵴支、臀中肌支、髂前下棘支和来自旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉的缝匠肌节段性血管，上述血管相互吻合形成丰富的肌间筋膜血管网。采用缝匠肌深面肌间筋膜蒂的髂前上下棘间骨瓣移植，髂嵴支和缝匠肌的节段性血管可保留，肌筋膜蒂的长度可以达到6～8cm。结论：采用带缝匠肌深层肌间筋膜蒂的髂前七下棘间骨瓣转位移植治疗股骨颈部病变，方法简便，是治疗股骨颈部病变中需要植骨时可选用的简便方法。     

虎斑颈槽蛇Duvernoy腺超微结构的研究

用透射电镜研究一种游蛇科互惠它虎斑颈槽蛇的Ｄｕｖｅｒｎｏｙ腺。Ｄｕｖｅｒｎｏｙ腺为分枝管状腺,腺体部分主要由分泌小管组成,分泌小管由单层柱状上皮细胞围成, 浆液性腺细胞。胞内有许多浆液性分泌颗粒,按其形态可分为三种类型腺体分泌小管的基膜内有肌上皮细胞分布。腺体具单一的分泌总管开口于上颌齿后方,最后讨论了该腺体的功能及其与非游蛇科毒蛇毒腺的差异性。     

缝匠肌穿支皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的　明确缝匠肌肌皮动脉穿支和肌间隙穿支的分布区域特征,为缝匠肌穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　逐层解剖12侧经红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢新鲜标本,观察缝匠肌动脉血供特征、穿支数目及优势血管分布。 结果　由各动脉发出进入缝匠肌及其表面皮肤的穿支血管有7~12支,其中以缝匠肌中、上段穿支分布较为集中,主要为股动脉发出。肌皮穿支有3~4支,平均管径(1.30±　0.15)mm,蒂长(1.10±0.10)cm;肌间隙穿支2~3条,管径(1.20±0.20)mm,蒂长(1.15±0.15)cm。此外,旋股外侧动脉发出一较长肌间隙穿支,管径(1.35±0.05)mm,蒂长(7.20±1.40)cm,可达缝匠肌中段。 结论 缝匠肌中、上段穿支较多而位置相对恒定,设计缝匠肌皮瓣游离移植修复组织缺损是切实可行的。     

自体缝匠肌桥接狗股神经缺损的实验形态学研究

为进一步证明长肌纤维组成肌肉为肌桥的神经再生效果,用游离自然变性缝匠肌为肌桥,缝接于２４条狗左肢股神经缺损３ｃｍ处,桥接术后不同时间切取桥接神经缺损部位。常规制成光、电镜切片标本,最后镜下观察和ＬＵＺＥＸ－Ｆ图象分析仪测定。结果：缝匠肌为肌桥的神经再生效果比较理想,术后６个月可有２／３有髓神经纤维抵达靶器官－股四头肌;术后１０个月神经近段和神经远段的有髓神经纤维在数量上无明显差异,几乎均达到靶器官而获得再生成功,只是神经远段的有髓神经纤维密度较大、细的较多,表明再生神经纤维仍在发育成熟之中。这一较理想的神经再生效果,可能由于缝匠肌肌纤维长,桥接在神经缺损之间被两端切断的肌纤维居多,有利于再生纤维通过所致,缝匠肌可能是一个适宜神经再生条件的桥接物     

带缝匠肌股直肌肌骨瓣植骨治疗股骨颈骨折

<正> 作者介绍了57岁以下的股骨颈骨折采用三翼钉内固定及缝匠肌股直肌肌蒂骨瓣植骨共52例、术后复查随访获得较好疗效、最后对手术中的     

带隐血管蒂的多种肌皮瓣的应用解剖

<正>在44侧成人下肢标本上,采用巨微解剖及累计灌注等方法,观察了隐动脉及其毗邻关系,探讨带隐血管蒂膝内侧皮瓣、缝匠肌皮瓣、缝匠肌股薄肌双皮瓣、股骨内侧髁骨瓣和逆行岛状隐血管肌皮瓣等的可行性.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.