Influence of selected plane on the evaluation of tibial tunnel locations using a three-dimensional bone model in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a selected plane on the evaluation of tibial tunnel locations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between two planes: the plane parallel to the tibial plateau (Plane A) and the plane perpendicular to the proximal tibial shaft axis (Plane B).MethodsThirty-four patients who underwent double-bundle ACLR were included. Three-dimensional model of tibia was created using computed tomography images 2 weeks postoperatively, and tibial tunnels of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) were extracted. To evaluate tibial tunnel locations, two planes (Planes A and B) were created. The locations of the tibial tunnel apertures of each bundle were evaluated using a grid method and compared between Planes A and B. The difference in coronal alignment between Planes A and B were also assessed.ResultsThe AMB and PLB tunnel apertures in Plane A were significantly more laterally located than in Plane B (mean difference; AMB, 1.5%; PLB, 1.7%, P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the anteroposterior direction between the planes. Coronal alignment difference between the planes was 16.8 ± 2.2°; Plane B was more valgus than Plane A.ConclusionAlthough tibial tunnel locations were not significantly influenced by the selected planes in the AP direction, subtle but statistically significant differences were found in the ML direction between the Planes A and B in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The findings suggest that both Planes A and B can be used in the assessment of tibial tunnel locations after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

ACL断裂单束解剖重建及胫骨隧道扩大的临床研究

目的　探讨前交叉韧带单束解剖重建术后胫骨隧道扩大对临床效果的影响。 方法　回顾性分析我科在2011年5月至2012年12月行关节镜下前交叉韧带单束解剖重建术的40例（40膝）患者资料,通过膝关节X线片、CT及三维重建测量胫骨隧道宽度后,对骨隧道扩大进行分级及定义。采用膝关节活动度（range of motion, ROM）、前抽屉试验（anterior drawer test ADT）、Lachman试验、轴移试验（pivot shift test, PST）、Lysholm评分表、IKDC2000评分表评定临床疗效。 结果　术后随访未发现关节屈伸活动障碍者。术后患侧活动度与健侧活动度,两者间差异无统计学意义（t =-1.844,P =0.069）。骨隧道扩大组与非扩大组间ADT、Lachman和PST差异无统计学意义（χ2 =1.314、0.011、0.005,P =0.33、1.0、1.0）。40例患者术前Lysholm评分与术后Lysholm评分、两者差异有统计学意义（t =-45.50,P <0.001）;术前IKDC2000评分与术后IKDC2000评分两者差异有统计学意义（t =-25.18,P <0.001）。骨隧道扩大各级别间Lysholm评分差异无统计学意义（F =1.274,P =0.292）,各级别两两间差异无统计学意义。 结论　膝关节镜下单束解剖前交叉韧带重建术后胫骨隧道扩大对患者中期临床疗效没有明显影响。     

Marrow adipose tissue accumulation and dysgenesis of the trabecular bone after anterior cruciate ligament transection and reconstruction in the rat proximal tibial epiphysis

The accumulation of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is frequently associated with bone loss. Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury induces bone loss, MAT accumulation after ACL injury has not been evaluated. In addition, no information about changes in MAT after ACL reconstruction is available. In this study, we aimed to examine (1) the effects of ACL transection on the amounts of trabecular bone and MAT present, and (2) whether ACL reconstruction inhibits the changes in the trabecular bone and MAT that are induced by ACL transection. ACL transection alone or with immediate reconstruction was performed on the right knees of rats. Untreated left knees were used as controls. Histomorphological changes in the trabecular bone and MAT in the proximal tibial epiphysis were examined prior to surgery and at one, four, and 12 weeks postsurgery. The trabecular bone area on the untreated side increased in a time-dependent manner. However, after ACL transection, the trabecular bone area did not increase during the experimental period, indicating dysgenesis of the bone (bone loss). Dysgenesis of the trabecular bone after ACL transection was attenuated by ACL reconstruction. MAT accumulation due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy had been induced by ACL transection by four weeks postsurgery. This ACL transection-induced MAT accumulation was not prevented by ACL reconstruction. Based on these results, we conclude that (1) dysgenesis of the bone in the proximal tibia following ACL transection is accompanied by MAT accumulation, and (2) ACL reconstruction attenuates dysgenesis of the trabecular bone but cannot prevent MAT accumulation.     

High variability in anterior cruciate ligament femoral footprint: Implications for anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe study aimed to (1) investigate the variability of the femoral ACL center in ACL-ruptured patients, (2) identify whether the currently available over-the-top femoral ACL guides could allow for anatomical reconstruction of the native ACL footprint.Material and methodsMagnetic resonance images of 95 knees with an ACL rupture were used to create three-dimensional models of the femur. The femoral ACL footprint area was outlined on each model, and the location of the femoral ACL center was reported using an anatomical coordinate system. The distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was measured.ResultsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high intersubject variability ranging from 1.8 mm (9%) to 12.3 mm (60%) posterior and from 7.7 mm (37%) distal to 4.8 mm (23%) proximal using the posterior condyle circle reference. The average distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was 1.9 ± 1.5 mm posterior and 13.8 ± 2.7 mm distal, respectively. The contemporary over-the-top femoral ACL aimers could restore the femoral ACL center in only 6.5% of the patients.ConclusionsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high variation on its location, which resulted in a high intersubject variability from the over-the-top position. The contemporary over-the-top femoral tunnel guides do not provide sufficient offset to allow for an anatomical ACL reconstruction. Anteromedial-portal specific femoral ACL guides with a femoral offset ranging from 10 to 18 mm in the proximal/distal direction are required to restore the native ACL footprint.     

Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with a coated carbon fibre prosthesis: a biomechanical study in goats

Anterior cruciate ligament replacement was performed in goats to evaluate a coated carbon fibre prosthesis. Anatomical placement of the implant was performed using either the prosthesis alone or the prosthesis augmented with soft tissue. Animals were assessed 13 and 52 weeks after surgery. Mechanical testing of the bone-ligament-bone complex was used to determine the failure load and the mode of failure. Both types of implant failed by prosthesis slippage at the femoral fixation site. Failure loads were significantly higher for augmented repairs than for plain carbon repairs at both 13 and 52 weeks. Augmentation of the prosthesis with patellar tendon and fascia lata enhanced the fixation strength of the implant.     

Complications following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the English NHS

Unlike the English National Joint Registry (NJR) for arthroplasty, no surgeon driven national database currently exists for ligament surgery in England. Therefore information on outcome and adverse events following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery is limited to case series. This restricts the ability to make formal recommendations upon surgical care. Prospectively collected data, which is routinely collected on every NHS patient admitted to hospital in England, was analysed to determine national rates of 90-day symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) rate, 30-day wound infection and readmission rates following primary ACL reconstruction between March 2008 and February 2010 (13,941 operations, annual incidence 13.5 per 100,000 English population). 90-day DVT and PTE rates were 0.30% (42) and 0.18% (25) respectively. There were no in-hospital deaths. 0.75% (104) of the consecutive patient cohort had a wound complication recorded. 0.25% (35) underwent a further procedure to wash out the infected knee joint and 1.36% (190) were readmitted to an orthopaedic ward within 30 days. This is the first national comprehensive study of the incidence of significant complications following ACL surgery in England. This should allow meaningful interpretation of future baseline data supporting the development of a national ligament registry.     

LARS人工韧带同时重建前、后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下LARS（Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System，LARS）人工韧带同时重建前（An-terior cruciate ligament，ACL）、后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament，PCL）的方法和临床疗效。方法从2006年1月至2007年4月，用LARS人工韧带同时重建ACL、PCL2例。应用Lysholm功能评分表评估膝关节功能，采用抽屉实验检查膝关节前后松弛度。结果2例均获得随访，随访时间分别为8月、3月。2例患者术后患膝关节不稳定症状消失，胫骨后坠征阴性，前、后抽屉试验阴性。膝关节功能评估采用Lysholm功能评分标准，术前平均分别为45．6±7．6分，术后平均为80．3±9．1分。结论关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带同时重建ACL、PCL可更好地恢复膝芙节的稳定性，且创伤小，并发症少，近期疗效满意，但远期效果仍需进一步观察。     

Influence of anterolateral ligament injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after allograft transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of anterolateral ligament (ALL) injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

The negative impact of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional male footballers

Background

Soccer is one of the most common international sports in which ACL injuries occur, with previous studies reporting high return-to-play rates following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Return-to-play analysis fails to take into consideration how effective a player remains once returning to competition. The aims of this study are to provide a large-scale international analysis of return-to-play and player performance statistics among professional soccer athletes following ACLR.

关节镜下保留残端与非保残重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

目的　比较关节镜下保留及非保留残端重建前交叉韧带 (anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) 的疗效。 方法　选择我院2014.03~2015.05收治的64例有韧带残端残留的ACL断裂患者64例为研究对象,采用关节镜下四股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建技术,随机分为两组,即保留残端组和非保留残端组,每组32例,非保残组给予切除残端行常规关节镜手术重建ACL,保残组在保留残端的基础上行关节镜下ACL重建术。记录比较两组术前、术后关节稳定性及功能评分进行对比,术后1年测本体感觉,部分患者二次手术时探查重建韧带。 结果　64 例均获随访,随访时间 12~27个月。术后1年Lysholm评分,非保残组平均91.9分,保残平均93.2分;IKDC 评分功能在A、B级非保残组29例,保残组30例;抽屉试验阴性非保残组29例保残组31例,Lachman 试验阴性两组均为30例,比较差异均无统计学意义( P＞0.05);两组的本体感觉重复试验无差异,患者自述关节稳定性及位置觉以观察组稍优,术后共有9例患者二次行关节镜手术,对照组4例,观察组5例,镜下见对照滑膜覆盖率及韧带表面光滑度较观察组稍差,因例数太少,未行统计学分析。 结论　关节镜下保留残端与非保留残端单束重建术重建 ACL ,均能获得满意的临床效果,但关节镜下保留残端患者有更好的自我感觉,可能和保留残端有利于移植物的再血管化及本体感受器的恢复有关,需要更多的数据来进行统计学分析。     

关节镜下自体骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带132例临床分析

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体骨-中1／3髌腱-骨（B-PT-B）复合体移植重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的手术方法、疗效及影响因素。方法在膝关节镜监视下采用挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B重建ACL132例，同时处理合并伤。术后给予严格的有计划的康复训练，定期检查关节功能，进行Lysholm评分。结果术后随访1—7年，平均2年7个月。132例中优85例，良33例，可14例；良、可患者皆为早期病例，优良率89．4％。全组均未发生髌骨骨折、髌腱断裂等并发损伤，患者均在短期内恢复日常生活和正常运动功能。结论关节镜下自体B—T—B重建ACL疗效确切、操作简便，手术技术改进与熟练可进一步有效地控制并发症增加疗效。     

Patients' attitudes and factors in their selection of grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Surgeon recommendation is the primary influence for patients choosing a graft for their ACL reconstruction. However, it is unknown if demographic factors also play a role. We hypothesize that education, age, and living in an urban setting may influence a patient's graft choice. Patients who had an ACL reconstruction from 2005 to 2009 were identified retrospectively, and received a written survey on their demographics and the factors affecting graft choice. They also rated their perception of those factors based on a Likert scale. Out of 471 surveys distributed, 151 responses were received. The mean follow-up time was 19 months (range, 1 to 63 months). Autograft was used in 57%. Surgeon recommendation was the primary factor in graft choice (63%). 87.4% of patients felt they made the right choice; only 4.6% would have picked a different graft if they could choose over again. More than half (51.7%) of patients did significant personal research, and used mostly medical websites (41.1%). 67.6% of patients were not adverse to allograft. The primary factor for patients in graft choice was surgeon recommendation. Still, the use of medical websites was widespread, and patients in an urban environment were less likely to rely solely on their surgeon's recommendation. Older patients were more concerned with autograft donor site morbidity, and patients with a higher level of education were less averse to allograft.     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair for proximal anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients: Surgical technique and preliminary results

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in children are increasingly common and present difficult treatment decisions due to the risk of growth disturbance. Although open primary ACL repair was abandoned in the historical literature, recent studies have suggested that there is a role for arthroscopic primary repair in patients with proximal tears.

Registration accuracy enhancement of a surgical navigation system for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A phantom and cadaveric study

Background

Recently, surgical navigation systems have been widely used to improve the results of various orthopaedic surgeries. However, surgical navigation has not been successful in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, owing to its inaccuracy and inconvenience. This study investigated the registration of preoperative and intraoperative data, which are the key components in improving accuracy of the navigation system.

四象限分区法用于前交叉韧带多纤维束动态受力分析

目的介绍四象限分区法在测量国人前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)多纤维束动态受力分析中的应用;并探讨了膝关节活动中ACL多纤维束动态力学特性。方法采集8侧正常国人膝关节标本,评估标本完整性后向ACL胫骨止点中心做斜行骨隧道,游离ACL胫骨侧止点,以四象限法平均分为4个区:1区,后内区;2区,后外区;3区,前外区;4区,前内区。将4个区的附着纤维束分别连接至自制"膝关节交叉韧带测力计"传感器上,连接系统后分别在膝关节屈曲90o位和伸直0o位将ACL各纤维束张力调零后测量膝关节4自由度(屈伸、内外翻、内外旋、前抽屉试验)内各纤维束的动态受力变化。结果2区和3区纤维束在由屈至伸的过程中所受张力逐渐增大,2区纤维束最大为22.52N±8.60N(30o),3区纤维束最大为13.98N±3.47N(0o);3区和4区纤维束在由伸至屈的过程中张力逐渐增大,4区纤维束最大为14.68N±5.29N(90o),3区纤维束最大为9.84N±5.06N(60o)。所有纤维束在外翻、内外旋、前抽屉试验中张力增加。内翻试验中所有纤维束张力增加不明显,1区纤维束在3个膝关节自由度内张力变化不明显。结论膝关节伸直过程中受力承担最大作用的纤维束主要分布在ACL胫骨止点后外分区内,屈曲位的主要承力纤维分布于前内分区,前外分区则有以上两种纤维束的附着,可能为ACL纤维束中动态受力连续变化的中转部分所在位置。四象限分区法测量ACL多纤维束动态受力有助于利用标准分区方法了解ACL多纤维束动态受力连续变化趋势,为进一步深入探讨ACL多纤维束连续动态受力提供了参考依据。     

前交叉韧带胫骨附着处临床解剖学研究

目的 研究前交叉韧带(ACL)胫骨附着处的解剖形态学特点,并探讨ACL胫骨附着处测量值埘选择ACL重建方式的意义.方法 对10例福尔马林处理的成人膝关节标本进行解剖.在屈伸膝关节时根据ACL纤维张力区分前内束和后外束,然后从胫骨附着处切断韧带,用Photoshop软件测量附着处的相关数据.结果 ACL存在着两个不同的功能束,即前内束和后外束;胫骨附着处的形状不规则,可分为倒三角形、椭1形及四边形三种;ACL胫骨附着处的前后径与横径分别为(17.89±2.44)mm、(13.85±1.79)mm;前内束和后外束胫骨附着处的面积分别为(101.18±32.28)m㎡、(77.61±19.86)m㎡;两束中心点连线的距离为(8.03±1.51)mm.结论 本研究改进的数字图像测量方法是一种既实用又廉价的测量方法;ACL胫骨附着处测量值可作为选择ACL重建方式的参考.     

膝关节前交叉韧带修复的组织工程研究进展

本文介绍了前交叉韧带组织工程(即利用组织工程的方法重建具有生物性能的韧带,恢复损伤韧带的生理功能)的研究现状,展望了其发展前景,并分析了该领域有待解决的关键问题,重点论述了前交叉韧带组织工程中种子细胞、生物支架、材料表面修饰、生长因子等的选择和应用。     

Gender differences in the restoration of knee joint biomechanics during gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of gender on recovery of knee joint biomechanics over the stance phase of gait after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Human hip and knee torque accommodations to anterior cruciate ligament dysfunction

It has been postulated that the adaptations of lower extremity function exhibited by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient and post-ACL surgical patients represent early accommodations to the loss of ACL function after injury so that excessive anterior displacement of the tibia is prevented. Prior studies have suggested that compensation patterns in ACL deficient and post-ACL surgical subjects may affect joint moments of the knee as well as the hip. However, the variance in knee and hip forces between ACL deficient, post-surgical ACL and uninjured groups has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess hip:knee extensor torque ratios relative to anterior tibia shear in pre-surgical-ACL deficient, post-surgical and uninjured subjects. Measurements of hip and knee joint moments and anterior tibia shear were recorded from 45 injured and uninjured subjects (21 men, 24 women) during lower extremity, variable resistance exercise. Anterior tibia shear was computed by decomposing joint moments and reaction forces according to a model derived from cadaver knee dissections and radiography, in combination, to estimate the tibio-femoral compressive and shear forces generated by the patellar tendon at various angles throughout the knee joint range. Three groups of subjects were studied: recently injured ACL deficient pre-surgical subjects who were scheduled for immediate surgery (PRE; n=15); post-surgical subjects who had undergone ACL reconstructive surgery at least 1 year prior to testing (POST; n=15); and uninjured controls (CON; n=15). All PRE and POST subjects had a normal contralateral limb. Tests were conducted under six conditions: 1 and 1.5 Hz cadence and maximal speed at 33% and 50% one repetition maximum resistance. The results revealed that the hip:knee ratios were significantly greater for the post-ACL surgical group than the PRE and CON groups (P < 0.01; P < 0.03). There were significant negative correlations between the hip extensor:knee extensor torque ratios and maximal anterior tibia shear. across all groups. The hip:knee extensor torque ratio increased with decreased anterior tibia shear in all groups with significant correlations ranging from −0.55 to −0.88 (P < 0.01) for the injured limbs of PRE and POST groups, and −0.64 to −0.78; (P < 0.01) for the CON group. The highest overall correlations were found for the post-surgical subjects. The results revealed that anterior tibia shear declined significantly with speed (P < 0.01) in all groups. However, the converse was true for the hip:knee extensor torque ratio across speeds. The ratio increased significantly with speed (P < 0.001) for all groups at the 33% and 50% resistances. The results suggest (1) that post-ACL surgical subjects appear to accommodate to ACL substitution by using hip extensors to a significantly greater extent than the uninjured controls in closed-chain lower extremity exercise; (2) that the hip:knee extensor torque ratio is significantly related to the magnitude of anterior tibia shear; and (3) that the anterior tibia shear is significantly reduced as speed increases in closed-chain lower extremity exercise. Accepted: 30 April 2000     

Range of motion and complications following primary repair versus reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Introduction

Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. The procedure is less invasive than ACL reconstruction, yet studies assessing early postoperative course are lacking. Goal therefore was to assess postoperative range of motion (ROM), complications and operative times following primary repair and compare this to the gold standard of reconstruction.