Epidemiological features of parainfluenza virus infections: Laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1975–1997

Hospital laboratory reports of parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections from England and Wales between 1975 and 1997 were analysed with regard to PIV type and seasonality, and in addition, those between 1985–1997 with regard to age, sex and clinical features. Laboratory-based surveillance data highlight striking differences in the seasonality of different PIV types. PIV-3 reports demonstrated a clear annual epidemic cycle, with a peak usually occurring in late spring or summer, whereas peaks of PIV-1 and PIV-2 occurred at one or two year intervals, in the late autumn or early winter. PIV-4 also occurred most frequently in the late autumn or early winter, but a clear epidemic cycle could not be identified. Laboratory surveillance data also provide insight into the age and disease distribution of PIV infection in children and indicate severity of PIV infection in immunosuppressed adults. Of 8221 PIV reports received between 1985–1997, PIV-3 accounted for 70.8, PIV-1 for 17.2, PIV-2 for 7.5, and PIV-4 for 1.1; 64.1 of reports came from infants under one year, 24.4 from children aged 1–4 years and 7.2 from individuals aged 5 years or older, with an excess of males in all age groups. Bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia occurred in association with all PIV types. In children under 1 year, PIV-2 infections were more likely to be associated with bronchiolitis than infections with other PIV types. In children under 15 years, croup was more frequently associated with PIV-1 and PIV-2 than with PIV-3 or PIV-4. In 392 (7.2) of the reported PIV infections between 1989 and 1997 an underlying condition was implicated, which included immunosuppression or chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease. Considerable morbidity is associated with PIV infections in infants and young children and would make the widescale use of a vaccine a valuable public health intervention. Surveillance information is essential to guide the development and use of preventive measures as well as to monitor their effectiveness.     

Changes in contraceptive practice in a multiracial urban-based community over a ten-year period

There have been changes in the national policy regarding population growth in Malaysia from 1982. This report studies the changes in contraceptive practice among the three racial groups in this country, i.e. Malays, Chinese and Indians, over a 5-year period with an interval of 10 years. This is a retrospective study based on the attendance at the same family planning clinic in an urban setting. The striking change noted is the change in the racial composition of contraceptive usage in the two study periods with a shift from the Chinese being predominant in 1975–1979 to Malays in 1985–1989. There was no change among the numbers of Indians using contraception. The results also reveal a significant trend of change for users of the pill and those undergoing sterilization. There were no significant changes in IUD, condom and injectable usage.The study demonstrates how national policies, level of education and rural urban migration can significantly alter contraceptive practice.

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Resumen Desde 1982 se han producido cambios en la política nacional de Malaysia relativa al crecimiento demográfico. Este estudio examina los cambios en las prácticas anticonceptivas de los tres grupos étnicos del país — malayos, chinos e indios — durante un período de 5 años y con un intervalo de 10 años. Se trata en realidad de un estudio retrospectivo basado en las visitas a la misma clínica de planificación familiar en un ambiente urbano. El cambio más notable observado se relaciona con la composición racial de los grupos que utilizaban anticonceptivos en el curso de los dos períodos en cuestión. Los chinos, que constituían el grupo predominante de 1975 a 1979, fueron reemplazados por los malayos durante el período comprendido entre 1985 y 1989. No se observó cambio alguno en el número de indios que recurrían a anticonceptivos. Los resultados revelan asimismo una tendencia significativa al cambio de parte de quienes tomaban la píldora y de quienes habían elegido la esterilización. No se observó ninguna modificación significativa respecto de la utilización de DIU, preservativos y preparados inyectables.Este estudio demuestra cómo las políticas nacionales, los niveles de educación y las migraciones del ámbito rural al ámbito urbano pueden influir considerablemente sobre las prácticas anticonceptivas.

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Resumé Depuis 1982 en Malaisie, une nouvelle orientation a été donnée à la politique nationale concernant la cruissance démographique. L'étude présentée examine comment ont évolué, sur une période de 5 ans et avec un intervalle de 10 ans, les pratiques contraceptives adoptées par les trois groupes ethniques du pays, à savoir les Malais, les Chinois et les Indiens. Il s'agit en fait d'une étude rétrospective fondée sur les visites à la même clinique de planning familial en milieu urbain. Le changement le plus frappant se rapporte à la composition raciale des groupes utilisant les contraceptifs au cours des deux périodes en question. En effet, les Chinois, qui constituaient le groupe prédominant de 1975 à 1979, ont été remplacés par le groupe malais durant la période de 1985 à 1989. Quant au nombre des Indiens faisant appel à la contraception, il est resté le même. Les résultats font également ressortir une tendance significative au changement de la part de celles qui soit prenaient la pilule soit choisissaient la stérilisation. Aucune modification significative n'est apparue en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des DIU, des préservatifs et des préparations injectables.Cette étude démontre comment les politiques nationales, le niveau d'instruction et les migrations du milieu rural au milieu urbain peuvent considérablement influer sur les pratiques contraceptives.

     

Epidemiology of HIV in young people in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

We describe the epidemiology of HIV among young people (15-24 years) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (E, W&NI) between 1997 and 2001 inclusive. Rising rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and 'risk' behaviours suggest that they are at increased risk of acquiring HIV. Data from three national surveillance systems are reviewed. Over the period, 1,624 young people were diagnosed with HIV (10% of all new diagnoses). In 1997 there were 254 new diagnoses, rising to 493 in 2001, a 1.9-fold increase. Of the total, 890 (55%) were heterosexually infected (81% female), 631 through sex between men, and the remainder via other routes. Where probable country of infection was reported (1,139), 618 (54%) were infected in Africa and 362 (32%) in the UK. In 1997, 675 young people accessed HIV-related services, rising to 975 in 2001: an increase of 1.4 fold. In 2001, for 34 of those accessing services the likely route of infection was perinatal. Between 1997 and 2001 inclusive, HIV prevalence among young heterosexual genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic attendees was 0.17% (193/116,443), and for young homo/bisexual males, 3.4% (174/5,086). Sixty-five percent (104/159) of previously undiagnosed HIV-infected heterosexuals and 47% (51/108) of previously undiagnosed HIV-infected homo/bisexual males left the clinic unaware of their infection. In 2000 and 2001, overall prevalence was 0.11% (77/70,455) among young women giving birth. HIV diagnoses in young people have increased in recent years, while HIV prevalence among young people attending GUM clinics and giving birth has remained low. However, with dramatic increases in chlamydia rates among young women over the past decade, and the highest rates of gonorrhoea and concurrent partnerships among young people, concern about the potential for HIV transmission remains.     

Evaluation of two chimeric bovine-human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines in infants and young children

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in children, yet a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug is not available. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, infectivity, and immunogenicity of two intranasal, live-attenuated HPIV3 vaccines, designated rHPIV3-N(B) and rB/HPIV3, that were cDNA-derived chimeras of HPIV3 and bovine PIV3 (BPIV3). These were evaluated in adults, HPIV3 seropositive children, and HPIV3 seronegative children. A total of 112 subjects participated in these studies. Both rB/HPIV3 and rHPIV3-N(B) were highly restricted in replication in adults and seropositive children but readily infected seronegative children, who shed mean peak virus titers of 10(2.8) vs. 10(3.7)pfu/mL, respectively. Although rB/HPIV3 was more restricted in replication in seronegative children than rHPIV3-N(B), it induced significantly higher titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies against HPIV3. Taken together, these data suggest that the rB/HPIV3 vaccine is the preferred candidate for further clinical development.     

北京、广州城乡人群工作时体力活动现状及其10年间变化情况

目的描述中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动现状及过去10年的变化趋势。方法整群随机抽取北京城市、北京农村、广州城市和广州农村4组人群3304人,采用标准化问卷、收集工作时间体力活动及10年间变化资料,计算每个人日常工作时间单位体重的能量消耗(kJ/kg)。结果中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动处于较低水平,极轻和轻体力工作者占总人数的59.4%,工作时间体力活动强度呈现男性高于女性、南方高于北方、农村高于城市的特点。与10年前相比,工作时间体力活动强度降低、不变和增加者分别为48.8%、38.0%和13.2%,降低者比例呈现农村高于城市、男性高于女性、随年龄增加而增加、随文化水平降低而增加的特征。结论中国南北城乡人群工作时间体力活动较低及过去10年降低的趋势提示中国需要增加公共健康投资,包括制定策略和公众教育。     

Evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a candidate parainfluenza virus type 3 subunit vaccine in cotton rats.

A parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) subunit vaccine consisting of detergent-solubilized, affinity-purified haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) surface glycoproteins was tested in cotton rats for immunogenicity, short-term effects on virus-induced immunopathology and protective efficacy. Groups of animals were immunized twice, 4 weeks apart, with graded doses of vaccine administered either alone or with aluminium phosphate (AlPO4). The minimum immunogenic dose of vaccine was 0.1 microgram HN and F when the vaccine was given alone and 0.01 microgram when the vaccine was administered with AlPO4 adjuvant. Antibody responses in animals immunized with 1 microgram HN and F mixed with adjuvant were similar to those in control animals infected with live PIV3 intranasally. Pulmonary and nasal wash PIV3 titres generally were inversely correlated with serum antibody levels. Virus titres were significantly reduced in all groups of animals immunized with greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram HN and F compared with control animals immunized with vehicle only. Four days after virus challenge, there was no evidence of enhanced histopathology in lung sections from animals immunized with the candidate vaccine.     

Substance-attributable morbidity and mortality changes to Canada's epidemiological profile: measurable differences over a ten-year period

BACKGROUND: Substance use is responsible for a large burden of disease in Canada, however updated data are needed for health care planning and policy development. This study replicates and makes improvements on 1992 estimates of substance-attributable morbidity and mortality for the year 2002. There are two objectives, the main one being to compare the substance-attributable morbidity and mortality in 1992 with 2002 using the same methods of calculation, and the second, to compare the two different methods of estimating the substance-attributable mortality and morbidity in 2002. METHOD: Estimates of substance-attributable burden were made by combining relative risk data with exposure prevalence data and disease-related mortality and morbidity information from national databases. First, identical relative risk estimates for 1992 were used with the 2002 data in order to draw direct comparisons. In a second analysis, updated relative risk and attributable disease information (post-1992) was used to better estimate the mortality and morbidity for Canada in 2002. RESULTS: Overall, from 1992 to 2002, there were relative increases in substance-attributable mortality estimates for alcohol and illegal drugs, where the latter relatively increased more; and a relative decrease in tobacco-attributable mortality. In terms of absolute numbers in combined risk factors, deaths and hospital days for those under 70 years of age decreased mainly due to tobacco. Comparisons of the two methods showed that the updated method resulted in more conservative numbers than previous calculations. INTERPRETATION: There is an unacceptably high burden of substance-attributable disease in Canada in the early 2000s. Exposure changes and epidemiological shifts in population and diseases over the last 10 years have affected where the burden lies, but it is still vital to incorporate policy-based initiatives that have proven to be effective in reducing substance-attributable burden in practice.     

Changes in the physical development of Kiev schoolchildren over a ten-year period (1996-2008)

Physical development and morphofunctional state were assessed in 2452 urban schoolchildren, by using the Ukrainian standards (intergroup regression scales). During their schooling, the Kiev schoolchildren of both sexes were shown to have significant qualitative and quantitative physical and morphofunctional worsening that was more obvious in boys. Not more than 57-59% of the Kiev children aged 6 to 17 years had normal physical development and harmonic morphofunctional state. Every six Kiev boys and every five girls had overweight and reduced chest circumference. In the period 1996-2008, there was significant weight gain without respective changes in chest circumference and height, which indicated an imbalance in growth processes and physical development in the present-day Kiev schoolchildren. Evaluation standards for schoolchildren's physical development were developed and put into practice of the state sanitary-and-epidemiological service of Ukraine.     

Sequence variation in the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates in the UK.

The sequence variation in a 934 base-pair region of the gene encoding the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase of five human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) isolates was determined together with that of a prototype UK strain. All of the clinical isolates were from the Manchester area of the UK and were obtained in 1990, 1991 and 1993. The gene segment was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using HPIV3-specific oligonucleotide primers. The nucleotide homology of the strains was high, around 99% and specific differences in the UK sequences when compared with that of the US prototype strain were identified. In addition, a number of isolate-specific differences were seen. No correlation was detected between the observed nucleotide mutations and the year of isolation, which supports the hypothesis that HPIV3 shows cocirculation of a heterogeneous population of viruses rather than varying with time in a linear fashion. However, the data suggested that geographically-defined genetic lineages of HPIV3 may exist.     

Vaccination with a human parainfluenza virus type 3 chimeric FHN glycoprotein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces protective immunity

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) is a major cause of lower respiratory disease i.e. bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia, in infants and young children. Presently there is no licensed vaccine against PIV3. To produce an effective subunit vaccine, a chimeric FHN glycoprotein consisting of the N-terminal ectodomain of the fusion (F) protein linked to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein without transmembrane domain, and secreted forms of the individual F and HN glycoproteins, were expressed in mammalian cells and purified. Mice and cotton rats were immunized intramuscularly (IM) with FHN or both F and HN proteins (F + HN), formulated with poly(I:C) and an innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene (TriAdj). Significantly higher levels of systemic virus-neutralizing antibodies were observed in mice and cotton rats immunized with FHN/TriAdj when compared to animals immunized with the combination of F and HN proteins (F + HN/TriAdj). As PIV3 is a pneumotropic virus, another goal is to produce an effective mucosal subunit vaccine. Intranasal (IN) administration with FHN/TriAdj resulted in mucosal IgA production in the lung and virus neutralizing antibodies in the sera. After PIV3 challenge no virus was detected in cotton rats immunized with FHN/TriAdj regardless of the route of delivery. Protective immunity against PIV3 was also induced by FHN/TriAdj in hamsters. In conclusion, the FHN protein formulated with TriAdj has potential for development of a safe and effective vaccine against PIV3.     

Hepatitis E in England and Wales

In 2005, 329 cases of hepatitis E virus infection were confirmed in England and Wales; 33 were confirmed indigenous infections, and a further 67 were estimated to be indigenous infections. Hepatitis E should be considered in the investigation of patients with hepatitis even if they have no history of travel.     

Analysis on the complete genome of a novel caprine parainfluenza virus 3

Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory pathogens for humans and for many animals. One unique caprine PIV3 (CPIV3) strain named JS2013 was isolated in Chinese goat flocks with respiratory diseases in 2013. Now, the complete genome sequence of the strain JS2013 had been determined. A total of 15 overlapping DNA clones, covering the entire genome of the virus, were obtained by primer walking RT-PCR. The sequences of the 3′ and 5′ termini of the viral genome were amplified by 3′ and 5′ RACE. The viral genome was 15,618 nucleotides (nt) in length, which was consisted of six genes in the order 5′-leader-N-P/C/V-M-F-HN-L-tailer-3′. The junction sequences between two genes were highly conserved gene start and stop signal sequences, and trinucleotide intergenic regions (IGR) similar to those of other reported PIV3 strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of JS2013 with other strains of genus Respirovirus demonstrated that the JS2013 obviously differed from HPIV1, Sendai virus, HPIV3 and other reported BPIV3 genotypes. Further analysis of HN genes of JS2013 along with two more CPIV3 strains isolated later indicated that CPIV3 strains formed a separate cluster. The results presented here suggested that CPIV3 is a new member of the genus Respirovirus.     

An epidemiological study on parainfluenza, DA and mumps virus infections in domestic animals in New England

Recent studies have shown high levels of antibody to the parainfluenza virus group in human sera collected in New England and in other populations in various parts of the world. In view of the importance of animals as reservoirs of viruses affecting man, studies were carried out to assess the level of immunity to the parainfluenza, DA and mumps viruses in domestic animals (cows, swine, dogs, cats, lambs, and sheep) in New England.     

Epidemiology and susceptibility of serratia marcescens in a large general hospital over an 8-year period

Over the 8 year period 1988-1995, 1367 isolates of Serratia marcescens were isolated from 582 patients on 12 different wards of a large Dublin hospital and were particularly associated with the surgical intensive care unit. The annual incidence was over 200 isolates from 1990 to 1992 but fell to below 100 following the opening in April 1992 of a replacement surgical hospital incorporating a new intensive care unit on the same site. The most common source of S. marcescens was sputum from patients. Strain identities were determined by serotyping and phage typing at least one isolate from each of 311 of the 582 patients. The results showed that a single epidemic strain of serotype O14:K14 was present in 69% of these patients, and persisted throughout the hospital for the whole of the eight-year period. This strain was recovered from a variety of clinical specimens, including blood cultures. A minor outbreak involving a serotype O16:K28 strain also occurred and this strain also persisted from at least 1989 to 1994. Extensive surveillance failed to reveal an environmental source or faecal carriage. The likely mode of transmission appears to have been via staff hands from both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients acting as reservoirs of the organism, as has commonly been reported for this species.     

Acute toxicological cases during a ten-year period in our clinic

INTRODUCTION: There's a fact, that Hungary has held the first places in suicidal statstics. METHODS: The authors studied toxicological cases between 1989 and 1998 at the 1st Department of Medicine of the Medical and Health Science Centre, at the University of Debrecen, paying special attention to suicidal poisoning cases. RESULTS: 2% of the patient turnover accounted for acute poisoning cases, the number of which increased during the 10 years in question. 70% of the cases were of suicidal intentions, 20% were unintentional, these poisonings were not committed on purpose, while the proportion of iatrogenic intoxication cases was 10%. Amongst the failed suicide cases there was a higher proportion of women, whereas a higher percentage of men accounted for "successful" suicide cases. When examining auto-intoxication cases it turned out that the medicine most frequently used was meprobamate, besides benzodiazepines. Mortality rate was highest in the glutethimide intoxication cases. Most poisonings with suicidal intentions took place in the 2nd quarter of the year. Most completed suicides were committed on Wednesdays and Thursdays. 81% of the iatrogenic intoxication cases happened to be with digitalis and coumarin overdose. Nearly 50% of the cases turned out to be combined intoxications. 40% of the men took alcoholic drinks during the auto-intoxications. In the case of 135 patients extracorporeal detoxification therapy was applied, which consisted mostly of hemoperfusion. Three quarters of the patients needed psychiatric care and every fourth patient was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry. 6.9% of the poisonings were fatal. CONCLUSIONS: The growing number of toxicological cases--amongst these suicidal poisonings--compels us to pay more attention to the setting up of interdisciplinary based prevention as well as running effective toxicological centres. All physicians have a responsibility to recommend psychiatric care for people suffering from mental problems or depression and for the unsuccessful or potential suicide seeking help for the first time. Family doctors in primary medical care and who meet patients first have an important role in this job.