不同性别血管紧张素转化酶基因型与原发性高血压相关性研究

目的 :探讨男、女不同性别的血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)基因型与原发性高血压 (EH)的相关关系。方法 :应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术检测 12 8例男性 (其中EH患者 73例 ) ,79例女性(其中EH患者 4 3例 )ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)多态性。结果 :男性组EH患者DD基因型频率(0 .35 6 )和D等位基因频率 (0 .5 75 )显著高于对照者 (0 .182和 0 .4 2 7,分别P <0 .0 5 ,<0 .0 2 )。且ACEDD基因型与男性EH患者的收缩压和脉压增高有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。而女性ACE基因型与EH及血压无显著相关性存在 (均P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :ACE基因I/D多态性对男性EH的发生及血压的增高有显著影响 ,而对女性无此作用。     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与高血压病人胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)基因多态性 ,血管紧张素原 (AGT)基因突变与高血压及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测 76例原发性高血压及 2 8例正常血压者的ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)多态性及AGT基因位点突变 ,同时进行口服葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素释放试验 ,以空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素乘积倒数的对数值(ISI) ,胰岛素曲线下面积IS AUC作为胰岛素敏感性指标。结果　 (1)ACE基因多态性在高血压和正常血压组无显著性差异 ,而AGTT2 35等位基因频率在高血压组高于正常对照组 (0 4 3vs0 32 ,P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )无论是高血压还是正常血压者ACE基因DD型者的ISI均明显低于ID和II型 ,IS AUC显著高于ID和II型〔ISI:- 4 31± 0 2 0vs -3 6 3± 0 2 2和 - 3 2 7± 0 2 4 ,P <0 0 1;IS(AUC) :2 11 1± 5 6 8vs 135 7± 5 4 7、12 6 8± 5 1 7mu·L-1,P <0 0 1〕 ,而AGT基因T2 35 ,T174基因突变与胰岛素抵抗无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　ACE基因DD型而非AGT基因可能参与高血压病人及正常血压者胰岛素抵抗的基因调节 ,这可能是ACE基因DD型易发生心血管危险的机制之一     

性别因素对原发性高血压候选基因研究的影响作用

目的探讨研究样本中的性别因素对原发性高血压（EH）候选基因研究结果的影响。方法应用聚合酶链反应这一分子生物学研究方法,分析EH组患者及正常血压对照组（两组中男性女性人数相等）人群血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入／缺失（I／D）多态性,进而探讨性别比例对该类研究结论的可能影响。结果男性EH组DD基因型频率显著高于男性对照组（x^2=6．98,P=0．004）,D等位基因频率在男性EH组亦较男性对照组显著增高（x^2=6．87,P=0．009）,而ID和II基因型频率在男性EH组和男性对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。女性EH组与女性对照组比较,各基因型和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;男性EH组中的DD基因型分布比例与女性EH组中的DD基因型分布比例相比有显著统计学意义（x^2=4．06,P=0．044）。此外,EH组中男性DD型者的收缩压及脉压水平均显著高于ID型和II型者（P均〈0．05）,但舒张压在3种基因型间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。同时,EH组II、ID基因型的男性的收缩压、舒张压、脉压差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。女性患者中,各基因型间收缩压、舒张压及脉压的水平差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论男性中的DD基因型成员与EH（尤其在收缩压、脉压）的关联可能比男性中的II、ID基因型以及所有的女性更为密切。性别可能作为一个混杂因素,对包括ACE基因I／D多态性在内的诸多EH候选基因与EH的相关性研究的结论产生影响。     

ACE I/D基因多态性与武汉地区原发性高血压代谢综合征关系的探讨

目的:探讨武汉地区原发性高血压(EH)代谢综合征(MS)与血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性的关系.方法:701例武汉地区汉族人群分为3组,其中血压正常对照组303人,EH患者398例,其中EH患者中符合代谢综合征者189例,不伴随代谢综合组209例.应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)法测定3组人群中ACE I/D基因多态性.结果:①ACE各基因型频率在正常对照组与EH(包括MS与非MS组)组间差异无统计学意义;②ACE Ⅱ基因型EH合并MS患者的胆固醇水平明显高于DD基因型.结论:ACE基因多态性与武汉地区原发性高血压无关,但D等位基因频率明显低于某些西方国家人群;对于EH合并代谢综合征的患者,其胆固醇水平和ACE Ⅱ基因型明显相关.     

血管紧张素转化酶多态性与北京降压0号长期降压效果的关系

目的:探讨不同血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性的基因型的原发性高血压(EH)患者对北京降压0号治疗的长期反应性。方法:根据ACE I/D基因多态性,将EH患者分为II组(16例),ID组(11例)及DD组(15例),共42例。使用北京降压0号1片/d,共1年,观察降压疗效。结果:II组显效10例,有效5例,总有效率93.8%;ID组显效5例,有效4例,总有效率81.8%;DD组显效11例,有效2例,总有效率86.7%,控制率分别为75.0%、72.7%、60.0%,各组疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3组平均血压下降值比较,舒张压下降值II组高于ID组(P<0.05),其余均差异无统计学意义。结论:ACE I/D基因多态性对北京降压0号治疗EH的长期效果无影响。     

原发性高血压血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与性别的关系

目的　研究血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因插入 缺失 (I D)多态性与不同性别原发性高血压 (EH)的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应技术分析 138例原发性高血压患者及 6 0名正常对照组的ACE基因型。结果　原发性高血压组缺失纯合子 (DD)基因型及D等位基因频率显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 )。且男女两性相比 ,原发性高血压组男性DD基因型频率显著高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,收缩压水平亦显著高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　原发性高血压与ACE基因I D多态性之间存在一种特殊的伴性关系。     

α-内收蛋白、ACE基因多态性及环境因素与高血压病的关系

目的　研究α -内收蛋白基因、血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因多态性及环境因素与原发性高血压病 (EH)的关系。方法　聚合酶链反应 (PCR) -琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测基因型。结果　 (1)α -内收蛋白基因、ACE基因各基因型及TrpTrp +DD联合基因型在正常血压组和EH组的分布差异无显著性。 (2 )在与EH有关的危险因素存在的条件下 ,肥胖组、高甘油三酯血症组、吸烟组α -内收蛋白基因TrpTrp型EH患者患病率高于其他基因型 ,有统计学差异 (P <0 0 5)。结论　EH是环境与遗传因素共同作用的结果 ,环境因素可能更重要     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压病心肌纤维化的关系

目的　探讨血管紧张素转换酶 ( ACE)基因多态性与原发性高血压病 ( EH)心肌纤维化的关系。方法　以多聚酶链反应 ( PCR)方法检测 168例 EH患者的 ACE基因型 ;放射免疫法检测血清 型前胶原 ( PC )、透明质酸( HA)和层粘蛋白 ( LN)。结果　高血压病心肌纤维化组 DD基因型和 D等位基因频率分别为 0 .42 9和 0 .60 ,显著高于非纤维化组 0 .18和 0 .42 1( P<0 .0 5 )。DD型与 II型比较心肌质量指数、PC 显著升高 ,差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 ACE基因 DD型可能是高血压病心肌纤维化的重要危险因素     

ACE基因I/D和AT1R基因A1166C多态性与氢氯噻嗪降压疗效的相关性研究

目的 探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因I/D与血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(AT1R)基因A1166C多态性与氢氯噻嗪(HCTZ)降压疗效的关系.方法 原发性高血压患者服用HCTZ 6周后,按不同ACE基因型和AT1R基因型分组,比较不同基因型组合患者的血压下降值.结果 ACE基因DD、ID、II基因型患者收缩压均下降,DD基因型患者收缩压下降值显著大于ID、II型患者(P＜0.05);AT1R基因AC(CC)和AA基因型患者收缩压下降值组间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);DD AC(CC)基因型组合患者收缩压亦下降,与其他基因型组合患者比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).多因素分析结果表明,治疗前醛固酮浓度和DD基因型是影响患者收缩压下降的主要因素.结论 ACE基因的DD基因型与HCTZ的降压疗效相关;AT1R基因AC(CC)、DD AC(CC)型组合患者对HCTZ的降压反应可能优于其他基因型组合患者.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与非杓型高血压的关系

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶 ( ACE)基因插入 /缺失 ( I/ D)多态性与非杓型高血压 ( EH)的关系。方法　 1应用聚合酶链反应 ( PCR)方法扩增 5 0例正常人、99例高血压患者的 ACE基因上 2 87bp片段 ,根据插入 ( I)或 /缺失( D)来判断其多态性。 2高血压患者行 2 4h动态血压监测 ( ABPM) ,根据 ABPM结果分为杓型 EH组和非杓型 EH组。结果　 1非杓型组与健康对照组相比 ,其 D等位基因及 DD基因型显著升高。 2非杓型组与杓型组相比 ,其 D等位基因及 DD基因型显著升高。3杓型组与健康对照组相比 ,ACE基因型和等位基因频率无显著性差异。结论　ACE基因多态性与非杓型高血压有关联性 ,DD基因型提示可能与高血压昼夜节律改变有关     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.