泌尿系肿瘤标记物

肿瘤标记物是在某一肿瘤特异性表达或分泌（或释放），在其它肿瘤组织或正常组织不表达或低表达（低分泌或释放）的分子，即分子标记物（molecular marker）或生物标记物（biomarker），主要用于肿瘤诊断、肿瘤预后判断、治疗后随访、化疗放疗敏感性判断等。近年来，泌尿系肿瘤标记物的研究以膀胱癌和前列腺癌为主，以下就常见的膀胱癌和前列腺癌肿瘤标记物作一介绍。     

戈合瑞林用于乳腺癌治疗的研究进展

综述戈舍瑞林的抗肿瘤机制、临床前研究以及临床研究的现状。研究证明戈舍瑞林是一种安全、有效、可逆的卵巢功能抑制药物。对绝经前晚期乳腺癌患者，戈舍瑞林单药或戈舍瑞林和三苯氧胺联用至少能达到同卵巢去势或CMF化疗相同的疗效；用作绝经前乳腺癌患者术后辅助治疗，对雌激素受体阳性腋淋巴结有转移的患者，戈舍瑞林可获得和CMF化疗方案同样的疗效，但戈舍瑞林副作用少于卵巢去势或CMF化疗。     

肝切除术与经皮乙醇注射治疗小肝癌的疗效比较

据意大利学者报道，对于小肝细胞肝癌(HCC)患者，肝切除术或经皮乙醇注射(PEI)治疗的存活率是相同的。意大利那不勒斯Nazionale Tumori研究所的Bruno Daniele博士指出，小HCC患者经常采用肝切除术或PEI治疗，为此，研究人员通过意大利肝癌计划(CLIP08)中配对病例．对照研究比较了肝切除术与PEI对存活率的影响。研究人员选择进行肝切除术(病例)或PEI(对照)治疗的单结节HCC(≤5cm)患者进行研究，配对标准为诊断时间、     

细胞信号转导与新抗肿瘤药物开发

细胞信号转导系统异常与肿瘤发生密切相关。针对信号转导通路中异常的基因或蛋白来设计药物，以抑制细胞过度增殖或上调凋亡，成为当前抗肿瘤药物开发的研究重点，研究已取得一些有意义的结果。     

双酚A与肿瘤相关性的研究进展

双酚A（BPA）是一种常见的、具有显著类雌激素作用的环境内分泌干扰物，被认为与多种疾病的发生有关。恶性肿瘤作为严重影响人类健康的一类疾病，其与BPA的关联性受到了研究者的广泛关注并开展了深入的研究。本文总结了BPA与恶性肿瘤相关研究的最新进展，包括激素依赖性及非激素依赖性肿瘤，以及相应的流行病学研究或体内、外实验研究证据；同时，归纳了BPA促进恶性肿瘤发生发展的分子机制；此外，还分析了当前研究中存在的问题和不足。以上内容将为进一步研究BPA对恶性肿瘤发生发展的影响，为寻找预防或降低BPA健康损伤的措施提供有益信息。     

双酚A与肿瘤相关性的研究进展

双酚A（BPA）是一种常见的、具有显著类雌激素作用的环境内分泌干扰物，被认为与多种疾病的发生有关。恶性肿瘤作为严重影响人类健康的一类疾病，其与BPA的关联性受到了研究者的广泛关注并开展了深入的研究。本文总结了BPA与恶性肿瘤相关研究的最新进展，包括激素依赖性及非激素依赖性肿瘤，以及相应的流行病学研究或体内、外实验研究证据；同时，归纳了BPA促进恶性肿瘤发生发展的分子机制；此外，还分析了当前研究中存在的问题和不足。以上内容将为进一步研究BPA对恶性肿瘤发生发展的影响，为寻找预防或降低BPA健康损伤的措施提供有益信息。     

结外恶性淋巴瘤的治疗策略

恶性淋巴瘤（ｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｌｙｍｐｈｏｍａ，ＭＬ）原发于淋巴结以外的组织或器官称为结外恶性淋巴瘤（ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅｘｔｒａｎｏｄａｌｌｙｍｐｈｏｍａ，ＰＥＮＬ）。随着分子生物学、免疫学、遗传学等基础研究和临床诊疗水平的发展，对ＭＬ的本质有了进一步了解，认识到ＭＬ的治疗和预后不仅与病理亚型、临床分期密切相关，还与ＭＬ的首发部位即原发于淋巴结或淋巴结外组织或器官有关。８０年代以来，对ＭＬ的研究重点已从淋巴结内病变发展到淋巴结内和淋巴结外病变并重。研究成果显示ＰＥＮＬ有不同于结内淋巴瘤的生物学行…     

细胞质内缝隙连接蛋白在肿瘤进展过程中的功能

缝隙连接细胞间通讯在维持组织稳态、调控细胞分化和肿瘤发生中发挥重要作用。研究证实缝隙连接介导的细胞间通讯抑制肿瘤的发生，在各种肿瘤组织中均发现有不同程度的细胞间缝隙连接通讯水平的下调，或由于缝隙连接蛋白表达减弱或缺失，或由于缝隙连接蛋白的细胞质内异位表达。长期以来普遍认为细胞质内缝隙连接蛋白表达只是引起细胞间缝隙连接通讯水平的下降，但是最近的一些研究陆续发现，细胞质内缝隙连接蛋白蓄积在肿瘤的进展过程中，发挥着不依赖于细胞间缝隙连接通讯的独特生物学功能。     

非甾体抗炎药和肿瘤的预防

肿瘤的发病率逐年增长，严重危害人民健康，设法减少或防止肿瘤的发生、发展极其重要。采用化学药物来预防肿瘤的发生或促使肿瘤细胞向正常细胞分化、逆转是这个领域中研究的一个重要方面。近年来对化学药物中的抗炎药与肿瘤的关系颇受重视，因为许多流行病学研究资料显示在一般人群中非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）对上皮组织来源的肿瘤具有一定的化学预防作用，     

脂质体阿霉素在肿瘤热化疗中的研究进展

体内外研究表明，脂质体阿霉素在肿瘤热化疗研究方面，联合热疗疗效明显优于单独热疗或单药脂质体阿霉素治疗，其作用机制可能是热疗直接引起阿霉素从脂质体中释放，增加加热区域肿瘤组织的微循环渗透压，从而增加了肿瘤细胞对药物的生物利用度，发挥协同增加抗肿瘤作用。临床研究表明，联合热化疗在难治性或复发的卵巢癌、晚期乳腺癌、恶性软组织肉瘤及肝癌等晚期恶性肿瘤疗效较好。     

Surgical management of metastatic peritoneal or pleural disease

The surgeon's role in the treatment of malignant peritoneal disease has expanded over time, stemming from a better understanding of tumor biology. For the majority of patients, carcinomatosis is a terminal process with surgical intervention being reserved for palliation of bowel obstruction or symptomatic ascites. However, for select patients with favorable tumor biologies, aggressive surgical approaches may result in long-term survival. This review describes the patterns of peritoneal tumor dissemination, surgical palliation of malignant bowel obstruction or ascites, and the principles, indications, toxicities, and overall results of cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy. On the other hand, long-term survival is rarely expected for malignant pleural disease unless the causal tumor is highly responsive to systemic chemotherapy. There are controversies and considerable geographic variations in the management of malignant pleural effusions. However, less invasive ambulatory palliative treatments for patients so afflicted are gaining popularity.     

肿瘤靶向磁共振成像研究进展

以恶性肿瘤细胞或肿瘤组织表达的特定分子为靶点,采用相应的分子探针载体连接铁类或钆类磁共振对比剂,即磁共振肿瘤靶向对比剂.用于孵育体外培养的肿瘤细胞,以及经静脉注射到载瘤裸鼠体内.近年来许多研究者证实磁共振成像(MRI)能观察该类肿瘤靶向对比剂的靶向效果,有望实现恶性肿瘤的磁共振定性诊断,检测肿瘤靶向治疗效果,并指导临床选择合适的靶向化疗药.     

Huge ameloblastoma of jaw—A case report

Ameloblastoma is a tumor of odontogenic epithelium. It is a tumour of intermediate malignant potential which lies in the gray zone between benign and malignant neoplasm. A huge ameloblastoma revealing benign cytological features in FNAC is being reported. Ameloblastoma arises from odontogenic epithelium. This tumor can occur at any age. Though traditionally divided as solid and cystic, nearly all ameloblatomas show some cystic change. This tumor shows invasive property and a remarkable tendency of recurrence. The cases showing distant metastasis are recognized as malignant ameloblastoma. Ameloblastic carcinoma is a tumor with microscopic features of ameloblastoma that displays malignant features at cytological level.^[2] It usually has aggressive course. A case of large ameloblastoma with slow clinical course and benign cytological as well as histological features is being reported.     

Ultrastructural investigation of anaplastic salivary gland carcinomas in Eskimos

Ultrastructural investigation of 19 malignant lymphoepithelial salivary gland tumors in Greenland Eskimos disclosed evidence of epithelial origin of the tumor cells in 18 cases. Furthermore, tumor cells exhibited markers of squamous cell differentiation in 16 cases. Signs of adenomatous differentiation were never encountered. Thus, the malignant lymphoepithelial tumor of salivary glands is the ultrastructural counterpart to the nasopharyngeal anaplastic carcinoma (malignant lymphoepithelioma), both being high-grade squamous cell carcinomas.     

乳腺癌药物预防及相关情况新进展

肿瘤的药物预防通过自然或人工合成的化学药物对肿瘤形成过程的干涉,阻断肿瘤形成或抑制恶性过程的发展.雌激素与乳腺癌发生发展之间存在密切联系.重点介绍乳腺癌化学预防药物及相关临床试验最新进展及结果,简要介绍乳腺癌高危人群风险预测的模型、临床前实验室研究体内、外模型.     

云南省5所综合性医院恶性肿瘤住院病人构成分析

[目的]分析云南省5所综合性医院恶性肿瘤住院病人构成情况,为云南省卫生部门制订肿瘤防治措施提供依据.[方法]收集云南省5所综合性医院1990～2000年16871例恶性肿瘤住院病人病案首页资料进行描述性分析.[结果]恶性肿瘤住院病人疾病构成排在前3位的主要是消化器官和腹膜肿瘤、淋巴和造血组织肿瘤以及呼吸和胸腔内器官肿瘤.男性和女性、不同年龄段病人的住院疾病顺位有所不同;从1996年以来恶性肿瘤住院构成比以及住院死亡构成比均呈逐年增加的趋势;50%以上的恶性肿瘤住院死亡人数集中在30岁～60岁之间.[结论]应加强对云南省恶性肿瘤防治措施的研究,以降低恶性肿瘤对人群的危害.     

A case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma with a good response to treatment

A rare case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in a 49-year-old Japanese woman is presented. The tumor was limited to the peritoneum, and was cytologically and histologically identified as being composed of two components, epithelial and non-epithelial forms. The transition in her CA-125 level suggested that this tumor had good prospects of developing into a malignant mesothelioma. The good prognosis of the patient is considered to be attributed to detecting this tumor in its early stage and to aggressive chemotherapy.     

Advances in the management of adrenal tumors

Adrenal tumors are very common, with the majority being nonhypersecretory and benign and less than 1% being malignant. Most primary adrenal tumors are sporadic, but may be associated with other endocrine and familial disorders, especially pheochromocytoma. All patients with "sporadic" pheochromocytoma should be screened for MEN-2 and Von Hippel-Lindau disease. As in many endocrine tumors, there are no uniform definitive histologic criteria to distinguish malignancy, which is dependent on the clinical behavior of the tumor and is accurately diagnosed in the presence of adjacent organ invasion, recurrence, or distant metastasis. Surgery remains the cornerstone and the treatment of choice for functional and primary malignant adrenal tumors, both for cure and palliation, with low morbidity and mortality.     

Lectin-binding affinities of human breast tumors

Paraffin-embedded sections from a variety of breast lesions were stained with a number of lectins labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and examined by fluorescence microscopy: 95 non-neoplastic tissues and 69 malignant tumors were examined. Lectin binding was demonstrated in all malignant tumors, the fluorescence being confined to the plasma membrane of the tumor cells. Normal and hyperplastic tissues either failed to stain or showed a grossly diminished level of fluorescence. The significance of the staining reaction is discussed.     

消化道恶性肿瘤根治术中125I放射性粒子近距离治疗104例

目的 探讨125I粒子近距离治疗消化道恶性肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 对Ⅱ～Ⅲ期消化道肿瘤患者104例行肿瘤根治术,术中将125I粒子植入可能残留癌组织的区域和癌细胞转移途径的淋巴结区域.术后5～7 d查血常规和免疫球蛋白的变化,X线片检查观察125I粒子分布状况,了解肿瘤复发或转移情况.结果 全组患者均获随访,无死亡.其中发生肠瘘1例,经积极治疗痊愈.8例患者1周内白细胞(WBC)降至3×109/L,经对症治疗后,WBC回升到4 ×109/L以上,免疫指标测定低于正常值.其他生存患者随访中未出现因植入粒子而导致的严重并发症.结论 125I粒子植入近距离治疗Ⅱ～Ⅲ期消化道恶性肿瘤方法 简单、疗效确切,是一种治疗恶性肿瘤的理想方法之一,尤其在基层具有良好的应用前景.