高血压左室舒张早期血流传播特点及与内分泌因子的关系

目的应用超声技术探讨高血压病患者左室舒张早期血流传播特点及其与内分泌因子的关系.方法 61例高血压病患者根据左室质量指数(LVMI)分为左室心肌肥厚组(LVH,30例)和无心肌肥厚组(NLVH组,31例);20例健康者为对照组.二维及M-型超声心动图测量舒张末期室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室内径以及左室射血分数,计算LVMI.脉冲波多普勒超声测量二尖瓣血流频谱,测量舒张早期最大血流速度(E0)、舒张晚期最大血流速度(A)及其比值(E0/A),舒张早期二尖瓣瓣下3 cm处的最大血流速度(E3);舒张早期二尖瓣瓣尖心电图R波顶峰至E波峰值的时间(R-E0)、瓣下3 cm的心电图R波顶峰至E波峰值的时间(R-E3)以及两时间间期的比值(R-E3/R-E0).放射免疫分析血浆心钠素(ANP)、脑钠素(BNP)、内皮素(ET)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及血清胰岛素样类生长因子-1(IGF-1)的浓度.结果对照组、NLVH组、LVH组E0/A比值依次减小(P＜0.001);对照组、NLVH 组、LVH组E3依次降低(P＜0.05),R-E3/R-E0比值延长(P＜0.01).E0/A与ET、ANP、BNP及IGF-1呈显著负相关(r分别为-0.82,-0.65,-0.60,-0.65; P＜0.01),与CGRP中度正相关(r＝0.64,P＜0.01);E3与ET、ANP呈轻度负相关(r＝-0.36,-0.31;P＜0.01),与CGRP轻度正相关(r＝0.22,P＜0.01);R-E3/R-E0与ET、ANP、BNP及IGF-1呈显著正相关(r分别为0.61,0.62,0.79,0.73;P＜0.01),与CGRP中度负相关(r＝-0.70,P＜0.01).结论高血压病患者左室舒张早期血流传播延缓,速度减低,左室舒张功能异常与内分泌因子有关.     

应变率成像对原发性高血压病患者心脏功能的评价

目的应用应变率成像技术评价原发性高血压病患者心脏的局部收缩与舒张功能。方法40例原发性高血压病患者，其中左室肥厚组（LVH）14例，非左室肥厚组（NLVH）26例及30例正常同龄人。取心尖四腔、心尖两腔、心尖左室长轴切面的心肌应变率曲线，测定各室壁的收缩期、舒张早期、房缩期的峰值应变率（SRs、 SRE、SRA）。结果SRs：原发性高血压病患者LVH组后壁、下壁、前壁较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05）；SRE：LVH组及NLVH组各室壁均较对照组显著降低（均P〈0．05），但LVH组与NLVH组间无显著性差异。SRA：LVH组及NLVH组除前间隔外余室壁与对照组无显著性差异。结论应变率能够客观、准确地评价原发性高血压患者的心肌运动功能。     

氨氯地平对高血压患者左心室肥厚及高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)与原发性高血压伴左心室肥厚(LVH)的相关性,并观察氨氯地平药物干预对血清hsCRP的影响。方法轻、中度高血压患者120例和健康对照组40例。高血压患者给予氨氯地平治疗6个月,对比血清hsCRP、左心室质量指数(LVMI)在治疗前后的变化。结果2级高血压组血清hsCRP高于1级高血压组,1级与2级高血压组均高于健康对照组,分别为(2.54±0.98)mg/L、(1.95±0.74)mg/L vs(1.08±0.73)mg/L(P<0.05或<0.01)。治疗前LVH组和高血压无左心室肥厚(NLVH)组血清hsCRP均显著高于健康对照组,LVH组又高于NLVH组,分别为(2.57±0.85)mg/L vs(1.94±0.89)mg/L vs(1.08±0.73)mg/L(均P<0.01),治疗后hsCRP均明显降低,但仍高于健康对照组(1.88±0.78)mg/L和(1.25±0.58)mg/L vs(1.08±0.73)mg/L(P<0.05或<0.01)。治疗前LVH组和NLVH组的LVMI均高于健康对照组146.71±22.60和116.31±12.42 vs 89...     

新生儿多普勒组织成像二尖瓣环速度正常值

目的 探讨正常足月新生儿二尖瓣环多普勒组织成像(Doppler Tissue Imaging,DTI)的特点.方法 30例足月正常新生儿于出生后24、48、72 h,通过DTI分别测定3个时段的二尖瓣环的收缩期运动速度(s),舒张早期运动速度(e),舒张晚期运动速度(a),取样点位于心尖四腔切面二尖瓣环前叶根部心内膜下心肌,测3次取平均值,并计算e/a比值.结果 (1)DTI s 3个时段值分别为(6.45±0.76)cm/s、(6.18±0.77)cm/s、(6.46±0.81)cm/s,它们之间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)DTI e 3个时段值分别为(6.64±1.27)cm/s、(6.13±0.94)cm/s、(6.24±1.02)cm/s,它们之间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);(3)DTI a 3个时段值分别为(8.33±1.52)cm/s、(7.82±1.46)cm/s、(8.41±1.70)cm/s,它们之间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);(4)DTI e/a比值 3个时段值分别为0.83±0.24、0.81±0.19、0.76±0.14,它们之间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 正常新生儿生后3 d的二尖瓣环的各参数无明显差异,舒张晚期运动速度快于舒张早期和收缩期,e/a比值<1.     

血流向量成像技术研究高血压患者左室舒张期能量损耗

目的应用血流向量成像(VFM)技术评价高血压患者左心室舒张期能量损耗(EL)变化规律。方法选取58例高血压病患者为病例组,并分为左室肥厚组(LVH组)和非左室肥厚组(NLVH组),31例健康人为对照组。测定左心室快速充盈期(DE)、缓慢充盈期(DM)、房缩期(DL),全舒张期(DW)EL,比较三组EL差异。结果 NLVH组左室DW和DL EL明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义;LVH组各时相EL明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义;LVH组EL较NLVH组DE和DM明显增加,差异有统计学意义;NLVH组DL EL高于LVH组,差异有统计学意义。结论 VFM能够直观定量分析高血压病患者左心室的流体动力学变化,高血压病EL与健康对照组存在显著差异。     

超声斑点追踪二维应变评价原发性高血压患者左室心内膜下心肌收缩功能

目的 应用超声斑点追踪二维应变探讨原发性高血压患者左室心内膜下心肌收缩功能的改变情况.方法 60例原发性高血压患者和30例正常人,行常规二维超声心动图检查;依据左室心肌质量指数(LVMI)将60例高血压患者分为:左室肥厚(LVH)和无左室肥厚(NLVH)组.获取左室心尖位四腔、二腔、长轴切面二维图像,测定心尖位3个切面的各心肌节段心内膜下和整体心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变.结果 (1)与正常组、NLVH组比较,LVH组的左房内径、室壁厚度及E/A有显著性差异(P＜0.05).NLVH组与正常组之间各常规参数无显著性差异(P＞0.05).(2)与正常组比较,NLVH组、LVH组的左室长轴心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变虽然有所减低,但只有部分节段差异有统计学性意义(P＜0.05).(3)与正常组比较,NLVH组、LVH组的左室长轴心内膜下心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变均减低(P＜0.05).除了少数节段心肌外,LVH组左室长轴心内膜下心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变均比NLVH组相应的节段心肌减低(P＜0.05).结论 超声斑点追踪二维应变能够准确地定量评价不同程度原发性高血压患者的左室心内膜下心肌收缩功能;在没有明显左室肥厚之前,高血压患者左室心内膜下心肌收缩功能已经下降.     

肾上腺髓质素和降钙素基因相关肽在原发性高血压危险性分层时的变化及意义

目的研究原发性高血压患者血浆肾上腺髓质素(ADM)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的水平变化,探讨两种血管活性物质在原发性高血压危险性分层中的变化及临床意义.方法随机选择80例原发性高血压患者和20例正常人作对照,根据<1999年WHO/ISH高血压诊疗指南>中的危险分层标准将原发性高血压病人分为低危、中危、高危和极高危等4组.用放射免疫法测定血浆ADM、CGRP的含量.结果血浆ADM的浓度在低危组、中危组、高危组和极高危组及正常对照组分别为36.28±10.12、41.28±8.09、66.64±10.22、87.90±10.39和15.26±4.30 ng/L,低危组、中危组、高危组和极高危组与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),且随危险分层的增高而逐渐显著增高.血浆CGRP的浓度在低危组、中危组、高危组和极高危组及正常对照组分别为59.48±9.42、55.92±10.01、47.36±8.87、37.61±9.61和71.08±6.43 ng/L,低危组、中危组、高危组和极高危组与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).且随危险分层的增高而逐渐显著降低.血浆ADM与CGRP呈负相关(r=-0.742,P＜0.01).结论血浆肾上腺髓质素、降钙素基因相关肽参与了原发性高血压的病理生理过程及靶器官损害,可以反映原发性高血压的危险性分层.     

实时三平面组织同步成像技术评价高血压病患者左心室心肌收缩同步性

目的应用实时三平面组织同步成像（TSI）技术评价原发性高血压病患者左心室心肌收缩的同步性,探讨其临床意义。方法原发性高血压病左室心肌肥厚（LVH）患者44例,原发性高血压病无左室心肌肥厚（NLVH）患者52例,健康者32例为对照组,应用实时三平面TSI技术测量左心室前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁和室间隔的基底段和中间段等12个心肌节段的收缩达峰时间（Tp）,计算Tp平均值（Tp—mean）和标准差（．rp—sd）。结果与对照组比较,高血压病组Tp—mean延长（P〈0．001）、Tp—sd增大（P〈0．01）,且LVH组Tp—mean和．rp—sd较NLVH组延长、增大（P〈0．001）。左心室心肌质量指数（LVMI）与Tp—mean呈正相关（r=0．53,P〈0．01）。结论高血压病患者左心室心肌收缩存在不同步性,且在心肌肥厚状态下心肌收缩不同步性增大。TSI技术对高血压病患者左心室局部心肌功能的全面评价具有重要价值。     

内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽在咳嗽变异型哮喘患者中的相关性分析

目的 探讨血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)患者血浆中的浓度、相关性及其临床意义.方法 选择CVA患者30例(CVA组)、典型支气管哮喘急性发作期患者30例(典型哮喘组)和25名健康对照者(健康对照组).对每例研究对象抽取清晨空腹静脉血3 ml,用放射免疫法测定内皮素、CGRP,对相关数据进行统计学分析.结果 CVA组、典型哮喘组、健康对照组血浆内皮素浓度分别为(103.58±28.66)、(129.37±27.28)、(72.63±21.52)ng/L,CVA组与典型哮喘组内皮素浓度显著高于对照组(P均<0.01);CVA组、典型哮喘组、对照组CGRP浓度分别为(7.62±2.56)、(6.63±2.09)、(21.60±3.29)ng/L,CVA组与典型哮喘组CGRP水平显著低于对照组(P均<0.01);CVA组与典型哮喘组内皮素、CGRP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).CVA组血浆内皮素和CGRP水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.738,P<0.05);典型哮喘组血浆内皮素和CGRP水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.819,P<0.05).结论 CVA患者与典型哮喘发作期患者一样,其血浆内皮素和CGRP水平呈显著负相关,提示内皮素、CGRP在EVA中是一对相互拮抗因素,内皮素水平升高、CGRP水平降低在CVA中起着重要的促发或加剧作用.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血浆内皮素、一氧化氮、心钠素、降钙素基因相关肽的变化及意义

目的　探讨慢性乙型肝炎、肝炎肝硬化患者血浆内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)、心钠素 (ANP)、降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)的变化及相互关系。方法　对 60例慢性乙型肝炎、3 0例肝炎肝硬化患者 ,采用放射免疫法测定治疗前后ET、ANP、CGRP ,硝酸还原酶法测定NO并作相关分析 ,肝硬化患者同时测定门静脉内径及血流量。结果　①慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者血浆ET、NO明显高于正常对照组 ,均P <0 .0 5 ,且随着病变的加重 ,两者升高得更显著 ,CGRP水平明显低于正常对照组 ,P <0 .0 1;ANP与对照组无差别 ,P >0 .0 5。②慢性乙肝组肝功能好转 ,ET、ANP、CGRP无显著性变化 ,P >0 .0 5 ,肝硬化组肝功能好转 ,ET下降 ,P <0 .0 1,CGRP上升 ,P <0 .0 5。慢乙肝重度、肝硬化组治疗后NO下降 ,P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1。③直线相关分析表明 ,ET与NO呈正相关 ,P <0 .0 1;ET、NO、ANP、CGRP与肝功能无密切关系。结论　血管活性因子ET、NO、ANP、CGRP共同参与了慢性乙型肝炎的发生发展过程     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.