儿童特发性间质性肺疾病与肺表面活性物质-B基因多态性的相关性研究

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(surfactant protein,SP)-B外显子4(T131I)位点的基因多态性与儿童特发性间质性肺疾病的相关性.方法 收集2013年10月至2016年9月在深圳市儿童医院和广西医科大学附属第一医院住院诊断为特发性间质性肺疾病的患儿共67例为病例组,选择同期与特发性间质性肺疾病无关的因呼吸道感染在深圳市儿童医院住院的102例患儿为对照组,采用SP-B全外显子和侧翼区高通量测序法对所有病例采集的标本进行检测,分析外显子4(T131I)位点的基因型和等位基因分布.结果 病例组和对照组SP-B基因外显子 4(T131I)位点的基因型均可检出3 种,CC、CT及TT型,病例组所占比例分别为67.16%、25.37%、7.46%,对照组分别为56.86%、35.29%、7.84%,两组基因型分布的差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.981,P=0.371);病例组C等位基因频率为79.85%,对照组为74.51%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.288,P=0.256).对照组SP-B基因外显子 4(T131I)位点的基因突变频率为43.14%(44/102),与人类基因组千人人群数据库基因突变频率平均值52.00%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与欧洲千人人群数据库基因突变频率53.88%、南亚千人人群数据库基因突变频率45.50%和美洲整体人群数据库基因突变频率41.93%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而与东亚千人人群数据库基因突变频率26.39%和非洲千人人群数据库基因突变频率80.18%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 SP-B 基因外显子4(T131I)位点的基因多态性与儿童特发性间质性肺疾病易感性不存在相关性,外显子4(T131I)位点的基因突变频率与种族人群和地域具有一定的差异性.     

肺表面活性蛋白C基因突变相关性新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征2例并文献复习

目的 总结2例肺表面活性蛋白C基因（SFTPC）突变的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的临床特点和基因诊断,提高对该病的认识。方法 总结分析本文2例NRDS患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果,并进行文献复习。结果 2例患儿分别为38+3周足月儿和35+2周早产儿,均于生后即发生呼吸窘迫,X线胸片示NRDS,病原学检查均为阴性。均否认肺部疾病家族史。表面活性物质替代治疗和正压辅助通气支持有效。基因检测显示：1例为SFTPC基因c.68G>G/A,p.R23Q杂合错义突变,为首次报道;1例为SFTPC基因c.115G>G/T,p.V39L杂合错义突变,为已报道致病突变。共检索到临床资料完整的SFTPC突变NRDS 6篇文献7例,结合本文2例,9例均生后呼吸窘迫,影像学以弥漫性侵润和间质性改变为主,多予机械通气、PS对症支持治疗,2例死亡,1例间质性肺病,1例支气管肺发育不良,4例随访健康,1例失访。结论 中国NRDS病例中存在SFTPC基因突变,相关基因突变的识别,可为早期干预、预后判断以及遗传咨询提供依据。     

MS/MS-based newborn and family screening detects asymptomatic patients with very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether asymptomatic persons with biochemical evidence of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency identified through expanded newborn screening with tandem mass spectometry have confirmed disease. STUDY DESIGN: We characterized 8 asymptomatic VLCAD-deficient individuals by enzyme and/or mutational analysis and compared them with clinically diagnosed, symptomatic patients with regard to mutations, enzyme activity, phenotype, and age of disease onset. RESULTS: VLCAD molecular analyses in 6 unrelated patients revealed the previously reported V243A mutation, associated with hepatic or myopathic phenotypes, on 7/12 alleles. All other mutations were also missense mutations. Residual VLCAD activities of 6% to 11% of normal were consistent with milder phenotypes. In these identified individuals treated prospectively with dietary modification as preventive measures, clinical symptoms did not develop during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: MS/MS-based newborn screening correctly identifies VLCAD-deficient individuals. Based on mutational and enzymatic findings, these infants probably are at risk of future disease. Because life-threatening metabolic derangement can occur even in otherwise mild phenotypes, we advocate universal newborn screening programs for VLCAD deficiency to detect affected patients and prevent development of metabolic crises. Longer-term follow-up is essential to define outcomes, the definite risk of future disease, and appropriate treatment recommendations.     

表面活性蛋白C基因突变与儿童间质性肺疾病

表面活性蛋白 C 是唯一在肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞中表达的肺表面活性蛋白,其基因突变与儿童间质性肺疾病关系密切。该综述探讨表面活性蛋白 C 基因突变相关儿童间质性肺疾病的发病机制、诊断以及治疗的进展。     

硫酸羟氯喹治疗肺表面活性蛋白C基因突变致婴儿间质性肺病1例并文献复习

目的：报道硫酸羟氯喹治疗肺表面活性蛋白C基因（SFTPC）突变致婴儿间质性肺病的疗效,提高对该病诊断和治疗的认识。方法：总结分析1例SFTPC突变致婴儿间质性肺病的临床特点、诊断过程和硫酸羟氯喹的疗效,并进行文献复习。结果：患儿女,2月龄,因“生后反复咳嗽伴气促2个月”于2015年9月9日就诊。患儿在新生儿期即发生呼吸窘迫,持续无法离氧。影像学示肺部渗出,病原学检查均阴性,常规抗感染治疗无效,否认肺部疾病家族史。基因检测发现SFTPC基因外显子4有1个杂合错义突变位点（c.T337C:p.Y113H）,目前尚无报道。患儿13月龄时开始硫酸羟氯喹治疗,治疗6个月后,呼吸窘迫、生长发育情况和胸部CT影像学表现明显改善。在PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普数据库和万方数据库中检索SFTPC基因突变的间质性肺病,检索时间均从建库至2016年12月1日,共检索到相关文献12篇,均为英文文献。总结包括本文1例患儿在内的51例SFTPC基因突变致间质性肺病病例使用硫酸羟氯喹的治疗情况,随访0.3~15.8年,其中单用硫酸羟氯喹治疗的有12例,均取得良好疗效,未提及或未发现药物不良反应;全身糖皮质激素合用硫酸羟氯喹治疗39例,33例（84.6%）有效,2例（5.1%）无改善,4例（10.3%）恶化（1例死亡）。结论：对于SFTPC基因突变的婴儿间质性肺病,早期发现和早期诊断很重要,及早使用硫酸羟氯喹治疗可以改善临床症状、体征和生长发育情况,减少终末肺的发生。     

SFTPC突变致儿童间质性肺病伴家系外显不全3例并文献复习

摘要 目的：报告3例肺表面活性蛋白C基因(SFTPC)突变致儿童间质性肺病（chILD）伴家系外显不全的临床特征及基因突变特点。方法：总结3例家系外显不全的chILD临床资料和基因检测结果,对SFTPC突变基因型及其临床表型进行文献复习。结果：3例患儿均为足月顺产,出生时无异常,在生后2~15月出现咳嗽、气促和发绀,持续不能离氧,CT示弥漫磨玻璃样变伴或不伴囊性变,其中1例有家族史。多予机械通气、肺表面活性物质、类固醇、羟氯喹治疗,2例好转,1例死亡。3例患儿家系测序均检测到SFTPC基因存在致病性杂合错义突变［2例c.218T>C（p.I73T）杂合错义突变,为国外数据库最常见致病突变;1例c.314A>G（p.D105G）杂合错义突变］,各家系均有健康携带者。共检索到报道SFTPC突变致chILD外显不全的文献7篇10例患儿,结合本文3例,13例起病时间从新生儿期至11岁,CT多表现为弥漫性磨玻璃样变,均有长期吸氧史,2例死亡,2例chILD,9例缓解。结论：SFTPC突变致chILD在中国汉族人群存在外显不全现象,对这类疾病的临床特点及基因检测结果的认识为早期诊断、干预、预后判断和遗传咨询提供了依据。     

Mutation distribution and CYP21/C4 locus variability in Brazilian families with the classical form of the 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Deficiency of adrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase is the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and it is considered to be responsible for 90% of the disease. This paper describes for the first time the CYP21B mutation profile in Brazilian patients. We genotyped 41 families with at least one individual affected with the classical form of the 21-hydroxylase deficiency, representing 74 unrelated alleles. In order to characterize different disease-causing alleles, genotyping was performed by Southern blot analysis with three restriction enzymes, allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, and allele-specific PCR. Different alleles were distinguished by TaqI C4B RFLP, gene duplications or deletions of either CYP21A + C4B or CYP21B + C4B, large gene conversions and eight mutations that might have been introduced into CYP21B from CYP21A by microconversion events. At least one mutation was detected in 24 different disease-causing alleles, which represents about 85% of the affected alleles in those families. The frequency of the 30 kb deletion of CYP21B was lower than that described for Caucasians. The mutation Sp2 showed the highest frequency (24.65%) and was present mainly in salt-wasting patients, although it was also detected in some patients with the simple virilizing form of the disease. Conversely, I172N showed a frequency of 18.91% and was found mostly in patients affected with the simple virilizing form of the disease. Five other mutations were determined at low frequency, but CL6 was not found in any of the tested alleles.     

Pulmonary function and exercise capacity for ELBW survivors in preadolescence: effect of neonatal chronic lung disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess pulmonary function and exercise capacity of apparently asymptomatic children who were born extremely preterm. STUDY DESIGN: Pulmonary function and treadmill testing were performed on 50 children 9 to 15 years old who had birth weight <801 g (extremely low birth weight [ELBW]) and without apparent neurodevelopmental or pulmonary disabilities, compared with 25 children born at term with normal birth weight (NBW). Medical history and physical activity levels were assessed by parent questionnaire. Group differences were determined by two-sample t test. Secondary analysis was performed to assess significant influence of neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) on outcome measures. RESULTS: Twenty percent of ELBW subjects but no subjects with NBW had clinically abnormal pulmonary function (>2 SD from norms, P=.026). All significant pulmonary function differences except peak expiratory flow rate percentages were accounted for by ELBW subjects who had CLD. Oxygen consumption measurements were significantly lower for subjects with ELBW (30.3+/-6.9 and 38.5+/-5.2 mL/kg/min, P=.000), independent of CLD status. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary function abnormalities consistent with obstructive lung disease were more frequently detected in ELBW children who had neonatal CLD. Low oxygen consumption measurements suggest a lower level of fitness for ELBW children compared with children with NBW.     

Interstitial lung disease in newborns

The term ‘interstitial lung disease’ (ILD) refers to a group of disorders involving both the airspaces and tissue compartments of the lung, and these disorders are more accurately termed diffuse lung diseases. Although rare, they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with the prognosis depending upon the specific diagnosis. The major categories of ILD in children that present in the neonatal period include developmental disorders, growth disorders, surfactant dysfunction disorders, and specific conditions of unknown etiology unique to infancy. Whereas lung histopathology has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of ILD, as many of the disorders have a genetic basis, non-invasive diagnosis is feasible, and characteristic clinical and imaging features may allow for specific diagnosis in some circumstances. The underlying mechanisms, clinical, imaging, and lung pathology features and outcomes of ILD presenting in newborns are reviewed with an emphasis on genetic mechanisms and diagnosis.     

内蒙古西部地区汉族新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征与SP-B外显子7区域R236C位点的相关性研究

目的通过检测和分析肺表面活性物质蛋白B基因外显子7(exon7)区域上是否存在基因变异,探讨其与内蒙古西部地区汉族新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)发病的关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择祖上三代都居住在内蒙古西部地区的汉族NRDS患儿47例作为病例组,选择同民族和同群体中未发生NRDS的新生儿47例为对照组。通过PCR基因分析技术检测SP-B基因外显子7区域上有无突变,以及SP-B外显子7(R236C)位点的基因型、等位基因分布。结果在内蒙古西部地区汉族新生儿中,SP-B基因外显子7区域无突变发生;SP-B外显子7(R236C)位点基因型均可检出两种基因型(CC、CT),两组中均未检出TT基因型。病例组CC和CT基因型频率分别为72%和28%,C等位基因频率为85%,T等位基因频率为15%。对照组此两种基因型分别为85%和15%,C等位基因频率为93%,T等位基因频率为7%。病例组与对照组此位点基因多态性相比等位基因及基因型频率在两组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内蒙古西部地区汉族NRDS患儿的SP-B基因第7外显子未发现基因突变。未发现SP-B基因外显子7(R236C)位点基因多态性与该地区汉族NRDS的发生有明显相关性。     

Surfactant protein deficiency in familial interstitial lung disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of surfactant protein abnormalities to the development of chronic lung injury in a familial form of interstitial lung disease. STUDY DESIGN: An 11-year-old girl, her sister, and their mother who were diagnosed with chronic interstitial lung disease underwent laboratory investigation of surfactant protein expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung biopsy specimens. Nineteen patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 9 patients who were investigated for pulmonary malignancy but who did not have interstitial lung disease served as control subjects. RESULTS: The 3 family members were found to have absent surfactant protein C (SP-C) and decreased levels of SP-A and SP-B in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Immunostaining for pulmonary surfactant proteins in lung biopsy specimens obtained from both children demonstrated a marked decrease of pro-SP-C in the alveolar epithelial cells but strong staining for pro-SP-B, SP-B, SP-A, and SP-D. No deviations from published surfactant protein B or C coding sequences were identified by DNA sequence analysis. All control subjects had a detectable level of SP-C in the BALF. CONCLUSION: The apparent absence of SP-C and a decrease in the levels of SP-A and SP-B are associated with familial interstitial lung disease.     

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??Abstract??Though interstitial lung disease ??ILD?? can occur at any age in children?? disorders more common in infancy and young children have received increased attention as an important group that is disproportionally affected?? linked to lung development and lung injury?? and represents disorders not seen in adult ILD. The specific disorders causesd by alveolar growth abnormalities??AGA?? is the most common in infancy. The presentation?? evaluation?? treatment?? and clinical course in infants are discussed in infants in this paper.     

Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody is a diagnostic and predictive marker for interstitial lung diseases associated with juvenile dermatomyositis

The presence of the anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody was evaluated in 13 patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). The antibody was positive in 5 of the 6 patients with JDM-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD), but not in the 7 patients without ILD. This antibody is a useful marker for early diagnosis of JDM-associated ILD.     

儿童结缔组织病相关性肺间质病变7例临床分析

目的提高对儿童结缔组织病(CTD)相关性肺间质病变(ILD)认识,以期早期诊断、早期治疗,提高疗效。方法分析7例儿童CTD(过敏性紫癜、幼年型特发性关节炎-全身型、系统性红斑狼疮和结节性脂膜炎-全身型)发生ILD的临床诊治经过,并进行相关文献复习。结果7例患儿肺高分辨CT(HRCT)均提示ILD,但相应呼吸道症状均不明显。其中4例有活动后气促,2例在肺HRCT提示ILD前始终有不明原因的心率增快,2例有氧饱和度下降,而7例患儿的胸片均无显著特异性改变。2例经大剂量甲基泼尼松龙及环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击治疗后临床症状迅速缓解,2～3周后复查肺HRCT示明显好转。结论儿童CTD发生ILD,常缺乏呼吸道表现,但于早期CTD原发病控制后仍存在不明原因的心率增快时,应警惕发生ILD可能。儿童CTD相关性ILD治疗以泼尼松或甲基泼尼松龙联合一种免疫抑制剂为佳。病情一旦呈现急性进展,应予大剂量甲基泼尼松龙及CTX冲击治疗,并可辅以大剂量丙球。对于急性进展的ILD应及时排除感染的可能。     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations and prognosis of surfactant protein C gene c.218T??C??p.I73T?? mutation. Methods Patients were screened for the entire coding sequence of SFTPC??and two cases who had mutation in p.I73T were followed up??and the clinical features??prognosis and the heredity pedigrees were investigated. The related literatures were also reviewed. Results Case 1 was male?? 23 months old??case 2 was female??11 months old. Both had chronic cough??tachypnea and anoxia??and was delayed in development. Chest computed tomography??CT?? showed diffuse ground glass pattern??there was local emphysema and early sign of cyst formation in case 2. Case 1 was treated with prednisone for 6 months??the respiratory symptoms disappeared??but there still was diffuse ground glass pattern and emerging cyst formation in the chest CT. Case 2 received prednisone??but still had tachypnea and anoxia??and was given hydroxychloroquine for two months and alleviated. In heredity pedigree investigation??the father of case 1 had the same mutation??was asymptomatic??but had interstitial focus in chest. Case 2 was sporadic. Conclusion The interstitial lung disease caused by surfactant protein C gene p. I73T mutation could be hereditary or sporadic??usually the onset being in infant. Clinical manifestations are chronic cough??tachypnea??hypoxia and growth retardation. Chest CT shows diffuse ground glass pattern??local emphysema??or cyst formation. Some have good response to prednisone and prognosis is good??but are different in different cases.     

Haplotypes of the surfactant protein genes A and D as susceptibility factors for the development of respiratory distress syndrome

AIMS: Polymorphisms of genes are transmitted together in haplotypes, which can be used in the study of the development of complex diseases such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The surfactant proteins (SPs) play important roles in lung function, and genetic variants of these proteins have been linked with lung diseases, including RDS. To determine whether haplotypes of SP-A and SP-D are transmitted disproportionately from parents to offspring with RDS, we hypothesized that previously unstudied genetic haplotypes of these SP genes are associated with the development of RDS. METHODS: DNA was collected from 132 families of neonates with RDS. Genotyping was performed, and haplotype transmission from parent to offspring was determined by transmission disequilibrium test. RESULTS: The two-marker SP-D/SP-A haplotype DA160_A/SP-A2 1A(1) is protective against the development of RDS (p = 0.035). Four three- and four-marker haplotypes containing one or both loci from the significant two-marker haplotype are also protective against the development of RDS. CONCLUSIONS: These data identify protective haplotypes against RDS and support findings related to SP genetic differences in children who develop RDS. Study of haplotypes in complex diseases with both genetic and environmental risk factors may lead to better understanding of these types of diseases.     

CONGENITAL ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS IN THE NETHERLANDS: A Report of Five Cases with Immunohistochemical and Genetic Studies on Surfactant Apoproteins

Congenital alveolar proteinosis is a recently described cause of lung dysfunction and respiratory distress in term neonates. In several cases a deficiency or insufficiency of surfactant apoprotein B SP-B has been caused by a frameshift mutation in the gene encoding SP-B. Five full-term children in three unrelated families from The Netherlands are reported. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated large amounts of surfactant proteins A and C SP-A and SP-C and precursors in alveolar cells and in intra-alveolar material. Results were positive for antibovine SP-B antibody but negative for antipig SP-B1 antibody, most probably reflecting differences in the antibody specificity. The findings suggest abnormal SP-B function. In two sibs, no pre-SP-C was demonstrated in the alveoli, although it was found in considerable amounts in alveolar cells. One such case has previously been reported. In two families, the parents were heterozygous for the 121 ins 2 mutation in the SP-B gene. Our findings suggest that congenital alveolar proteinosis may result from abnormalities in one or more of the surfactant proteins.     

Pediatric interstitial lung disease

This study was done to ascertain the symptomatology, clinical features and investigations pertaining to interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in children. The medical records of 16 children admitted over a 4-year period from June 2000 to May 2004 with progressive cough, dyspnea, and chest X-ray/High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) abnormalities suggesting ILD were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical findings, investigations, chest skiagrams, HRCT, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung biopsy reports were analyzed. An acute presentation of symptoms was seen in 4 cases (25%). Velcro crackles were the commonest clinical finding, present in 15 cases (93.8%). Serial X-rays revealed findings suggestive of ILD in 12 cases (75%) and HRCT was diagnostic in 13 cases (86.6%). Spirometry done in 5 cases showed a restrictive ventilatory defect, BAL analysis done in 8 cases demonstrated increased neutrophils and lung biopsy done in 5 cases was consistent with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mean survival duration of 2 years and 7 months after initial diagnosis was observed.     

儿童间质性肺疾病的分类和诊断程序

儿童间质性肺疾病是一组庞大而异质性的肺疾病,以弥漫性渗出和气体交换障碍为特征.儿童间质性肺疾病的分类主要为:婴儿特有的间质性肺疾病;原发于肺部的间质性肺疾病,包括特发性间质性肺炎;伴肺部浸润的系统性疾病;已知原因的疾病.儿童间质性肺疾病诊断应先根据病史、临床表现以及影像学检查,确定是否为间质性肺疾病;进一步通过病原学、血清学检查等寻找病因,如病因仍不明确则需通过侵袭性检查获得诊断和病理分型.