无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术（EFR）治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和可行性。方法2007年7月至2009年8月经辅助检查和前期治疗明确诊断为起源于固有肌层的胃SMT患者20例,择期行全麻下EFR治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水,预切开肿瘤周围黏膜和黏膜下层,显露肿瘤;（2）采用内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）技术沿肿瘤周围分离固有肌层至浆膜层;（3）应用Hook刀沿肿瘤边缘切开浆膜;（4）胃镜直视下应用Hook、IT刀或圈套器完整切除包括浆膜在内的肿瘤;（5）应用金属夹缝合胃创面。结果20例源于固有肌层的胃SMT中,病灶位于胃底9例、胃体11例。EFR成功切除所有病变,完整切除率为100％,未使用腹腔镜辅助;EFR时间为60—145min,平均85min。切除肿瘤最大直径1．8～3．5cm,平均2．6cm;病理诊断为问质瘤13例、平滑肌瘤4例、血管球瘤2例、神经鞘瘤1例。术后无一例出现胃出血、腹膜炎体征及腹腔脓肿,术后3d造影无一例造影剂外漏和胃排空障碍。住院天数3～8d,平均5．5d。术后随访1～12个月,平均7个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论EFR治疗源于固有肌层的胃SMT是安全、有效的,可以切除更深的胃壁肿瘤,并提供准确的病理诊断资料,它的开展可进一步扩大内镜治疗的适应证。     

EFR治疗胃固有肌层肿物25例

目的探讨内镜全层切除术(EFR)治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿物(SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法 25例于2011年1月至2013年9月于我院接受EFR治疗的胃SMT患者纳入研究,肿瘤经EUS和增强CT检查诊断为来源于固有肌层。对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果 25例均完整切除病灶,病灶长径1.0~5.5 cm,黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为60~180 min,使用止血夹5~30枚,住院天数3~9 d,医疗费用8 000~20 000元。术后病理诊断间质瘤22例,平滑肌瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,切缘均为阴性。术后无出血,1例出现腹膜炎。出院后3个月内镜复查未见病变残留、复发。结论 EFR治疗来源于固有肌层的胃SMT安全、有效,可成为胃SMT的治疗选择。     

内镜下纵切挖除术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤患者

目的探讨内镜纵切挖除术（ELE）治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和可行性。方法对2011年2月至7月经辅助检查和前期治疗明确诊断为起源于消化道的SMT患者19例,在清醒镇静下行ELE治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水,纵行切开肿瘤表面黏膜和黏膜下层,显露肿瘤。（2）采用内镜黏膜下剥离术沿肿瘤周围分离至肿瘤基底部。（3）胃镜直视下应用Hook刀、IT刀或圈套器完整切除肿瘤。（4）应用金属夹缝合手术创面。结果19例消化道SMT患者中,病灶位于食道3例、贲132例、胃底3例、胃体5例、胃窦5例、升结肠1例。ELE成功切除所有病变,完整切除率为100．0％;ELE时间为25～125min,平均45min。切除肿瘤直径范围1．5-3．5cm,平均2．0cm;病理诊断为平滑肌瘤11例、脂肪瘤5例、间质瘤3例。术后无一例出现出血及腹膜炎体征。住院时间7。15d,平均10d。术后随访1～3个月,平均2个月,无一例病变残留。结论ELE治疗消化道SMT患者是安全有效的,手术方法较内镜黏膜下剥离术简便,便于缩短手术时间及术后并发症的防治,并且有利于术后创面的愈合。     

Do we need to conduct full-thickness closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric submucosal tumors?

Background/AimsSuccessful closure of gastric wall defects is a pivotal step for endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR). Our study indicates that for submucosal tumors (SMTs) smaller than 2.5 cm, closing the mucosal layer is safe and feasible when the modified method, ZIP, is used.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria (MP) who underwent EFTR with defect closure of the mucosal layer. The main procedure involved: (1) making a longitudinal incision of the mucosal and submucosal layers above the lesion, (2) fully exposing the lesion and symmetrically punching holes on both sides of the incision into the submucosal layer, (3) en bloc resection of the lesion using an electrosurgical snare or knife, (4) hooking of metallic clips into the holes and clipping of the mucosal layer successively to close the gastric wall defect. This modified method was named ZIP.ResultsSuccessful complete resection by EFTR was achieved in 37 cases (100%). The median procedure time was 60 min (range: 30–120 min), whereas the closure procedure took a median of 8 min (range: 5–20 min). The median lesion size was 1.0 cm (range: 0.5–2.5 cm). No patients had severe complications. No residual lesions or tumor recurrence were found during the follow-up period.ConclusionClosing the mucosal layer of gastric wall defects after EFTR by ZIP is feasible and effective.     

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection for duodenal submucosal tumors: Current status and future perspectives

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), with or without laparoscopic assistance, is an emergent natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique with promising safety and efficacy for the management of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria (MP), especially of the gastric wall. To date, evidence concerning duodenal exposed EFTR is lacking, mainly due to both the technical difficulty involved because of the special duodenal anatomy and concerns about safety and effectiveness of transmural wall defect closure. However, given the non-negligible morbidity and mortality associated with duodenal surgery, the recent availability of dedicated endoscopic tools for tissue-approximation capable to realize full-thickness defect closure could help in promoting the adoption of this endosurgical technique among referral centers. The aim of our study was to review the current evidence concerning exposed EFTR with or without laparoscopic assistance for the treatment of MP-arising duodenal SMTs.     

Endoscopic therapy for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria

AIM: To explore endoscopic therapy methods for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria.METHODS: For 69 cases diagnosed as gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria, three types of endoscopic therapy were selected, based on the size of the tumor. These methods included endoscopic ligation and resection (ELR), endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR). The wound surface and the perforation of the gastric wall were closed with metal clips. Immunohistostaining for CD34, CD117, Dog-1, S-100 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) was performed on the resected tumors.RESULTS: A total of 38 cases in which the tumor size was less than 1.2 cm were treated with ELR; three cases were complicated by perforation, and the perforations were closed with metal clips. Additionally, 18 cases in which the tumor size was more than 1.5 cm were treated with ESE, and no perforation occurred. Finally, 13 cases in which the tumor size was more than 2.0 cm were treated with EFR; all of the cases were complicated by artificial perforation, and all of the perforations were closed with metal clips. All of the 69 cases recovered with medical treatment, and none required surgical operation. Immunohistostaining demonstrated that among all of the 69 gastric stromal tumors diagnosed by gastroscopy, 12 cases were gastric leiomyomas (SMA-positive), and the other 57 cases were gastric stromal tumors.CONCLUSION: Gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria can be treated successfully with endoscopic techniques, which could replace certain surgical operations and should be considered for further application.     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection and laparoscopic surgery for treatment of gastric stromal tumors

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) and laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of gastric stromal tumors arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS: Out of 62 gastric stromal tumors arising from the muscularis propria, each > 1.5 cm in diameter, 32 were removed by EFR, and 30 were removed by laparoscopic surgery. The tumor expression of CD34, CD117, Dog-1, S-100, and SMA was assessed immunohistochemically. The operative time, complete resection rate, length of hospital stay, incidence of complications, and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Continuous data were compared using independent samples t-tests, and categorical data were compared using χ² tests.RESULTS: The 32 gastric stromal tumors treated by EFR and the 30 treated by laparoscopic surgery showed similar operative time [20-155 min (mean, 78.5 ± 30.1 min) vs 50-120 min (mean, 80.9 ± 46.7 min), P > 0.05], complete resection rate (100% vs 93.3%, P > 0.05), and length of hospital stay [4-10 d (mean, 5.9 ± 1.4 d) vs 4-19 d (mean, 8.9 ± 3.2 d), P >0.05]. None of the patients treated by EFR experienced complications, whereas two patients treated by laparoscopy required a conversion to laparotomy, and one patient had postoperative gastroparesis. No recurrences were observed in either group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that of the 62 gastric stromal tumors diagnosed by gastroscopy and endoscopic ultrasound, six were leiomyomas (SMA-positive), one was a schwannoglioma (S-100 positive), and the remaining 55 were stromal tumors.CONCLUSION: Some gastric stromal tumors arising from the muscularis propria can be completely removed by EFR. EFR could likely replace surgical or laparoscopic procedures for the removal of gastric stromal tumors.     

经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术治疗源于固有肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤初探

目的探讨经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术（STER）治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的疗效和安全性。方法对26例经超声内镜和CT诊断为来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者全麻下行STER治疗：（1）内镜寻找到肿瘤,并准确定位;（2）建立黏膜下隧道,显露肿瘤;（3）内镜直视下完整切除肿瘤;（4）缝合黏膜切口。结果来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者26例中,食管14例,贲门7例,胃5例。来源于固有肌层浅层者11例,深层者15例,其中2例胃SMTs与浆膜层粘连,密不可分。STER成功切除所有黏膜下肿瘤,完整切除率100％,切除病变直径1．0～3．2cm（平均1．9cm）。黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间25～145min,平均68．5min;完整缝合创面所用金属夹4—6枚,平均5枚。术后病理诊断为平滑肌瘤17例,间质瘤7例,血管球瘤1例,神经鞘膜瘤1例;切缘均为阴性。发生皮下气肿2例,左侧气胸伴皮下气肿1例,气腹2例,均予保守治疗痊愈。术后无一例出现迟发性消化道出血、消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染,无一例发生黏膜下隧道内积血积液和继发感染。随访3～9个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论STER治疗来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,并可避免消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染。     

上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的内镜治疗

目的探讨三种常见的内镜治疗方法对于起源于固有肌层的上消化道肿瘤的治疗价值。方法通过胃镜及超声内镜筛选出2011至2013年共70例患有上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的病例,根据肿瘤的位置及深度采用三种常见的内镜治疗方法给予切除。三种方法是:内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE),内镜全层切除术(EFR),内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)。切除肿瘤术后均经免疫组化及分子生物学等相关病理检测,检测指标为CD34、CD117、Dog-1、S-100、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、Ki-67以及核分裂数。结果共有35例患者接受ESE治疗,其中2例出现穿孔,通过钛夹修补;27例接受STER治疗,未出现穿孔并发症;8例接受EFR治疗,均有"人工"穿孔,通过钛夹完全修补。所有70例经过治疗后均完全康复,未追加外科手术治疗。结论上消化道固有肌层肿瘤可通过内镜治疗成功切除,可逐步替代外科手术治疗,且有更大的应用范围。     

Endoscopic treatments for small gastric subepithelial tumors originating from muscularis propria layer

Minimally invasive endoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method for patients with small (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. Currently, the main endoscopic therapies for patients with such tumors are endoscopic muscularis excavation, endoscopic full-thickness resection, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection. Although these endoscopic techniques can be used for complete resection of the tumor and provide an accurate pathological diagnosis, these techniques have been associated with several negative events, such as incomplete resection, perforation, and bleeding. This review provides detailed information on the technical details, likely treatment outcomes, and complications associated with each endoscopic method for treating/removing small gastric SETs that originate from the MP layer.     

Submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection of submucosal tumors at the esophagogastric junction

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection(STER) for treating submucosal tumors(SMTs).METHODS: Between August 2012 and October 2013, 21 patients with SMTs originating from the muscularis propria(MP) layer at the esophagogastric junction were treated by STER of their tumors. Key steps of the procedure include:(1) mucosal incision: a 2-cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made 5 cm proximal to the tumor;(2) submucosal tunneling: a submucosal tunnel was created 5 cm proximal to and 1 to 2 cm distal to the tumor;(3) tumor resection: the SMT was resected under direct endoscopic viewing;(4) hemostasis: while finishing the tumor resection, careful hemostasis of the MP defect and the tunnel was performed; and(5) mucosal closure: the mucosal incision site was closed by using hemostatic clips. During the operation, equipment used included a cap-fitted endoscope, an insulatedtip knife, a hook knife, hemostatic forceps, an injection needle, a snare, an endoclip, and a high-frequency generator. Carbon dioxide(CO2) insufflation was achieved by using a CO2 insufflator.RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 46.2 years(range, 35-59 years), and the majority were male(18 male vs 3 female). Complete resection rate was 100%(21/21). Eighteen lesions were resected en bloc. Mean tumor size was 23 mm(range, 10-40 mm), and mean procedure time was 62.9 min(range, 45-90 min). Pathological diagnosis of these tumors included leiomyoma(15 out of 21) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(6 out of 21). Full-thickness MP resection was performed in 9 of 21 patients(42.9%), with mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema occurring in all nine. At the completion of the procedure, all patients received closure of the incision with hemoclips. One patient required percutaneous drainage. The remaining 20patients required no further endoscopic or surgical intervention. There were no incidents of massive or delayed bleeding. The median follow-up period after the procedure was 6 mo(range, 2-14 mo). During followup, no patients were found to have residual or recurrent tumor or esophageal stricture.CONCLUSION: STER is safe, effective and feasible, which provides accurate histopathologic evaluation and curative treatment for SMTs originating from the MP layer at the esophagogastric junction.     

Submucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection for the treatment of esophageal submucosal tumours originating from the muscularis propria layer: An analysis of 15 cases

Background and aimsThe aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the feasibility of submucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection of esophageal tumours originating from the muscularis propria layer.MethodsFifteen patients with esophageal submucosal tumours originating from the muscularis propria layer underwent submucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection between August 2011 and February 2012. The key steps were: (1) creating a submucosal tunnel from 5 cm above the tumour between the submucosal and muscular layers with a hook knife or hybrid knife; (2) dissecting the tumour by the technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection; (3) closing the mucosal incision site with clips after the tumour was removed.ResultsSubmucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection was successfully performed in all cases. The en bloc resection rate was 100%. The average tumour diameter was 1.8 cm (range 1.0–3.0 cm). During the procedure, perforation occurred in 3 patients, who recovered after conservative treatment. No residual tumour or tumour recurrence was detected during the follow-up period (mean: 3.5 months, range: 1–9 months). Pathological diagnoses of these tumours were leiomyomas (12/15) and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (3/15).ConclusionsSubmucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection is a feasible method for the treatment of small esophageal submucosal tumours originating from the muscularis propria layer.     

内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除术治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的初步应用

目的评价一种新的胃镜腹腔镜联合方法治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的临床疗效。方法2013年1月至2014年4月,选择8例胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤,术前超声内镜诊断肿物起源固有肌层,黏膜层良好,胃窦体前壁4例、后壁2例、胃体小网膜囊内1例、胃体大网膜下1例。病变大小1．5～3．5cm,平均（2．4±0．7）cm。先在腹腔镜下分离显露病变,后在内镜进行病变黏膜下注射,最后由腹腔镜剥离切除病变并保留黏膜。随访观察手术情况和治疗效果。结果所有患者成功完成内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除,无出血、感染和死亡病例。术后病理证实间质瘤6例,神经纤维瘤2例。所有患者随访6个月后胃黏膜未见异常,胃壁蠕动正常,无复发。结论内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除技术是胃窦体固有肌层肿物重要的安全有效的治疗方法,具有操作简便、损伤小、并发症少的优点。     

内镜下胃壁全层切除术对胃间质瘤的治疗价值研究

目的初步探讨内镜下胃壁全层切除术（EFTR）对胃间质瘤治疗的价值。方法2010年1月至2011年7月对33例病灶大、位于固有肌深层胃间质瘤行内镜下胃壁全层切除术治疗,观察疗效及安全性,并与同期行内镜黏膜下切除术（ESD）治疗的34例胃间质瘤病例在有效性、安全性、手术复杂程度等方面进行比较。结果33例EFTR治疗的病例中,2例因病灶过大未能完成手术,其余均顺利切除病灶,术后恢复良好,随访12个月无复发。与ESD治疗病例相比,手术切除率（93．9％比100％）、并发症发生率（6．5％比2．9％）、术后3d平均体温[（37．2±0．4）℃比（37．0±0．4）℃]及血常规白细胞总数[（8．5±8．0）×10^9／L比（6．1±1．7）×10^9／L]、术后恢复时间[（6．1±2．1）d比（5．2±2．8）d],差异均无统计学意义。EFTR组术中钛夹使用个数[（7．0±3．5）比（4．9±3．1）,t=2．55,P〈0．05]及术后禁食天数[（3．4±1．5）d比（2．0±1．0）d,t=4．36,P〈0．05]明显多于ESD组。结论EFTR对胃问质瘤的治疗是安全、有效的,与ESD术式比较EFTR手术风险并未明显增加,但作为ESD手术的扩展,EYrR手术更为复杂。     

源于固有肌层的胃间质瘤行内镜下切除闭合术的可行性研究

目的 评价对来源于固有肌层的非腔内生长型胃间质瘤施行内镜下切除闭合术治疗的可行性.方法 46例患者经胃镜和超声内镜检查诊断为起源于固有肌层的非腔内生长型胃黏膜下肿瘤,采用内镜下切除闭合术切除肿瘤,行常规病理及免疫组化检查后证实为间质瘤.术后内镜随访,观察治疗效果及有无并发症.结果 46例非腔内生长型胃间质瘤经内镜下切除闭合术治疗后均完全切除,切除后2例保留完整的浆膜层,44例术中遗留切口,切口最大径1.5 cm,行钛夹夹闭切口,予抑酸、胃肠减压、静脉应用抗生素等辅助治疗.病理报告全层切除46例,肿瘤直径为0.5～3.7 cm.44例患者术后48～72 h后进食,未见明显不适;2例术后出现气腹、局限性腹膜炎,其中1例切口1.5 cm患者术后第2天切口裂开,再次钛夹夹闭裂开切口,辅助治疗10～12 d,该2例患者痊愈出院.术后6个月随访,所有患者切口均形成白色溃疡瘢痕.结论 对于非腔内生长型胃间质瘤,内镜下切除闭合术是一种安全、经济、创伤小的治疗方式,值得临床推广.     

ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION WITH SHEATH‐ASSISTED COUNTER TRACTION FOR EARLY GASTRIC CANCERS

Aim: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is associated with frequent complications, such as bleeding and perforation. The procedure is technically difficult, requires considerable skill and is longer than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Thus, non‐invasive tools and methods are needed to facilitate direct visualization of the submucosal layer during ESD. Methods: An insulation‐tipped (IT) knife was inserted into one channel, and a conventional injection sheath was inserted to the other channel of a double‐channel fiberscope. The submucosal layer was lifted via a circumferential incision using the conventional injection sheath for visualizing cutting lines, and the submucosal layer under the lesion was directly dissected from the underlying muscularis propria. Results: Sheath‐assisted traction resulted in successful ESD with en bloc resection in all 25 patients. Hemostasis and manipulation of blood vessels were uncomplicated and dissection was completed safely, without either bleeding or perforation. The movement of the sheath was not suppressed while lifting the submucosal layer and the IT knife could be moved freely, which allowed submucosal dissection independently of the sheath movement. Conclusion: Sheath‐assisted traction ESD, using simple materials and methods, has several advantages over other standard traction methods. Our procedure is straightforward, safe, non‐invasive, cost‐effective and uses readily available instruments to enhance visualization of cutting lines.     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection using an over-the-scope device: A prospective study

BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection to treat mucosal and submucosal lesions sometimes results in low rates of microscopically margin-negative(R0)resection.Endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR)has a high R0 resection rate and allows for the definitive diagnosis and treatment of selected mucosal and submucosal lesions that are not suitable for conventional resection techniques.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EFTR using an over-the-scope clip(OTSC).METHODS This prospective,single-center,non-randomized clinical trial was conducted at the endoscopy center of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.The study included patients aged 18-70 years who had gastric or colorectal submucosal tumors(SMTs)(≤20 mm in diameter)originating from the muscularis propria based on endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)and patients who had early-stage gastric or colorectal cancer(≤20 mm in diameter)based on EUS and computed tomography.All lesions were treated by EFTR combined with an OTSC for wound closure between November 2014 and October 2016.We analyzed patient demographics,lesion features,histopathological diagnoses,R0 resection(negative margins)status,adverse events,and follow-up results.RESULTS A total of 68 patients(17 men and 51 women)with an average age of 52.0±10.5 years(32-71 years)were enrolled in this study,which included 66 gastric or colorectal SMTs and 2 early-stage colorectal cancers.The mean tumor diameter was 12.6±4.3 mm.The EFTR procedure was successful in all cases.The mean EFTR procedure time was 39.6±38.0 min.The mean OTSC defect closure time was 5.0±3.8 min,and the success rate of closure for defects was 100%.Histologically complete resection(R0)was achieved in 67(98.5%)patients.Procedure-related adverse events were observed in 11(16.2%)patients.The average post-procedure length of follow-up was 48.2±15.7 mo.There was no recurrence during follow-up.CONCLUSION EFTR combined with an OTSC is an effective and safe technique for the removal of select subepithelial and epithelial lesions that are not amenable to conventional endoscopic resection techniques.     

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Treatment of Gastric Submucosal Tumors Originating from the Muscularis Propria Layer

Background and Aims

We aimed to study the feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the removal of gastric muscularis propria tumors and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD for this treatment.

Methods

Eighteen patients with gastric SMTs originating from the muscularis propria were treated by ESD between July 2008 and July 2011. Tumor characteristics, complications, en bloc resection rate, and local recurrence rate were evaluated.

Results

Among the 18 patients, 11 were women (61.1 %). The median age was 65.3 ± 6.3 years old (range 30–71 years old). Seventeen tumors were resected completely by ESD (success rate 94.4 %). The mean tumor size as determined by endoscopic ultrasound was 2.6 ± 1.2 cm (range 1.0–3.5 cm). The histological diagnosis was gastrointestinal stromal tumor for 13 lesions and leiomyoma for four tumors. The mean operation time was 90 ± 38 min (range 50–120 min), and the average blood loss was 20 ml. Two patients developed perforation, which was closed by endoscopic methods with metallic clips. The tumor was closely adhered to the muscularis propria and was convex to the enterocoelia in one case. No single case had severe complications, such as GI bleeding, peritonitis, or abdominal abscess, and there were no other immediate post-procedure complications.

Conclusions

ESD is a safe, effective, well-tolerated, and minimally invasive therapy for the intraluminal SMTs originating from gastric muscularis propria with relatively few complications. Although there is a risk of perforation which has become manageable endoscopically.     

Offshoots of peroral endoscopic myotomy: Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,pyloromyotomy, and beyond

The emergence of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) marks the rising of a new branch of therapeutic endoscopy. Our group defines it as tunnel endoscopic surgery that includes several novel procedures utilizing a submucosal tunnel as an operating space. In 2010, we developed a new procedure that takes advantage of the submucosal tunneling technique popularized by POEM to achieve complete, full-thickness endoscopic resection of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer. Our group coined the acronym STER (submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection) for this procedure. Herein, we summarize this novel method and other offshoots of POEM.     

A case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach arising from the muscularis mucosae]

A 75-year-old man, in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor in the greater curvature of the gastric angle, was hospitalized for further investigations. Since the tumor was shown to be located in the submucosal layer by endoscopic ultrasonography, we performed endoscopic mucosal resection. Pathological studies of the resected specimen revealed a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach. It was also formed that the tumor was connected not to muscularis propria, but to the muscularis mucosae. There has been no previous report about a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach arising from the muscularis mucosae in Japan.