超声在结肠憩室诊断中的应用价值

目的通过对结肠憩室超声表现的分析,探讨结肠憩室临床诊断中超声的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析25例经手术病理和（或）结肠镜检查证实的结肠憩室病例,观察病灶的位置、形状、局部肠壁有无增厚,有无合并肌层缺如、病变周围网膜回声有无改变、有无渗液、是否合并粪石或气体等。 结果25例患者中,病灶共计67个,单发16例16个,多发9例51个（2~20个不等,仅1例多发憩室合并1个管状,余均呈大小不等囊袋状）,升结肠15例、盲肠4例、降结肠2例、乙状结肠2例,结肠肝曲1例、升结肠伴降结肠1例,其中合并阑尾炎13例、腹膜炎3例、肠穿孔2例、系膜扭转1例、肠道出血1例、腹腔脓肿1例。超声表现为结肠旁囊袋状结构19例、呈囊袋状同时伴局部肠壁增厚4例、盲管状结构1例、局限性低回声凸起1例。合并肌层缺损13例、周围网膜回声增强16例、渗液4例、粪石8例、气体3例。 结论结肠憩室声像图多表现为结肠旁囊袋状结构,局部可伴肠壁增厚,部分伴肌层缺损,易合并粪石或气体,易并发阑尾炎,均伴有不同程度炎症表现,少数可合并穿孔,肠道超声检查能为临床明确诊断提供可视化的重要依据,尤其在排他性诊断中具有很重要的意义,值得临床推广应用。     

结肠憩室的内镜特点及临床分析165例

目的:总结不同时期结肠憩室的临床特点及内镜下表现.方法:收集1989-2004经结肠镜检查确诊结肠憩室患者相关资料,其中1989-1997组52例,1998-2004组113例,观察其临床特点及内镜表现.结果:在1989-1997和1998-2004两组中,经结肠镜检查确诊的结肠憩室患者占同期结肠镜检查总数的比例从1.47%上升至2.08%,男女之比分别为1.26和1.22,平均发病年龄从61.68岁上升至66.41岁.临床主要表现为腹痛、便秘、腹胀等,在1998-2004组中便秘患者比例与1989-1997组相比明显增加,差异具有显著性(30.09%vs 15.38%,P<0.05).1998-2004组乙状结肠憩室检出率比1989-1997组明显增加,差异具有显著性(χ~2=4.303,P<0.05).结论:近7a结肠镜检出结肠憩室明显增加,其发病例数随发病年龄的增加而增高,好发部位由右半结肠为主转为以左半结肠为主,且乙状结肠发病率明显增加.     

气管支气管憩室的诊断进展

气管支气管憩室是一种少见的良性气管疾病,气管憩室多数位于胸廓入口处气管右后侧,表现为圆形或卵圆形囊泡,内含气体或液体.近年来,随着薄层CT及多层螺旋CT的应用,气管支气管憩室的报道日趋增多,该文综述了气管支气管憩室分类及诊断治疗进展.     

Primary early-stage intestinal and colonic non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma： Clinical features, management, and outcome of 37 patients

AIM: To analyze the clinical features, management, and outcome of treatment of patients with primary intestinal and colonic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (PICL). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 37 patients with early-stage PICL who were treated in our hospital from 1958 to 1998. Their clinical features, management, and outcome were assessed. Prognostic factors for survival were analyzed by univariate analysis using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and log-rank test. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients presented with Ann Arbor stage I PICL and 12 with Ann Arbor stage II PICL. Thirty-five patients underwent surgery (including 31 with complete resection), 22 received postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both. Two patients with rectal tumors underwent biopsy and chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. The 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 51.9% and 44.5%. The corresponding disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 42.4% and 37.7%. In univariate analysis, multiple-modality treatment was associated with a better DFS rate compared to single treatment (P=0.001). While age, tumor size, tumor site, stage, histology, or extent of surgery were not associated with OS and DFS, use of adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved DFS (P=0.031) for the 31 patients who underwent complete resection. Additional radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy led to a longer survival than chemotherapy alone in six patients with gross residual disease after surgery or biopsy. CONCLUSION: Combined surgery and chemotherapy is recommended for treatment of patients with PICL. Additional radiotherapy is needed to improve the outcome of patients who have gross residual disease after surgery.     

Giant vesical diverticulum： A rare cause of defecation disturbance

Vesical diverticula frequently result from bladder outlet obstructions. However, giant vesical diverticula which cause acute abdomen or intestinal obstruction are very rare. Our review of the English medical literature found 3 cases of bladder diverticula which caused gastrointestinal symptoms. Here, we present a 57-yearold man with a giant diverticulum of the urinary bladder who complained of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, constipation, no passage of gas or feces, and abdominal distension for 3 d. A 20 cm x 15 cm diverticulum was observed upon laparotomy. The colonic obstruction was secondary to external compression of the rectum against the sacrum by a distended vesical diverticulum. We performed a diverticulectomy and primary closure. Twelve months postoperatively, the patient had no difficulty with voiding or defecation.     

巨大型先天性胆管扩张症手术治疗20例

目的:探讨巨大型先天性胆管扩张症手术治疗的经验体会.方法:回顾分析2001-06/2010-08我科收治的巨大型先天性胆管扩张症20例手术治疗资料.按Todani分类法分型:Ⅰ型19例,Ⅳ型1例.所有病例均行囊肿切除.结果:术后胆汁漏2例,胰漏2例,经非手术治疗治愈,切口感染2例.20例中获随访19例,随访率为95%,随访3-96mo,平均随访53.6mo,3例表现轻度胆管炎,2例吻合口狭窄,余下疗效皆为优,未发现恶变者.结论:囊肿切除、胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是根治先天性胆管扩张症首选手术方法.对于巨大型先天性胆管扩张症在选择手术时,术前行PTCD治疗以改善肝功能和凝血异常.     

Sarcoidosis: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and approach to treatment

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic granulomatous disease. It usually affects the lung but may involve any organ. The diagnosis may be problematic because known causes of granulomatous inflammation must be excluded. Sarcoidosis may remit spontaneously or remain stable. Therefore, therapy is not mandated for the disease. This report reviews the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment of sarcoidosis.     

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT, MIM #604498) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome presenting as isolated hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia at birth without other characteristic physical anomalies. Most of the patients develop a severe aplastic anemia and trilineage cytopenia during the first years of life and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment. In most of the cases the disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the gene MPL encoding the receptor for the hematopoietic growth factor thrombopoietin. The present review summarizes clinical and laboratory data for 96 patients with CAMT, reported since 1990.     

The watermelon stomach: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment

The watermelon stomach syndrome is an increasingly recognized cause of persistent acute or occult gastrointestinal bleeding, typically in elderly women. This disorder often presents with severe iron deficiency anemia, and a variety of associated conditions including autoimmune disease, cirrhosis, achlorhydria, and hypochlorhydria. Diagnosis is made by the characteristic endoscopic appearance of visible linear watermelon-like vascular stripes in the antrum. Histology confirms the vascular nature of this disorder, showing dilated and thrombosed capillaries in the lamina propria, associated with reactive fibromuscular hyperplasia. The optimum treatment of choice is not known. Several treatment options, including surgical antrectomy, and endoscopic photocoagulation with Nd:Yag laser, heater probe therapy, and bipolar electrocautery, have yielded excellent results. Pharmacological agents have also been used to treat selected numbers of patients, most of which comprise a small number of case reports.     

Hereditary protein C deficiency: a review of the genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment

Protein C (PC) is the central component of a major antithrombotic regulatory system with both anticoagulant and profibrinolytic properties. A deficiency of PC is one of several hereditary abnormalities of haemostatic proteins that have been described in patients with a propensity for thromboembolic complications. Major morbidity is often seen in these patients. The various aspects of hereditary PC deficiency in terms of clinical presentation, genetics, diagnosis and treatment of both homozygous and heterozygous states will be presented. In heterozygous deficiency, the levels of plasma PC are usually between 35% and 65% of normal, whereas the majority of normal individuals have levels between 70% and 130%. PC-deficient patients usually develop venous thrombotic complications between the ages of 15 and 40 years with a high incidence of DVT and pulmonary embolism. The majority of thrombotic lesions appear to develop spontaneously; others are associated with trauma, surgery or pregnancy. Treatment of symptomatic patients is initial heparin therapy followed by coumadin. After multiple thrombotic events, lifelong oral anticoagulant therapy is necessary. The potential complications of treatment are coumadin-induced skin necrosis, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and bleeding. Homozygous PC deficiency, a rare but fatal hereditary condition, manifests itself with massive DIC and purpura fulminans in the newborn period. Effective treatment for these infants can be instituted with either oral anticoagulant therapy or PC replacement. The heterozygous deficiency of PC is similar to that found in other inherited disorders in that several genetic mechanisms are responsible for the expression of the disease. Both quantitative and qualitative decreases in PC exist, the former being type I deficiency and the latter, type II. The best initial diagnosis of either form involves a clotting (functional) assay while differentiation between the two also requires an antigenic (immunological) assay. Autosomal inheritance with significant variable penetrance is found with profound clinical implications. In summary, PC deficiency is one of a group of inherited disorders termed hereditary thrombotic disease, which may have serious implications for patient morbidity and mortality.     

Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous colonic perforation： Analysis of 10 cases

AIM： To investigate the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous perforation of the colon.
METHODS： The clinical data of 10 cases of spontaneous perforation of the colon, observed at Fuding hospital from January 2004 to December 2007, were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS： The mean age at onset was 65 years （range from 45 to 73）. Seven patients had a history of chronic constipation. All patients complained of sudden lower abdominal pain. The perforation occurred after coloclysis and administration of senna leaves in two patients. Nine patients had signs of peritoneal irritation. Seven cases underwent abdominal paracentesis, which was diagnostic in six. Only one case was definitely diagnosed prior to surgery. One patient underwent neoplasty of the colon, another a partial resection of colon, six a neoplasty of the colon plus sigmoid colostomy, and two underwent Hartmann surgery. All perforation sites were opposite to the mesenteric edge. The perforation sites were located on descending colon in one case, sigmoid colon in three cases, and rectosigmoid colon in six cases. In five patients, surgical pathological examination was consistent with the microscopical changes of colonic perforation caused by feces. Three patients died after surgery.
CONCLUSION： Spontaneous perforation of the colon most commonly occurs among the elderly with chronic constipation. Abdominal paracentesis is helpful for the diagnosis. The perforation site is located opposite to the mesenteric edge. Sigmoid colon and rectosigmoid colon are the most frequent locations. Neoplasty of the colon and sigmoid colostomy are the most frequent treatment. The prognosis is bad and the mortality rate after surgery is high.     

Acute brucellosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 144 cases.

OBJECTIVES: Brucellosis, whether in an endemic region or not, remains a diagnostic puzzle due to occasional misleading unusual presentations and non-specific symptoms. Presented herein is our 14-year experience with acute brucellosis at Sparta General Hospital, Lakonia, Greece. METHODS: A case series of 144 patients admitted to the internal medicine, pediatrics, and urology departments, through evaluation of history, occupational data, serological tests, cultures of blood and other body fluids, and imaging studies. Patients were treated with a 21-day course of intramuscular streptomycin and a prolonged two-month course of doxycycline with a six-month follow-up. RESULTS: Infected patients had a relevant occupational history in fewer than 20% of cases. Clinical manifestations included non-specific symptoms (fever, malaise, sweats, arthralgias, lower back pain, headache), findings such as splenomegaly (51%), osteoarticular involvement (42%), cervical lymphadenitis (31%), hepatomegaly (25%), genitourinary involvement (13% of men), cholecystitis (2%), breast abscess (0.7%), and acute abdomen (0.7%). Ninety-five percent of the patients had a serological titer > or =1/160 with culture-proven brucellosis. Overall, 82% of blood cultures and 100% of other body fluid cultures (synovial, bile) were positive. Ninety-seven percent of the patients were cured. Relapse in the follow-up period was observed in four patients who had not complied with treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Brucellosis is an infection with multiple presentations, and whether in an endemic region or not, a thorough history of exposure and clinical suspicion are required since thresholds in serological evaluation may lead to misdiagnosis and withholding of adequate treatment.     

Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption--a review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and response to treatment.

Between 1982 and 1989, the seven day retention of 75SeHCAT was measured in 181 patients with chronic diarrhoea that remained unexplained after full investigation. Altogether 121 of the 181 had a seven day 75SeHCAT retention greater than or equal to 15% and thus had no evidence of abnormal bile acid turnover. Twenty one had a seven day 75SeHCAT retention greater than or equal to 10% but less than 15%. Their clinical features were typical of the irritable bowel syndrome, and none of eight treated with cholestyramine showed symptomatic improvement. Sixteen patients had a seven day retention greater than or equal to 5% and less than 10%, six of whom had improved symptoms after treatment with bile acid chelating agents. The remaining 23 patients had a 75SeHCAT retention of less than 5% at seven days and responded to bile acid chelators. This group had a characteristic illness with intermittent watery diarrhoea, but no constitutional upset. It was not possible to distinguish the patients with bile acid malabsorption exclusively on the basis of the clinical symptoms and investigations, other than 75SeHCAT retention. We conclude that the measurement of 75SeHCAT retention is useful, appropriate, and necessary in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhoea.     

Symptomatic colonic lipoma: differential diagnosis of large bowel tumors

Symptomatic colonic lipomas, although unusual, continue to present difficulties in the preoperative differential diagnosis between malignant and benign colonic neoplasm. Although new imaging techniques are available, they are frequently diagnosed at laparotomy, and definitive histology is required. Local excision is adequate treatment, but segmental excision may be necessary when there is doubt about the diagnosis, or when a complication occurs. Accepted: 10 September 1997     

Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases

BACKGROUND: Two hundred and fourteen patients with benign giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), treated from 1980 to 2007 at the Department of Orthopedics of the University of Muenster (Germany), were analyzed in a retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The mean age was 33.3 years with a female-to-male ratio of 1.2 : 1. The mean follow up was 59.8 months. The recurrence rate of patients who received first treatment at our institution was 16.6%. The most common primary treatment was curettage (188 patients) usually followed by adjuvant local therapy. The effects of bone cement (PMMA), burring and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were statistically analyzed and the influence of a subchondral bone graft on the recurrence rate was evaluated. RESULTS: PMMA alone (n = 52) reduces the likelihood of recurrence by the factor 8.2, additional high-speed burring (n = 39) by the factor 3.9 (compared to PMMA only). H(2)O(2) (n = 42) seems to have an additional effect comparable to that of phenol although it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The combination of all adjuncts (PMMA, burring, H(2)O(2) - n = 42) reduces the likelihood of recurrence by the factor 28.2 compared to curettage only and therefore should be recommended as a standard treatment. If the tumor reaches close to the articulating surface a subchondral bone graft (n = 42) can be performed without risking a higher recurrence rate. We add seven cases of pulmonary metastases and two cases of multicentricity to the literature. Bisphosphonates and interferon alpha may have a beneficial effect.     

Giant coronary aneurysms,from diagnosis to treatment: A literature review

Proposed algorithm for management of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA).

     

Childhood polycythemias/erythrocytoses: classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment

Polycythemias or erythrocytoses in childhood and adolescence are very rare. Systematic data on the clinical presentation and laboratory evaluations as well as on treatment regimens are sparse. The diagnostic program in absolute erythrocytosis includes extensive clinical, hematological, biochemical, and molecular biological examinations which should be applied following a stepwise algorithm. Absolute erythrocytoses are usually subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Primary erythrocytosis is a condition in which the erythropoietic compartment is expanding independently of extrinsic influences or by responding inadequately to them. Primary erythrocytoses include primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) due to mutations of the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor gene and the myeloproliferative disorder polycythemia vera. Secondary erythrocytoses are driven by hormonal factors (predominantly by Epo) extrinsic to the erythroid compartment. The increased Epo secretion may represent either a physiologic response to tissue hypoxia, an abnormal autonomous Epo production, or a dysregulation of the oxygen-dependent Epo synthesis. Congenital secondary erythrocytoses are caused, e.g., by hemoglobin variants with increased oxygen affinity, by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate deficiency, or by mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau gene associated with a disturbed oxygen-dependent regulation of Epo synthesis.     

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disease affecting the lung and liver. The typical pulmonary manifestation is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur in young adulthood, and terminal respiratory insufficiency causes premature death in many patients. In the liver, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may manifest as benign neonatal hepatitis syndrome; a small percentage of adults develop liver fibrosis, with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The alpha-1 antitrypsin molecule is a serine protease inhibitor that is predominantly produced in the liver. Its most important physiologic functions are the protection of pulmonary tissue from aggressive proteolytic enzymes and regulation of pulmonary immune processes. Diagnosis of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can be established by measurement of the serum alpha-1 antitrypsin concentration or by genetic analysis. Treatment is similar to the usual treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A further option is substitution therapy with human alpha-1 antitrypsin. The targets of treatment are the prevention of the accelerated decline of pulmonary function, reduction of lung infections, and improvements in exercise capacity.