重视卒中后早期、全程康复治疗

正卒中是严重危害人类健康的常见病和多发病,也是当前中国所有疾病中因残疾导致寿命缩减最大的病种[1]。中国每年新发卒中患者超过200万,70%～80%卒中患者因残疾不能独立生活[2]。目前,卒中康复治疗已获得广泛认可,并取得相当的进展。卒中作为一种慢性病,重视其全程康复治疗,完善康复管理体系,并深入开展大型康复研究,对卒中康复具有重要的临床价值和社会意义。     

Upper Limb Ischemic Postconditioning as Adjunct Therapy in Acute Stroke Patients: A Randomized Pilot

Objective

This study aims to observe the clinical effect of upper limb ischemic postconditioning (LIPostC) as an adjunct to treatment with acute stroke patients, possibly due to increased cerebral perfusion.

A Randomized Trial Investigating the Influence of Strength Training on Quality of Life in Ischemic Stroke

Background: Strength training post stroke is widely acknowledged as an important part of a rehabilitation program. Muscle strength has been shown to be a significant contributor to physical disability after stroke, which in turn has an immense impact on the reintegration of patients into society, affecting their quality of life.

Objective: This was a randomized intervention trial to determine the effect of a resistance training program on the quality of life in patients with stroke.

Methods: An experimental group (EG), consisting of 11 subjects aged 51.7 ± 8.0 years, and a control group (CG), consisting of 13 subjects aged 52.5 ± 7.7 years, were studied before and after 12 weeks. EG underwent 12 weeks of strength training three times a week. The CG did not undergo strength training during the 12-week study period.

Results: There was a significant increase in quality of life from pre-test to post-test (Δ% = 21.47%; p = 0.021) in EG. There were significant differences in all indicators of quality of life between groups at 12 weeks. There were greater gains in strength in EG than in CG (p ≤ 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the strength gains as determined with the 1RM test and the quality of life, especially in lower limb exercises.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there was an improvement in the measures of strength in EG, and that there was a correlation between improvements in strength and quality of life in these patients who had previously suffered a stroke at least one year prior to study.     

Effectiveness of Intensive Rehabilitation Therapy on Functional Outcomes After Stroke: A Propensity Score Analysis Based on Japan Rehabilitation Database

Aim: To examine the association of the amount of rehabilitation with functional gains of elderly stroke patients at a convalescent rehabilitation ward using propensity score analysis methods and the Japan Rehabilitation Database.Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. From the database, 6875 patients who were admitted to the convalescent rehabilitation wards with stroke were identified. After excluding 4586 patients, 2325 were eligible for the study. Intensive rehabilitation therapy (IRT) was defined as rehabilitation therapy of more than 15 hours per week by a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, and/or a speech therapist. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) gain, discharge rate to home, and FIM efficiency were examined using student's t test and the χ2 test after inverse probability weighting (IPW).Results: IRT was provided to 862 patients (37.1%). The unadjusted data showed that patients in the IRT group had a longer hospital stay, more physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy. After adjustment for IPW, the baseline characteristics were found to be closely matched between the 2 groups. The IRT group showed significantly higher motor FIM gain, cognitive FIM gain, FIM gain, and discharge rate to home.Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that a longer rehabilitation time per week was associated with increased functional gain in elderly stroke patients at convalescent rehabilitation wards.     

早期系统化康复干预对急性缺血性卒中患者吞咽功能障碍及神经营养指标的影响研究

目的 分析早期系统化康复干预对急性缺血性卒中患者吞咽功能障碍、血清白蛋白(serum albumin,ALB)、血清前清蛋白(serum fraction prealbumin,PA)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)及血清脑源性神经营养因子(bra...     

Imaging Functional Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke: Clinical and Preclinical fMRI Studies

Disability and effectiveness of physical therapy are highly variable following ischemic stroke due to different brain regions being affected. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of patients in the months and years following stroke have given some insight into how the brain recovers lost functions. Initially, new pathways are recruited to compensate for the lost region, showing as a brighter blood oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal over a larger area during a task than in healthy controls. Subsequently, activity is reduced to baseline levels as pathways become more efficient, mimicking the process of learning typically seen during development. Preclinical models of ischemic stroke aim to enhance understanding of the biology underlying recovery following stroke. However, the pattern of recruitment and focusing seen in humans has not been observed in preclinical fMRI studies that are highly variable methodologically. Resting‐state fMRI studies show more consistency; however, there are still confounding factors to address. Anesthesia and method of stroke induction are the two main sources of variability in preclinical studies; improvements here can reduce variability and increase the intensity and reproducibility of the BOLD response detected by fMRI. Differences in task or stimulus and differences in analysis method also present a source of variability. This review compares clinical and preclinical fMRI studies of recovery following stroke and focuses on how refinement of preclinical models and MRI methods may obtain more representative fMRI data in relation to human studies.     

功能性电刺激结合康复踏车训练对卒中急性期患者下肢功能的影响

目的 观察和探讨功能性电刺激（functional electrical stimulation,FES）结合康复踏车训练对卒中急性 期患者下肢功能的影响。 方法 将120例卒中急性期偏瘫患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组。两组均接受常规药物 治疗。对照组患者采用Bobath技术为主的常规康复训练,主要包括桥式训练、坐站训练、常规踝背屈 训练等,每日训练1次,每次45 min,每周训练5 d,训练2周。观察组患者在对照组康复治疗基础上给予 FES结合康复踏车系统训练,每次20 min,每周训练5 d,训练2周。分别于治疗前和治疗后采用功能性 步行量表（functional ambulation category,FAC）、Fugl-meyer下肢功能评定量表（Fugl-Meyer assessment, FMA）、Barthel指数评定量表进行评分并比较。 结果 ①治疗前,2组患者各项指标组间比较差异均无统计学意义;②治疗后,对照组和治疗组患者 的FAC评分、下肢FMA评分、Barthel指数评分均较本组治疗前有显著改善;治疗后,观察组上述指标显 著优于对照组（均P＜0.001）。 结论 功能性电刺激结合康复踏车训练能显著地提高卒中急性期患者下肢功能,从而提高患者日 常生活活动能力。     

Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Lower Limbs Spasticity after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: To evaluate current evidence of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for lower limbs spasticity after stroke.

Methods: Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations,Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed (NLM) from database were searched inception through Week 23, 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the clinical efficacy of BTX injection to placebo or conventional therapy on lower limbs spasticity after stroke were included. We constructed random effects models and calculated mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes.

Results: One thousand three hundred and forty-three records were identified and among them 7 articles (603 patients) were eligible for the final analysis. A statistically significant decrease in muscle tone was observed at week 4 and 12 after injection (Subgroup analysis, SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.2–1.5; p = 0.001; I² = 81% and SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.07–0.77; p = 0.02; I² = 45%, respectively). Patients who received in BTX therapy were likely to have significant increased Fugl-Meyer score than control group with MD = 3.19 (95% CI: 0.22–6.16, p = 0.04, I² = 96%). There was no difference in gait speed between two groups during whole follow-up period.

Conclusion: BTX showed more persistent clinical benefits in lower limbs spasticity and Fugl-Meyer score than placebo in patients after stroke. These results suggest that BTX could be a useful and safety strategy for the treatment of lower limbs spasticity after stroke. Further investigation is required to determine the effectiveness of BTX injection for stroke patients with optimal timing and dose of intervention.     

Remote Ischemic Post-Conditioning may Improve Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Single Center Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and PurposeWe aimed to demonstrate the tolerability and feasibility and the effect of remote ischemic post-conditioning on cognitive functioning in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.MethodsThis was a single-center, randomized, outcome-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, randomized 1:1 to receive 4 cycles of remote ischemic post-conditioning or a sham procedure for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was tolerability and feasibility of remote ischemic post-conditioning. Secondary outcomes to measure the neurological function with national institute of health stroke scale and the cognitive impairment with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale and Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive (at baseline, 90 days, 180 days).Results48 patients (24 RIPC and 24 Control) were recruited. remote ischemic post-conditioning was well tolerated with 90 out of 96 cycles completed in full. 4 patients experienced vascular events in the control group: 3 cerebrovascular and 1 cardiovascular event versus only 2 cerebrovascular events in the RIPC group. We showed the similar result in the neurological function with national institute of health stroke scale score with no statistically significant differences between RIPC and control group at baseline (P = 0.796) and 90 days (P = 0.401) and 180 days (P = 0.695). But compare with baseline, it was significantly difference in the control and RIPC group at 90 days (P < 0.05) and 180 days (P < 0.05). The comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale between two groups both showed that P > 0.05 at baseline which was no statistical difference, but P < 0.05 at 90 days and 180 days which were significant statistical difference. The comparison of Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive between two groups showed that P > 0.05 at baseline (P = 0.955) and 90 days (P = 0.138) was no statistical difference, but P = 0.005<0.05 at 180 days was significant statistical difference.ConclusionsThe remote ischemic post-conditioning for post-stroke cognitive impairment was well tolerated, safe and feasible. The remote ischemic post-conditioning may improve neurological and cognitive outcomes in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. A larger trial is warranted. (Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800015231.)     

CLOTBUST: Design of a Randomized Trial of Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) therapy can be monitored with 2 MHz transcranial Doppler (TCD). This article describes the design of CLOTBUST (combined lysis of thrombus in brain ischemia using transcranial ultrasound and systemic TPA), the first prospective international multicenter randomized clinical trial of noninvasive externally applied ultrasound to enhance systemic thrombolysis in human stroke. SUBJECTS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke eligible for intravenous TPA therapy within 3 hours of symptom onset who have detectable middle cerebral artery occlusion on a prebolus TCD are included in this trial. All patients receive standard 0.9 mg/kg TPA therapy. Patients are randomized (1:1) to either 2 hours of continuous monitoring with TCD or placebo monitoring. FDA-approved portable diagnostic TCD equipment and standard headframes (Marc series, Spencer Technologies, Seattle, WA) are used. Output of TCD units is set at 100% power achievable at depths of insonation that display the worst TIBI flow grade signals. METHODS AND END-POINTS: Acute MCA occlusion on prebolus TCD is defined as thrombolysis in brain ischemia (TIBI) flow grades 0-3. Treating physicians are blinded to randomization assignment, and certified scorers measure stroke severity using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Safety of continuous TCD monitoring is determined by rates of symptomatic (NIHSS score increase by 4+ points) intracerebral hemorrhage within 72 hours after initial symptom onset. Potential enhancement of TPA therapy will be determined using combined primary end-point of early complete recanalization on TCD (TIBI flow grades 4-5), dramatic recovery (NIHSS < or = 3 points), or decline in the NIHSS > or = 10 points repeatedly measured every 30 minutes within 2 hours after TPA bolus. Other end-points include recovery at 24 hours and 3 months, modified Rankin scores (mRS) are obtained at 90 days, and favorable outcome is determined as NIHSS or mRS scores 0-1. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of phase II CLOTBUST trial is to determine the rates of early complete recanalization and dramatic/early clinical recovery in TPA + TCD and TPA groups. The sample size is set at 126 patients since a medium effect size (.50) is anticipated for TPA + TCD group vs TPA alone to achieve combined primary end-point.     

The Effect of Occupation-Based Bilateral Upper Extremity Training in a Medical Setting for Stroke Patients: A Single-Blinded,Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Occupation used in occupation-based intervention requires the use of 2 naturally coordinated hands. Objective: To investigate by implementing occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training in medical setting to stroke patients and determine its effect in patients’ bilateral upper extremity function recovery. Methods: A total of 20 patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group (occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training) or control group (task-based bilateral upper extremity training). The intervention of the 2 groups was conducted 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, and 4 weeks long. The outcome was assessed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Stroke Impact Scale, Action Research Arm Test, the Yonsei-Bilateral Activity Test, Accelerometer, and participants were assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks. Results: There was a significant change in the satisfaction and performance status of occupational performance, strength, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), emotion, participant recovery in stroke recovery, gross movement in the function of the affected side, satisfaction in perform bilateral upper extremity in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusions: The clinical significance of this study is that this study demonstrated the effectiveness and usefulness of the training in the actual medical setting in improving upper extremity function and psychosocial factors.     

Therapeutic Effects of Diagonal-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Functional Recovery in Acute Stroke: A Pilot Study

Background: Peak neurologic recovery from acute stroke occurs within the first 3 months, and continues at a slower pace for 6 months. Objective/Hypothesis: The aim of this pilot study is to clarify the safety and feasibility of multiple diagonal-transcranial direct current stimulation (d-tDCS) sessions up to 3 months with electrodes placed diagonally over the lesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and contralesional primary motor cortex for upper limb hemiparesis in acute stroke. Methods: Five patients with acute stroke (2 with intracerebral hemorrhage and 3 with cerebral infarction) with upper limb paresis participated. d-tDCS (1 mA, 20 min per day) combined with conventional rehabilitation was given starting 7–21 days after stroke onset. Each session consisted of 10 d-tDCS over 2 weeks and patients received 2 sessions in the acute phase and 2 sessions in the subacute phase for a total 40 treatments. Motor function was assessed using Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE) before and after each session, and the period to achieve 70% of maximal potential recovery in FMA-UE was evaluated. Results: All 5 patients completed the intervention and showed no adverse effects throughout the protocol. Of these, 3 (60%) achieved 70% predicted scores within 2 months. Regarding therapeutic gains of FMA-UE in each of the 10 sessions in the acute phase, 4 sessions showed great recovery, 3 sessions showed moderate recovery, and 3 sessions showed poor recovery. Conclusion: These findings suggest that d-tDCS over 3 months may be safe and feasible for acute stroke patients in the acute to subacute phases and have therapeutic potential to promote recovery of upper limb function, although further randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial is warranted with larger sample size.     

Pilot study文献案例分享——迷走神经刺激联合康复治疗缺血性卒中恢复期上肢运动功能障碍

<正>2018年12月,Stroke杂志发表了一项关于卒中后运动障碍应用迷走神经刺激康复治疗的随机、国际多中心、双盲、假治疗对照的预试验,题目是Vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper limb rehabilitation after chronic stroke:ablinded randomized pilot study。     

负荷剂量氯吡格雷治疗非心源性急性脑梗死/短暂性脑缺血发作的预研究

目的初步评价负荷剂量氯吡格雷治疗非心源性急性脑梗死/短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)的可行性和安全性。方法前瞻性、多中心、随机对照、平行开放研究。起病48 h内入院的非心源性急性脑梗死/TIA患者,随机分为负荷剂量氯吡格雷组(首剂300 mg,之后75 mg·d-1)、标准剂量氯吡格雷组(75 mg·d-1),连用28 d。主要疗效指标:7 d内卒中进展或复发;主要安全指标:危及生命出血。结果3个研究中心共收集71例患者。与常规剂量组相比,负荷剂量氯吡格雷组7 d内卒中进展或复发相对危险度下降(RRR)55.8%(95%CI:-14.2%～82.9%),3个月时死亡或依赖RRR 35.2%(95%CI:-39.2%～69.8%),4周时有效率、3个月时良好预后率均显示负荷剂量组优于常规剂量组的优势。但所有比较均未达到统计学差异。结论:负荷剂量氯吡格雷治疗非心源性急性脑梗死/TIA有优于常规剂量氯吡格雷的趋势,未发现安全问题,值得进一步研究。     

Identifying Delirium Early after Stroke: A New Prediction Tool for the Intensive Care Unit

BackgroundDelirium is common after stroke and associated with poor functional outcomes and mortality. It is unknown whether delirium is a modifiable risk factor, or simply an indicator of prognosis, but in order to intervene successfully, those at greatest risk must be identified early. We created a tool to predict the development of delirium in patients admitted to the intensive care unit for stroke, focusing on factors present on hospital admission.MethodsCharts of 102 patients admitted to the ICU or IMC after ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage with symptom onset within 72 hours were reviewed. Delirium was identified using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). Factors significantly associated with delirium were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to create a predictive model. The model was validated in a unique inpatient cohort.ResultsIn regression analyses, the variables present on admission most strongly associated with the development of delirium after stroke included: age greater than 64 years; intraventricular hemorrhage; intubation; presence of either cognitive dysfunction, aphasia, or neglect; and acute kidney injury. Using these variables in our predictive model, an ROC analysis resulted in an area under the curve of 0.90, and 0.82 in our validation cohort.ConclusionsFactors available on admission can be used to accurately predict risk of delirium following stroke. Our model can be used to implement more rigorous screening paradigms, allowing for earlier detection and timely treatment. Futures studies will focus on determining if prevention can mitigate the poor outcomes with which delirium is associated.