肺部疾病患者周围血T淋巴细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞转化率测定的意义

本文检测了肺部疾病患者周围血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（简称Ｔ细胞亚群）及Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率的变化。结果显示：肺结核、肺心病急性加重期、肺癌患者ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显降低，而ＣＤ８明显增高，与正常对照组比较统计学差异有高度显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１），肺结核进展期较好转期更明显。肺结核、肺心病急性加重期，肺癌患者Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率均明显降低，与正常对照组比较统计学差异有高度显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。表明：Ｔ细     

氯化镍对小鼠 T 淋巴细胞亚群的影响

氯化镍对小鼠Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的影响黎大明王俊南１ＶｉｖａｎＮＧ１ＣｙｎｔｈｉａＴＡＮ１（中山医科大学公共卫生学院，广州５１００８９；１新加坡国立大学职业，社区与家庭医学系，新加坡１００４０１）为观察氯化镍对ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群ＣＤ４，ＣＤ８及...     

高血糖与急性脑血管病相关性的研究

目的 为探讨血糖（ＢＧ）在急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）中的作用。方法 采用葡萄糖氧化酶法（ＧＯＤ－ＰＡＰ法）分别测定了１００例ＡＣＶＤ患者不同时期ＢＧ的水平;８０例非脑血管病的同期住院病人为对照。结果ＡＣＶＤ患者急性期ＢＧ水平明显高于灰复期患者（Ｐ〈０．０５）和正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但在脑出血和脑梗塞间相比无统计学意义（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 ＢＧ在ＡＣＶＤ发病中具有重要作用,是ＡＣＶＤ的重要危险     

慢性阻塞性肺病几项免疫学指标的测定及临床意义

对慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）发作期患者４０例，缓解期３５例进行外周血淋巴细胞（ＰＢＬ）亚群，免疫球蛋白，溶菌酶及粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＦＳ）测定。结果显示：１．急性发作期与正常对照组相比ＰＢＬ亚群ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显下降，ＣＤ８，ＣＤ２０明显增高。中性粒细胞吞噬率（％），加号积分值均降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）血清免疫球蛋白（ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＡ）水平降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率升高     

应用桥联酶标法检测肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群

应用ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标法检测肺癌患者３０例和正常人１２例的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群。肺癌组ＣＤ３＋为６７．４±５．６４％，ＣＤ４＋为３７．９±３．７２％，ＣＤ８＋为３２．８±３．１７％，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值为１．１７±０．１４。正常组ＣＤ３＋为７５．２５±２．８％，ＣＤ４＋为４３．３±３．７％，ＣＤ８＋为３０．５±３．５％，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值为１．４４±０．２３。肺癌组的ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值均明显低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＤ８＋则高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），与一般文献报告一致。肿瘤病人外周血中Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的数量及其分布异常，揭示肿瘤病人的细胞免疫功能处于免疫抑制状态，机体对识别和杀伤突变细胞的能力下降，导致肿瘤的生长和转移。因此，Ｔ细胞亚群的检测分析作为判断细胞免疫功能的一项重要指标，已日益受到重视。     

病毒性肝炎患者外周血T细胞亚群的动态变化

应用单克隆抗体借助ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标技术，观察了１８４例病毒性肝炎患者外周血Ｔ细胞亚群的动态变化。发现急性肝炎急性期或中度慢性乙型肝炎活动期的ＣＤ＋４细胞及ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值均显著低于其恢复期或相对稳定期（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＤ＋８细胞则高于其恢复期或稳定期（Ｐ＜０．０１）；恢复期或稳定期间多数已恢复至正常水平；各期ＣＤ＋２细胞与对照组均无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。甲型肝炎与乙型肝炎Ｔ细胞亚群的变化相似。表明甲型肝炎的发生及发展与细胞免疫反应有关；Ｔ细胞亚群的改变与临床转归密切相关。ＣＤ＋４细胞与ＣＤ＋８细胞可发生相互转化。     

综合药物治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效探讨

目的 探讨Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白在慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＣＩＴＰ）中的变化及其应用长春地辛（ＶＤＳ）、达那唑、在旋咪唑综合治疗对其影响和疗效。方法 采用ＶＤＳ、达那唑、左旋咪唑等治疗ＣＩＴＰ，分为ＶＤＳ组及综合治疗组，分别于治疗前及治疗后４周采取静脉血标本，应用改良碱性磷酸酶－抗碱性磷酸酶（ＡＰＡＡＰ）法及琼脂单扩散法检测Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白。结果 ＣＩＴＰ患儿治疗前外周血ＣＤ４＋     

胃肠癌患者LAK细胞回输前后外周血T淋巴细胞及其亚群分析

本文应用ＭｃＡｂ－Ａ－Ｅ花环试验对３２例胃癌及直／结肠癌患者ＬＡＫ细胞／ｒＩＬ－２治疗前后外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞及其亚群进行检测。结果显示，胃癌患者治疗前与正常对照相比，ＣＤ２＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋细胞和ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值均显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）；直／结肠癌患者ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋细胞明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＤ８＾＋细胞和ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）；治疗后与治疗     

老年高血压患者T细胞亚群的观察

用ＬＳＡＢ方法对７８例老年高血压和７０例对照组进行Ｔ细胞亚群监测。该组患者ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８均下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。高血压Ⅲ期及病程超过１０年、特别是超过３０年者ＣＤ８下降，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高更突出（Ｐ〈０．０１）。ＣＤ８下降、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高与老年高血压免疫调节紊乱有关，同时可以认为患者靶器官受损程度的病程标志，开展对高血压患者Ｔ细胞亚群的检     

小柴胡汤加减抗慢性活动性乙型肝炎免疫异常及肝损害的观察

用小柴胡汤加减治疗４８例慢性活动性乙型肝炎（ＣＡＨ）患者，并观察治疗前后外周血肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ），Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及肝功能的变化，结果表明，治疗前治疗组ＴＮＦ，细胞毒性Ｔ细胞（ＣＤ８）较正常人升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），总Ｔ细胞（ＣＤ３）辅助性Ｔ细胞（ＣＤ４），ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８较正常人低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。治疗后，ＴＮＦ，ＣＤ８有所下降（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８有所上升（Ｐ〈０．０５     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.