General obesity and central adiposity in a representative sample of Tehranian adults: prevalence and determinants

AIMS: To determine the prevalence and associations of general and central obesity in adults residing in district 13 of Tehran and to examine the associations of obesity with certain factors. DESIGN: Population-based cross sectional study. SETTING: Tehran, the capital of Iran. SUBJECTS: A total of 9984 subjects (4164 men and 5820 women) aged 20-70 years. METHODS: Demographic data were collected and anthropometric indices including weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were measured, according to standard protocols. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recall forms. To determine the prevalence and association of general and central obesity, the suggested cut-off for Tehranian people, adjusted for their age group, was used. A body mass index (BMI) of > or =24 for men and > or =25 for women was used to determine the characteristic of obesity. Central obesity was determined as a waist-hip ratio (WHR) of > 0.86 for men and WHR > or = 0.78 for women. To determine the associations between general and central obesity and other factors, logistic regression was used. RESULTS: The means of BMI, waist circumference (WC), and WHR were 25.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m2, 88.3 +/- 11.4 cm, and 0.91 +/- 0.07 in men and 27.3 +/- 5.4 kg/m2, 87.5 +/- 12.9 cm, and 0.83 +/- 0.08 in women, respectively. Obesity and central obesity were higher in women than in men; 67% vs. 29% for obesity and 93% vs. 74.1% for central obesity, respectively. Illiteracy (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41 in men; OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.59-2.21 in women), marriage (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 3.63-4.29 in men; OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 3.63-4.19 in women), and very low physical activity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.09-1.53 in men; OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.76 in women) were factors associated with obesity. The risk of being centrally obese for men in the fourth quartile of legumes intake was lower than men in other quartiles (p < 0.05). Women in the first quartile of dairy consumption had the highest risk of being generally and centrally obese (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.72-2.48 for general obesity and OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.36-3.67 for central obesity). The risk of obesity for women in the fourth quartile of energy and saturated fatty acid consumption was higher than for those in the first quartile (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.39-3.11 for energy and OR = 1.36, 95% CI= 1.10-1.64 for saturated fatty acids). The risk of being centrally obese was higher for women in the first quartile of protein intake compared with women in the fourth quartile (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.02-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this national population-based study in Iran show high prevalence of obesity in Tehranian adults. The strong associations between obesity and certain life style factors confirm the necessity of multifactorial intervention.     

辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病现况及其影响因素分析

目的 描述辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病情况并探索相关影响因素,为制定适合本省的防治策略提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对辽宁省17 857名成年居民进行问卷调查及体格检查,应用Logistic回归模型对糖尿病患病的相关因素进行分析。结果 辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病率为13.00%,糖尿病知晓率为61.84%,治疗率为71.31%,控制率为35.16%。年龄（45~岁:OR=1.824,95%CI:1.526~2.181;≥60岁:OR=2.077,95%CI:1.730~2.492）、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）分级（超重:OR=1.213,95%CI:1.096~1.343;肥胖:OR=1.547,95%CI:1.338~1.787）、自报血脂异常（OR=2.686,95%CI:2.308~3.126）和患高血压（OR=1.807,95%CI:1.630~2.004）是糖尿病患病的危险因素,农村居民（OR=0.866,95%CI:0.788~0.952）、受教育程度较高（高中:OR=0.859,95%CI:0.756~0.975;大专及以上:OR=0.678,95%CI:0.576~0.798）、中等收入水平（OR=0.738,95%CI:0.585~0.931）及饮酒（OR=0.779,95%CI=0.682~0.890）是糖尿病患病的保护因素。结论 辽宁省成年人糖尿病患病率和知晓率较高,治疗率和控制率较低,应针对重点人群采取有效措施积极干预。     

Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18-79 years

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Overweight has increased in many countries over the past 20 years and excessive body weight is an established risk factor for adverse health outcomes and chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine comorbidity associated with overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults. METHODS: In the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 standardized measures of body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were obtained for 7,124 men and women 18 to 79 years of age. Information on pre-existing health conditions, health-related behaviors, and sociodemographic characteristics was collected using physician-administered computer-assisted interviews and self-administered questionnaires. World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off criteria were applied to define overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI [GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO]30.0 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (men: WC [GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO]102 cm; women: WC [GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO]88 cm). RESULTS: The crude prevalence of persons with cardio metabolic risk factors, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), gall bladder disease, and osteoarthritis showed a significant stepwise increase from the lowest to the highest BMI category in both sexes. In multiple logistic regression models adjusting for age, social status, and smoking, significant associations with overweight and obesity persisted for cardio metabolic risk factors and osteoarthritis. For example, obese persons had a three- to fourfold higher chance of having any cardio metabolic risk factor compared to normal weight persons (odds ratio (OR) = 4.07, 95% CI: 3.16-5.25 for men; OR = 3.40 (2.60-4.46) for women). Only in women, overweight and obesity as well as abdominal obesity, independent of BMI category, were significantly and consistently associated with diabetes (overweight: OR = 1.85 (1.03-3.30); obesity: OR = 2.94 (1.63-5.31); abdominal obesity: OR = 1.44 (1.08-1.92) and gall bladder disease (overweight: OR = 1.65 (1.22-2.25); obesity: OR = 3.06 (2.26-4.14); abdominal obesity: OR = 1.73 (1.25-2.39)). CONCLUSION: Current estimates of disease burden underline the public health importance and clinical relevance related to overweight and obesity and needs to take into account comorbidity aspects.     

中国中老年人群和高个成年人中心型肥胖的腰围界值点验证

目的 探讨中国中老年人群和高个成年人的适宜腰围界值点及其对糖尿病患病危险的预测价值.方法 利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,分析≥45岁人群和身高在全人群第85百分位数(P85)以上成年人的腰围分布特征,分析不同的腰同界值点与体重指数(BMI:kg/m2)≥24的诊断一致性,采用多元logistic回归分析不同腰围水平的调查对象患糖尿病和空腹血糖受损的相对风险,并以ROC曲线最短距离确定上述人群的适宜腰围界值点.结果 中国中老年人腰围男性均值为80.8 cm,女性均值为79.4 cm;高个男性腰围均值为84.1 cm,女性为77.9 cm.中老年人腰围以男性85 cm、女性80 cm作为界值点,与BMI≥24的诊断一致性最好,预测糖尿病的ROC曲线距离最短.与腰围<85 cm组相比,85 cm～组、90 cm～组和95 cm～组的中老年男性患糖尿病[OR值分别为2.1(95%CI:1.6～2.8)、3.0(95%CI:2.3～4.0)和4.5(95%CI:3.4～5.8)]和空腹血糖受损[OR值分别为1.6(95%CI:1.2～2.2)、2.6(95%CI:1.9～3.5)和3.5(95%CI:2.6～4.6)]的相对风险明显增加.与腰围<80 cm组相比,80 cm～组、85 cm～组和90 cm～组中老年女性患糖尿病[OR值分别为1.9(95% CI:1.4-2.6)、3.2(95%CI:2.4～4.3)和4.8(95%CI:3.7～6.1)]和空腹血糖受损[OR值分别为2.5(95%CI:1.8～3.4)、3.2(95%CI:2.4～4.4)和4.2(95%CI:3.2～5.6)]的相对风险明显增高.高个成年人腰围以男性90 cm、女性85 cm作为界值点,预测糖尿病患病的ROC曲线距离最短.与腰围<85 cm组相比,95cm～组高个男性患糖尿病和空腹血糖受损的相对风险明显增高[OR值分别为3.6(95%CI:2.1～6.4)和5.5(95%CI:3.0～10.1)].与腰围<80cm组相比,85 cm～、90 cm～组高个女性患糖尿病的相对风险明显升高[OR值分别为5.0(95%CI:2.7～9.4)和8.0(95%CI:4.6～14.1)],90 cm～组患空腹血糖受损的相对风险OR=3.7(95%CI:2.0～6.9).结论 男性85 cm和女性80 cm是中老年人群的适宜腰围界值点;对于高个成年人,此腰围界值点对于空腹血糖受损有预测价值;人群中心型肥胖预防指标建议使用男性85 cm和女性80 cm作为腰围界值点.     

Socioeconomic disparities in metabolic syndrome differ by gender: evidence from NHANES III

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to examine whether socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with metabolic syndrome and whether the association differs by gender and race/ethnicity. METHODS: Study participants were from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SEP was measured by using education and poverty income ratio (PIR). Metabolic syndrome was measured according to the National Institutes of Health guidelines. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Low education (<12 years) was associated with metabolic syndrome in women (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-2.24) and less so in men (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.97-1.66) versus more than 12 years of education. For income, low PIR (相似文献   

Risk factors for hypertension in obese women. The role of weight cycling

OBJECTIVE: To study significant factors associated with the risk of hypertension among obese women, with and without a history of weight cycling (WC). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Obesity Clinic of Chieti University, Italy. SUBJECTS: A group of 258 obese women aged 25-64 y (103 cases with hypertension and 155 controls) were recruited. All obese subjects had the same clinical characteristics, were without a family history for hypertension, were non-smokers, had normal lipidemic profiles and normal glucose tolerance, were not taking any medication and were otherwise healthy. INTERVENTION: In the weight cycling women, the history of WC was established on the basis of at least five weight losses in the previous 5 y due to dieting, with a weight loss of at least 4.5 kg per cycle. A logistic regression model adjusted for confounding variables such as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and weight cycling history parameters was used and the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals was calculated. RESULTS: The risk of hypertension increases in subjects with larger WHR (OR 7.8; 95% CI 3.4-17.9) and with a positive history for WC (OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.4-6.9). Further, in obese patients with WC, the weight cycling index and the sum of the weight regained are also important risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These findings could support the hypothesis that it is the combined exposure of central-type obesity and WC that strongly raises the risk of hypertension. SPONSORSHIP: This work has been financially supported by a grant of Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica.     

Sex differences in the associations of socioeconomic status with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the elderly population: the KORA Survey 2000

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in the associations of socioeconomic status (SES) with prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and known risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus were investigated in an elderly population. METHODS: Oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out in 1354 randomly selected subjects (697 men, 657 women) aged 55-74 years in the population-based KORA Survey 2000, Augsburg, Germany. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for undiagnosed diabetes or IGT by education, occupation and income were estimated using logistic regression controlling for age, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, physical activity, smoking and alcohol intake. RESULTS: All three SES variables were significantly inversely related to body mass index, waist circumference and low physical activity in women (P < 0.05). In men, these associations were weaker or absent. Using the lowest category as reference, occupational status was significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes in women (adjusted OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.8) after controlling for risk factors in multivariate regression. The OR was also reduced with higher income in women (adjusted OR, diabetes: 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.03). Among men, no significant relations of the SES indicators with unknown diabetes were observed. However, the odds of having IGT was lower with higher occupational status in men (adjusted OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes was related to low SES defined by occupation or income in women only. In men, low occupational status was independently associated with higher IGT risk. Educational level was not related to glucose disorders in both sexes in the elderly population.     

上海市长宁区糖尿病高危人群筛查结果分析

目的 利用长宁区糖尿病高危人群的血糖筛查结果数据,分析长宁区糖尿病高危人群中糖尿病和糖调节受损的检出率,分析影响高危人群中糖尿病和糖调节受损的危险因素,为加强社区糖尿病防治力度提供参考依据。方法 收集糖尿病高危人群的基本信息、糖尿病危险因素及相关症状、体格检查数据及血糖数据进行统计分析。结果 2016 - 2017年,12 567名糖尿病高危人群中共检出糖尿病1 171人,糖调节受损者1 547人,检出率分别为9.3%、12.3%。多因素logistic回归分析发现,高龄（OR:1.032,95%CI:1.026～1.038）、男性（OR:1.161,95%CI:1.036～1.301）、低学历（P＜0.05）、糖调节受损史（OR: 6.257,95% CI:4.756～8.232）、亲属患2型糖尿病（OR: 1.388,95% CI:1.169～1.649）、高血压（OR: 1.463,95% CI:1.268～1.688）和体型超重/肥胖（OR: 2.228,95% CI: 1.940～2.559）是血糖代谢障碍的独立预测因素;高龄（OR:1.040,95% CI:1.035～1.045）、男性（OR:1.361,95% CI:1.224～1.581）、低学历（P＜0.05）、糖调节受损史（OR: 2.644,95% CI:1.949 ～3.586）、亲属患2型糖尿病（OR: 1.417,95% CI:1.217～1.650）、高血压（OR: 1.360,95% CI:1.199 ～1.543）、血脂异常（OR = 1.208,95% CI:1.019～1.432）、一过性类固醇糖尿病史（OR = 2.397, 95% CI:1.195～4.807)、长期静坐生活方式（OR = 2.542,95% CI:1.376～4.699）以及体型超重/肥胖（OR: 1.975,95% CI:1.754～2.224）是检出糖尿病的独立预测因素。结论 长宁区糖尿病高危人群的糖尿病和糖调节受损检出率较高。在高危人群中筛查,能使超过五分之一的血糖异常者得到早期诊断,应持续开展此项工作。     

Influence of sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of obesity in Spain. The SEEDO'97 Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of social and cultural factors in the prevalence of obesity in the Spanish adult population aged 25--60 y based on available population data. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of four cross-sectional nutrition surveys. SUBJECTS: A total of 5388 free-living subjects aged 25--60 y, respondents of the Nutritional Surveys carried out in four Spanish regions (Catalunya, Basque Country, Madrid and Valencia) from 1990 to 1994. The samples were pooled together and weighted to build a national random sample. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height were measured on each individual by trained observers. Age, gender, educational level, occupation, habitat (rural/urban) and region were considered. Obesity was defined as body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2). The protocol used in each survey was in accordance with the recommendations of the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity (SEEDO). Logistic regression models were designed to analyse the influence of sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of obesity in men and women. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was higher in older age groups in men and women, odds ratio (OR) for every 10 y OR=1.40 (95% CI 1.39--1.41) for men and OR=1.86 (95% CI 1.85--1.87) for women. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age showed higher obesity rates among low educated people, OR=1.80 (95% CI 1.78--1.81) in men and OR=2.36 (95% CI 2.29--2.42) in women (P<0.001). Among men the odds ratio for the prevalence of obesity in rural areas was OR=1.87 (95% CI 1.86--1.89), compared to cities. The geographical distribution showed higher obesity rates in the southeast. CONCLUSION: This study supports that obesity is a multifactorial problem. Older women with low educational level and low income seem to be the most susceptible group to weight gain. Therefore, Public Health Programs should consider this type of environmental factor when planning strategies aimed at preventing or reducing the problem of obesity in western societies.     

Body weight dissatisfaction by socioeconomic status among obese, preobese and normal weight women and men: results of the cross-sectional KORA Augsburg S4 population survey

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Body weight dissatisfaction is an important factor in preventing weight gain and promoting weight loss or maintenance. This study focuses on differences in the rates of body weight dissatisfaction among obese, preobese and normal weight women and men by socioeconomic status within a general adult population in Germany. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 4186 adults aged 25 to 74 who participated in a cross-sectional, representative population-based health survey (KORA S4, 1999-2001, Augsburg region/Germany). Body mass was measured anthropometrically and indexed following international standards. Among the 2123 women participating in the survey, 40.3% had a normal weight, 34.9% were preobese, and 24.8% were obese (compared to 25.9%, 51.4% and 22.6% among men, respectively). Body weight dissatisfaction, educational level, household income and occupational status were assessed by computer-aided personal interviewing. An index for socioeconomic status was calculated and categorized into quintiles. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to test for differences in the odds of body weight dissatisfaction across socioeconomic strata in normal weight, preobese and obese groups. Body mass index, age, family status, place of residence and health behaviors were adjusted for. RESULTS: Overall, being dissatisfied with one's body weight was more prevalent in women (48.3%) than in men (33.2%). In the normal weight group, no significant differences in the odds of being dissatisfied were found across socioeconomic groups among women or men. Among preobese men, compared to the lowest socioeconomic stratum, increased odds of being dissatisfied with one's body weight were associated with the highest socioeconomic index group (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8), middle and high educational level (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, and OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-3.7), high income (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7), and middle and high occupational status (both OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Among preobese women, the odds of being dissatisfied were only significantly elevated in those with a middle educational level (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3). Among obese men, elevated odds were found in the highest socioeconomic index group (OR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.8-7.5) and in those with a high educational level (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.3-4.1), high income (OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.4-4.7), and middle and high occupational status (both OR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.6). The odds of dissatisfaction among obese women were not associated with socioeconomic status as a whole, but were associated with a high educational level, albeit with a comparatively large confidence interval (OR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.0-12.8). CONCLUSIONS: In Germany, body weight dissatisfaction is more prevalent among obese and preobese men in high socioeconomic status groups, a pattern not found in women. The exception to this is a greater prevalence of dissatisfaction among obese and preobese women with a high educational level (albeit inconsistently). Moreover, there is a social gradient in body weight dissatisfaction, especially in obese men, which may partly explain why obesity is more prevalent in men with low socioeconomic status. It also suggests that they are a target group for obesity care in which body weight satisfaction is an important topic.     

Childhood migration and cardiovascular risk

BACKGROUND: Childhood living conditions have been hypothesized to be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in adult life. METHODS: We analysed, using logistic regression, the risk of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and ischaemic heart disease in a population-based sample of 3643 Chinese men and 3778 Chinese women some of whom had experienced a change to more favourable economic conditions at different life stages through migration from mainland China to Hong Kong. RESULTS: Adjusting for socio-economic status, risk behaviours, and family history, the development of diabetes was associated with migration from China to Hong Kong in the first two decades of life, albeit with a decreasing intensity of effect (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.45, OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.66, and OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.45 for migration at ages 0-7, 8-17, and 18-24, respectively). The development of hypertension was mostly susceptible to environmental change during the growth spurt and puberty (migration at ages 8-17 OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.99). The development of heart disease was associated with a sex-specific critical period in early childhood for men (migration at ages 0-7 OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.70, 5.91). CONCLUSION: Environmental change by migration throughout the first two decades of life can affect the development of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and ischaemic heart disease, although adverse childhood conditions alone may not be a risk factor. Our results suggest that specific life course pathways may pre-dispose to these conditions and could be relevant to their aetiology in populations undergoing rapid development.     

Non-obese (body mass index < 25 kg/m2) Asian Indians with normal waist circumference have high cardiovascular risk

OBJECTIVE: Although the prevalence of obesity is not high in Asian Indians, increased prevalence rates of metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular risk factors have been reported. In this study, we evaluated body mass index (BMI), anthropometric measurements, and body fat profiles of obese and non-obese subjects and correlated those values with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 639 subjects (170 men and 469 women) from low socioeconomic stratum residing in urban slums of New Delhi. Non-obese subjects were categorized into quartiles of percentage of body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC). Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were computed with first quartile in the non-obese group as the reference category for the following five categories: %BF and WC quartiles in the non-obese group and obese group (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: In the non-obese group, approximately 66% of men and 88% of women had at least one risk factor. In non-obese women, significantly high ORs and 95% CIs were found for hypertension (3.2, 1.4-7.2), DM (2.8, 1.2-6.3), and hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.9-8.3) in the upper quartiles of %BF, and significantly high OR (95% CIs) was observed for hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.4-10.8) in non-obese men. Among non-obese men, significantly high OR (95% CIs) was found for hypertriglyceridemia (3.2, 1.0-10.3); among non-obese women, significantly high ORs (95% CIs) were observed for hypertension (2.5, 1.1-5.8) and hypertriglyceridemia (2.5, 1.2-5.2) in the normal range of WC (70-80 cm). CONCLUSION: The study showed that Asian Indians have excess cardiovascular risk at BMI and WC values considered "normal." These data suggested that definitions of "normal" ranges of BMI and WC need to be revised for Asian Indians.     

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in rural Mapuche population from Chile

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and obesity in the Mapuche natives from rural areas in Chile. This cross-sectional study involved men (n = 95) and women (n = 224) older than 20 y from an aboriginal ethnic group (Mapuches), residing in rural communities from the south of Chile. Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and IGT was calculated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Data on age, degree of ancestral purity, obesity, and hypertension were also obtained. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in rural Mapuche natives was estimated as 3.2% (95% CI: 0.7--9.0) in men and 4.5% (95% CI: 2.2--8.1) in women. The overall prevalence of obesity was 56.1% (95% CI: 50.5--61.6): 40.0% (95% CI: 30.1--40.8) in men and 62.9% (95% CI: 56.3--69.3) in women (P value < 0.001). These data suggest that the prevalence of obesity and Type 2 diabetes has been increasing during recent years in the Mapuche communities. The prevalence estimated in this study is higher than that reported 15 y ago. This suggests an important role of lifestyle changes as a possible explanation for epidemiologic transition.     

Higher eating frequency,but not skipping breakfast,is associated with higher odds of abdominal obesity in adults living in Puerto Rico

Puerto Ricans have a high prevalence of obesity, yet little information is available regarding its association with eating patterns in this population. We hypothesized that higher eating frequency and skipping breakfast would be associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity among adults living in Puerto Rico (PR). In a cross-sectional study of adults living in PR aged 30-75 years (N = 310), participants reported their frequency of eating meals per day including snacks and breakfast. Trained interviewers measured waist (WC) and hip circumferences. We calculated the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) dividing the waist by the hip measurement. Abdominal obesity was defined as either high WC (men ≥94 cm; women ≥80 cm) or high WHR (men ≥0.90; women ≥0.85). We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to assess the association of eating frequency (≤1.5; 1.5-3; ≥3 times/day) and breakfast consumption (vs none) with abdominal obesity. Models were adjusted for age, sex, income, smoking, physical activity, TV watching, energy intake, diet quality, and eating frequency (only for breakfast consumption). Most participants consumed breakfast (70%), ate 1.5-3 times/d (47%), and had high WC (75%) and WHR (77%). Participants who ate 1.5-3 (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.23-6.15) and ≥3 times/day (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.14-7.31) were more likely to have high WC compared with participants who ate ≤1.5 times/d (P trend = .04). Breakfast consumption was not associated with abdominal obesity. In conclusion, higher eating frequency, but not skipping breakfast, is associated with abdominal obesity among adults in PR. Consuming less frequent meals may help prevent abdominal obesity in this population.     

不孕不育特征与夫妻双方高血压患病风险的关联研究

目的 了解不孕不育夫妇高血压患病现况,探讨不孕不育特征与两性高血压患病风险的关联。方法 本研究依托不孕不育队列开展。不孕不育特征包括是否患不孕不育、不孕不育类型、原因及年限。采用多因素logistic回归模型,分性别分析不孕不育特征与高血压的关联。结果 1 312对不孕不育夫妇中,不孕症女性和不育症男性高血压患病率均显著高于同性别对照组（女:18.6% vs. 13.2%;男:21.5% vs. 14.3%）。女性不孕（OR＝1.64,95％CI:1.13～2.38）、双方共同原因不孕症（OR＝2.15,95％CI:1.11～4.15）、继发性不孕（OR＝1.58,95％CI:1.17～2.13）和不孕年限≥3年（OR＝1.96,95％CI:1.29～2.97）会显著增加女方高血压患病风险;男性不育（OR＝1.79,95％CI:1.29～2.48）、双方共同原因不育症（OR＝1.69,95％CI:1.12～2.56）、继发性不育（OR＝1.52,95％CI:1.00～2.39）和不育年限≥3年（OR＝1.97,95％CI:1.23～3.14）会显著增加男方高血压患病风险。结论 确诊不孕不育、继发性不孕不育、双方共同原因不孕不育及长不孕不育年限是不孕不育夫妇患高血压的风险因素。     

Association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension with anthropometric indicators in older adults: Results of the Mexican Health Survey, 2000

Objective: To determine the association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) in older adults.Design: Cross-sectional study of participants of the Mexican Health Survey 2000 (MHS).Setting: Mexico, subjects recruited from the general community.Participants: The analytic sample included 7,322 adults who were ≥60 years of age at the time of the survey. T2DM data were available on 6,994 individuals, who represent 95.5% of the original sample; data on HTN was available on 6,268 subjects, which accounted for 86.5% of the original sample.Measurements: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as anthropometric indicators including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and conicity index (CI).Results: The prevalence of T2DM and HTN in this age group was 34.3% and 73.9%, respectively. After adjusting for other variables, the association between high WC and T2DM (OR=1.59 95%CI=1.26-2.01, P < 0.001) was stronger than the association with overweight (OR=1.26, 95%CI= 1.01–1.58, P=0.04) and obesity (OR=1.38, 95%CI= 1.08–1.79, P< 0.01) using BMI, and slightly higher than tertile 2 of the CI (OR=1.49, 95%CI=1.20–1.88, P< 0.01), while tertile 3 showed a stronger association with T2DM (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.22–2.08, P< 0.001). However, the association between obesity and HTN measured by BMI (OR=1.98, 95%CI=1.48–2.65, P< 0.001) was stronger than what was observed with overweight (OR=1.42, 95%CI 1.13–1.77, P< 0.01), with high WC (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.25–2.10, P< 0.001) and tertiles 2 and 3 of the CI (OR=1.23, 95%CI=0.99–1.55, P= 0.09); (OR=1.53, 95%CI= 1.16–2.03, P< 0.01) respectively.Conclusions: BMI and abdominal obesity are significantly and independently associated with an increase in the prevalence of T2DM and HTN among older Mexican adults.     

Risk factors for premature myocardial infarction: a matched case-control study

Background: Myocardial infarction in young age is increasing. Identifying risk factors could be important for health promotion. We studied classic atherosclerotic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction. Methods: In this matched case-control study, which was conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Birjand County, the east of Iran, atherosclerotic risk factors (hyperten-sion, family history of coronary artery diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia) of 98 patients affected by acute myocardial infarction aged under 50 years were compared with that of 98 healthy neighborhood controls. Results: Mean levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, as well as systolic blood pressure and body mass index were significantly higher in cases than in controls. There was a positive association between coronary artery disease at younger age and dyslipidemia OR=2.8 [95% CI: 1.5, 5.2], smoking OR=6.4 [95% CI: 3.0, 13.5], systolic hypertension OR=3.1 [95% CI: 1.5, 6.3], family history of coronary artery diseases OR=10.9 [95% CI: 3.2, 37.9] and diabetes OR=2.5 [95% CI: 1.04, 6.2]. Conclusion: Smoking, systolic hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most common risk factors among patients with premature myocardial infarction.     

潮州市居民肥胖状态与高血压关联强度的剂量-反应关系

目的 分析潮州市居民肥胖状态与高血压间的剂量-反应关系,为提出适宜的血压控制方案提供参考.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,对潮州市常住居民进行问卷调查和体格检查.采用Logistic回归分析模型探讨BMI、腰围与高血压患病的关联;采用基于限制性立方样条的Logistic回归分析模型分析BMI、腰围与高血压间剂量-反...     

德清农村居民糖尿病和高血压共患病率及其危险因素

  目的  了解德清农村居民糖尿病和高血压共患病情况并探究其危险因素。  方法  采用横断面研究，在浙江省德清县随机整群抽取8个乡镇作为研究现场，共调查29 306名成人居民。调查内容包括:人口学信息、社会经济学特征、行为和生活方式、慢性病家族史，进行血压、血糖的测量。  结果  在研究人群中，2型糖尿病患病率为3.34%，高血压患病率为28.72%，其中2.01%人群共患糖尿病和高血压，共患率在70~79岁均达到较高水平。无序多元Logistics回归结果显示:糖尿病家族史(OR=4.94，95%CI:3.24~7.54，P < 0.001)、拥有伴侣(OR=2.17，95%CI:1.18~4.00，P=0.013)是仅糖尿病患病的可能危险因素，体重指数(body mass index，BMI) < 24 kg/m2(OR=0.48，95%CI:0.39~0.59，P < 0.001)是糖尿病的可能保护因素；BMI < 24 kg/m2(OR=0.60，95%CI:0.56~0.64，P < 0.001)、完成义务教育(OR=0.54，95%CI:0.49~0.59，P < 0.001)、运动(OR=0.77，95%CI:0.69~0.86，P < 0.001)是高血压患病的保护因素，饮酒(OR=1.18，95%CI:1.08~1.29，P < 0.001)是仅高血压患病的可能危险因素；BMI < 24 kg/m2(OR=0.26，95%CI:0.21~0.31，P < 0.001)、完成义务教育(OR=0.50，95%CI:0.35~0.72，P < 0.001)、饮茶(OR=0.80，95%CI:0.64~0.99，P=0.045)是两病共患的保护因素，农民(OR=1.35，95%CI:1.04~1.76，P=0.024)、糖尿病家族史(OR=4.21，95%CI:2.71~6.57，P < 0.001)、高血压家族史(OR=1.86，95%CI:1.31~2.64，P=0.001)是两病共患的危险因素。  结论  德清地区农村居民糖尿病患病水平低于全国平均水平，高血压患病水平与全国平均水平接近，也有一定的共患病水平。女性、年龄>60岁、农民、糖尿病家族史、高血压家族史、超重或肥胖人群是可能的高危因素，需要进一步的干预和控制。     

江苏省成人脂质蓄积指数与高血压和糖尿病患病风险关系的研究

目的 探讨成人脂质蓄积指数（lipid accumulation product,LAP）与高血压、糖尿病患病风险的关系。方法 利用江苏省2013年成人慢性病及其危险因素监测数据进行分析,采用方差分析和多因素Logistic回归模型研究LAP与血压、血糖、高血压和糖尿病患病风险的关系,利用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristics,ROC）曲线评估LAP、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）和腰围（waist circumference,WC）对高血压、糖尿病罹患风险的预测作用。结果 不同LAP组间血压、血糖水平差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。男性和女性的高血压、糖尿病患病风险均随着LAP水平升高而增加（均有P<0.05）,与低LAP水平组相比,男性和女性高LAP水平组的高血压患病风险分别增加3.65倍（95%CI:3.74~5.78）和3.52倍（95%CI:3.70~5.53）,糖尿病患病风险分别增加2.71倍（95%CI:2.83~4.87）和3.37倍（95%CI:3.32~5.77）。在女性中,ROC曲线分析显示,LAP预测高血压和糖尿病风险的曲线下面积（area under curve,AUC）值为0.70和0.69,均高于BMI和WC（均有P<0.05）。结论 LAP与血压、血糖密切相关,高血压、糖尿病患病风险随着LAP的增加而升高。