Effect of fibrin glue on lymphatic drainage and on drain removal time after modified radical mastectomy: a prospective randomized study

Seroma formation is a frequently occurring complication in patients operated on because of breast cancer. This complication can be the cause of flap necrosis, can lead to infection, and can prolong the hospital stay. It can also cause a delay in chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In order to prevent seroma formation, various methods such as external compression dressings, immobilization of the arm, sclerotherapy, and suction drainage have been used, without much success. In animal models and some clinical studies, it has been stated that fibrin glue reduces seroma formation, and these statements generated high expectations. For this reason, a prospective study was planned to test this in patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) because of breast cancer. Of the 54 patients studied, 27 patients had fibrin glue (4 ml) applied to wound surfaces and under the flap (study group); the remaining 27 patients were the control group. Daily drainage volumes, total amount of drainage, drain removal time, and seroma formation were recorded and compared between the two groups. The first-day drainage was significantly lower in the study group (p<0.05, Student's t-test). There were no significant differences in daily drainage volumes, drain removal time, seroma formation frequency, and the number of seromas between the two groups (p>0.05). In conclusion; fibrin glue application had no significant benefit on axillary lymphatic drainage, drain removal time, or seroma formation.     

Seroma prevention using Mytilus edulis protein in a rat mastectomy model

Abstract:   Seroma formation is common following mastectomy and autologous breast reconstruction and is a potential cause of significant morbidity in patients. For this reason, many methods have been investigated to prevent this complication. BD Cell-Tak is a tissue adhesive formulated from the proteins excreted by the marine mussel Mytilus edulis . The purpose of this study was to determine if Cell-Tak is able to prevent seroma formation in a rat mastectomy seroma model. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral radical mastectomy, partial axillary lymph node dissection, and disruption of the dermal lymphatics. The animals were randomly assigned to either control ( n  = 10) or experimental groups ( n  = 10). The experimental animals received 0.3 ml of the topical adhesive in the wound prior to closure, whereas control animals received no treatment. On postoperative day 7, seroma collections were aspirated and quantified and the tissue flaps were sent for histologic analysis. The control rats had a mean seroma volume of 5.3 ± 2.6 ml, whereas the rats treated with Cell-Tak tissue adhesive had a mean seroma volume of 1.8 ± 1.5 ml ( p  < 0.004). Histologic analysis revealed mild inflammation consistent with postoperative changes in both groups and no evidence of foreign body reaction to the adhesive. BD Cell-Tak tissue adhesive significantly reduces seroma formation in the rat mastectomy model. This tissue adhesive may prove beneficial in patients undergoing mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction.     

A new method of modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer

We have developed a new type of modified radical mastectomy, the method and clinical results of which are reported herein. In this operation, axillary dissection is performed by the following two approaches. Firstly, the axillary contents are dissected from the highest possible subclavicular point to the pectoralis minor muscle, after partially cutting the sternocostal origin of the pectoralis major muscle. The second approach is from the posterior aspect of the pectoralis minor muscle to the lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Parasternal dissection can also be performed for stage II and IIIa cancers with a central or medial tumor. After lymph node dissection, the detached edge of the sternocostal origin of the pectoralis major muscle is resutured to cover the parasternal region. Thus, complete dissection of the axillary nodes is performed whilst preserving the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. Good clinical results were achieved with respect to radicality, cosmetic effects and function in 28 patients with stage I, II and IIIa breast cancers who were followed up for between 5 to 8 years. This new operation may therefore be adopted for the majority of patients with Stage I, II, or IIIa cancers, unless massive infiltration into the pectoralis major muscle has occurred. Preservation of both the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles results in a good cosmetic appearance, good functioning of the arm and easy reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy.     

乳腺癌改良根治术皮瓣厚度选择临床研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中皮瓣厚度的选择,降低术后并发症发生率。方法 对2008年1~12月河南省人民医院乳腺外科78例行乳腺癌改良根治术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。将2008年1~6月的病人设为Haagensen皮瓣组,2008年7~12月的病人设为胸壁浅筋膜外组,对两组病人术中出血量、手术时间及术后并发症发生率进行对比研究。结果 胸壁浅筋膜外组的手术中出血量、手术时间、手术后总引流量及术后皮瓣坏死发生率均低于Haagensen皮瓣组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;手术后皮下积液发生率两组相比差异无统计学意义（P＝0.522）。结论 选择在紧贴胸壁浅筋膜浅层外侧的脂肪层中游离皮瓣,可有效降低乳腺癌根治术后并发症发生率。     

改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨改良乳腺癌根治术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析281例乳腺癌（Ⅰ期87例，Ⅱ期194例）施行改良乳腺癌根治术（保留胸大、小肌）的治疗结果。结果 281例患者中术后发生皮下积液17例，切口皮缘坏死16例，上肢淋巴性水肿（轻度）12例。3年生存率为85．6％，5年生存率70．8％。结论 保留胸大、小肌，重视保护胸外侧支神经可避免胸肌挛缩导致的上肢运动障碍，重视术中创面的处理能有效地预防局部复发和转移，重视术后综合性治疗可提高远期疗效。     

Delayed shoulder exercises in reducing seroma frequency after modified radical mastectomy: A prospective randomized study

Background: Seromas and impaired shoulder function are well-known complications after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Early postoperative physiotherapy is a common treatment to avoid shoulder dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the frequency of postoperative seromas could be reduced, without increasing shoulder dysfunction, by delayed postoperative shoulder exercises. Methods: In a prospective study 163 patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy were randomized to physiotherapy starting on postoperative day 1 or day 7. Patients were seen by the surgeons and the physiotherapists during hospital stay and in the outpatient department. Seromas and other complications were registered by the surgeons. The physiotherapists instructed the patients pre- and postoperatively and assessed shoulder function. Results: There was a significantly higher incidence of postoperative seromas in the group of patients that started physiotherapy postoperative day 1 (38%) compared to the group that started physiotherapy postoperative day 7 (22%) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in the late outcome of shoulder function. Conclusion: The incidence of seromas after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer is reduced by delaying shoulder exercises one week postoperatively. Earlier postoperative physiotherapy is not necessary to avoid impaired shoulder function.     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床意义

目的分析保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床效果。方法乳腺癌患者80例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各40例。观察组行保留肋间臂神经手术,对照组则将肋间臂神经同时清扫,比较两组患者手术时间、清扫淋巴结数量、术中出血量以及并发症发生率。随访两组患者术后上臂感觉障碍及复发转移情况。结果两组患者手术时间、手术清扫淋巴结数量及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组并发症发生率为12.50%,对照组率为15.00%,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后1周上臂感觉障碍为10.00%,术后1个月为5.00%,术后3个月为2.50%,术后6个月为2.50%,术后12个月无。对照组分别为52.50%、47.50%、45.50%、37.50%和27.50%。观察组术后上臂感觉障碍发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访1年,两组患者均无复发及转移。结论在乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可以有效地降低术后患侧上臂感觉障碍发生率。     

Prevention of Seroma Formation after Axillary Dissection—A Comparative Randomized Clinical Trial of Three Methods

Seroma is a frequent complication after breast cancer surgery. Closed suction drainage for several days is the standard procedure to reduce seroma formation. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of external compression dressing, suture flap fixation, and the conventional method of closed suction drains in the prevention of seroma formation. A total of 161 patients were prospectively randomized in a three groups × two subgroups design into control (n = 48), compression dressing (n = 53) and suturing groups (n = 49), and two subgroups, conventional drain removal (n = 75) and early drain removal (n = 75). All patients underwent ALND as part of MRM or BCT. The primary end point was the incidence of seroma. Suture flap fixation significantly reduced the incidence of seroma (p = 0.003), total drain output (p = 0.005), and duration of drainage (p = 0.001) without increase in wound complications. Compression dressing reduced duration of drainage significantly (p = 0.03), but not the total drain output (p = 0.15) or seromas (p = 0.58). Early drain removal on postoperative day 7 irrespective of drain output does not significantly increase seroma formation (p = 0.34) or wound complications. On multivariate analysis, BMI ≥ 30 (p = 0.02) and longer duration of drainage (p = 0.04) were identified as independent predictors for seroma formation. Obliteration of the dead space after breast cancer surgery by suture flap fixation is a safe and easy procedure, which significantly reduces postoperative seroma formation and duration of drainage. Compression dressing offers no advantage over normal dressing. Drains can be removed safely on postoperative day 7 irrespective of output without significant increase in complications.     

Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing modified radical mastectomy and extended radical mastectomy for stage II breast cancer

A controlled cooperative study was carried out to assess the value of modified radical mastectomy for patients with stage II breast cancer. The data was analyzed from 11 institutions in the Shikoku District participating in a prospective clinical trial in which patients were randomly assigned either to a modified radical mastectomy group or an extended radical mastectomy group. These two groups of patients were similar to each other in terms of such background factors as age distribution, menopausal status, TNM classification, tumor size, location of the primary tumor, axillary nodal involvement, histological type, and estrogen receptor status. The median follow-up times in the modified and extended radical mastectomy groups were 4.7 and 4.5 years, respectively. The cumulative curves indicated no difference between the two groups in either disease-free survival or overall survival. The survival rates were classified according to the presence or absence of axillary nodal metastases. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups. These findings thus suggest that the routine removal of the grossly uninvolved major pectoral muscle and parasternal lymph nodes is not necessary in patients with stage II breast cancer.     

Seroma in residual fibrous capsule after breast implant explantation: a case report

The Authors present a singular case of seroma which developed in residual fibrous capsule after explantation of breast prostheses without replacement. Mammographic and sonographic findings of the seroma make difficult the diagnosis: mammograms revealed a radiopaque, well-circumscribed mass anterior to the pectoralis major muscle in the region of the prior sub-glandular implant, that was initially misinterpreted as breast implant radiographic feature. It is particularly important review and carefully correlate mammographic and sonographic findings with patient's surgical history for a correct diagnosis.     

乳腺癌改良根治术联合化疗对患者并发症与生活质量的影响

目的探讨改良根治术联合化疗对乳腺癌患者术后并发症以及生活质量的影响。方法回顾性分析175例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,根据手术治疗方式的不同,分为对照组(n=100)和研究组(n=75),研究组行改良根治术,术前、术后联合化疗辅助治疗,对照组采用传统的标准根治手术,随访1~3年,比较两组复发、死亡情况以及术后并发症、生活质量的差异性。结果研究组3年随访局部及腋淋巴结复发率分别为6.7%、2.7%,远处转移率为10.7%,3年生存率为92%,与对照组比较(6%、3%、11%、91%),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组术后并发症的发生率(6.7%)明显低于对照组(42%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且术后生活质量大大提高,各项评分明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论改良根治术联合化疗对于早期乳腺癌的临床治疗疗效与乳腺癌标准根治术相当,而在减少并发症、提高患者术后生活质量方面优势明显。     

Influence of surgical technique on axillary seroma formation: a randomized study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surgical technique in the form of electrocautery and suction drains on seroma formation following surgery for breast cancer. A prospective randomized study was carried out. One hundred and sixty patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery were allocated to four arms using a 2 x 2 factorial design. This method enabled us to evaluate the independent effect of two different causative factors on the incidence of postoperative seroma formation using a single dataset with limited numbers. The main outcome measure was postoperative seroma formation defined as a postoperative axillary collection requiring more than one aspiration after removal of the drain. The incidence of seroma in our institution is 90%. Incidence of postoperative seroma was 88.3% if electrocautery was used, which reduced to 82.2% if surgery was carried out using scissors for dissection and ligatures for haemostasis (P = 0.358). There was no influence on the incidence of seroma formation whether suction drain (84.6%) or corrugated drains (86.1%) were used (P = 0.822). The use of electrocautery in axillary dissection does not adversely affect postoperative seroma formation after surgery for breast cancer. The use of different drainage techniques has no bearing on the postoperative seroma formation. The surgical technique has no influence on the rate of seroma formation after surgery for breast cancer.     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房假体再造

目的探讨用硅胶假体植入法修复乳腺癌改良根治术后乳房缺失的疗效。方法2005年6月至11月,10例患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后,同期于胸大肌后植入硅胶假体再造乳房,并根据冰冻结果决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果本组病人术后无伤口积液感染,皮肤坏死及异物反应等。10例患者美观效果均满意,其中有4例保留乳头乳晕复合体。所有病人进行术后随访。随访时间为1～6个月。未发现有远处转移和局部复发。无上肢水肿及功能障碍。结论保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后用硅胶假体行一期乳房再造,具有创伤小、安全、简单、恢复快的特点;再造后乳房美观,效果满意。     

Seroma is an expected consequence and not a complication of MammoSite brachytherapy

Seroma has long been listed as a complication of MammoSite brachytherapy. Palpable abnormalities are clinically apparent months after treatment and a vast majority of patients demonstrate seroma formation in radiologic studies. We embarked on this study to evaluate the actual sonographic incidence and eventual sonographic resolution, possible contributing factors, cosmesis, pain, and local control associated with seroma formation after MammoSite partial breast irradiation (PBI). We investigated 160 patients who underwent MammoSite PBI from 2002 to 2006 of whom 100 patients had serial sonographic information. Clinical and tumor variables, infection, pain, and cosmesis were investigated. Dosimetric data including volume of balloon, dose at balloon surface, and at skin were analyzed. After a median follow-up of 36 months, the incidence of sonographically confirmed post-radiation seroma was 78% within the first 1 year following radiation and steadily decreased with time. The average size of a seroma cavity was 2.3 cm (range 0.6-6 cm) with a decline to an average of 1.4 cm after 1 year, with complete resolution in 65% of patients at 2 years. No statistically significant correlation was found between patient characteristics, tumor variables, and volumetric or dosimetric data for seroma formation. Excellent/good cosmetic scores were achieved in 94% of women with and 92% without seroma. Local control was equivalent between patients with and without seroma. Consecutive sonographic imaging reveals a high rate of seroma formation after MammoSite PBI, with resolution in 65% of patients by 2 years without intervention. Seroma formation does not prevent an excellent cosmetic result or alter local control.     

乳房切除术后3种皮瓣处理的效果评价

目的 评价乳腺癌乳房切除术后3种皮瓣处理的结果。方法 收集2019年2月至2021年4月在我院进行全乳房切除术或改良根治术的108例乳腺癌患者的临床资料。根据处理皮瓣的不同分为常规缝合（A组,n=30）;缝合线皮瓣固定（B组,n=42）;医用组织胶皮瓣固定（C组,n=36）,所有患者进行至少6月术后随访评价,记录入组患者基本资料、血清肿形成及处理,血清肿伴发其他并发症、随访资料包括引流、手术部位感染、门诊次数、皮瓣坏死、再手术、疼痛、美容效果及术后放化疗和激素治疗。结果 总共20例患者发生需要穿刺处理的血清肿,均发生在接受腋窝淋巴结清扫患者中,其中A组7例（23.3%）、B组7例（7.3%）、C组6例（16.6%）,尽管A组占比高于B组和C组,但三组间发生例数没有统计学意义。三组之间在术后引流量、术后疼痛、手术部位感染例数、再住院病例、术后门诊关于切口创面附加处理就诊没有显着差异,也没有观察到肩部功能的差异;随访6月结果也没有观察到三种方法对皮肤美容的显着差异。结论 在乳腺癌手术皮瓣处理的方法中,常规闭合切口、缝合线皮瓣固定和使用医用组织胶对于防止血清肿的形成没有明显的差别,这可能与术...     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值。方法 在48例乳腺癌改良根治术中完整保留肋间臂神经32例，切除肋间臂神经16例。术后对48例患者上臂内侧感觉功能进行随访观察。结果 48例患者在随访第1、6、24个月期间局部均未发现癌肿复发、转移。保留肋间臂神经32例中术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常28例（87．5％），感觉异常4例（12．5％）；而切除肋间臂神经的16例病人均有感觉异常。结论 在乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可明显减少术后患侧上臂内侧感觉障碍的发生率，有助于提高病人的生活质量。     

OK-432 (Sapylin) Reduces Seroma Formation After Axillary Lymphadenectomy in Breast Cancer

Purpose/aim: Modified radical mastectomy is the standard surgery for breast cancer in developing countries. However, seroma formation regarded as the most frequent postoperative complication limits the therapeutic benefit of mastectomy and axillary surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of OK-432 in reducing seroma formation after axillary dissection. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 80 patients with advanced breast cancer who underwent modified radical mastectomy. Patients were randomized into two groups, which differed with the OK-432 administration. N = 40 patients per group were treated with either OK-432 plus closed suction drainage or drainage-only. Result: In comparison with the drainage-only group, we found that patients in the OK-432 group had a lower drainage volume (p = .030) and a shorter duration of axillary drainage (p < .01). Besides, the use of OK-432 could reduce the incidence of seroma formation (p < .01) and the volume of seroma (p = .040). There were also significant differences in reducing the chance of evacuative punctures (p = .036) and the healing time (p < .01) between control and OK-432 group. Conclusion: OK-432 not only shortened the suction drainage duration, but also significantly reduced seroma formation as well as the needs for aspiration punctures after modified radical mastectomy.     

乳腺癌“逆行”改良根治术的近期疗效评价

目的：评价乳腺癌逆行改良根治术的近期疗效。方法：将80例先清扫腋窝淋巴结再行乳腺切除的乳腺癌逆行改良根治术与84例传统改良根治术作比较,通过收集临床资料及术后随访评价两者的疗效。结果：改良根治术与逆行改良根治术两组病人平均手术时间分别为121.43min和120.63min,平均术后住院时间分别为7.49d和7.75d,平均术后引流管拔除时间分别为5.12d和5.00d,腋窝淋巴结清扫数量分别为25.49个和24.71个,病理证实淋巴结转移比例分别为42.86%和46.25%。病人术后伤口引流量,第1天改良根治术组平均引流量为168mL（50～300mL）,逆行改良根治术组平均引流量为144mL（50～250mL）,两组比较有显著性差异（P=0.013）。而两组术后随访并发症无统计学差异。结论：乳腺癌逆行改良根治术是在乳腺癌改良根治术基础上创新的一种手术方法,符合肿瘤手术学原理,在不增加手术难度的同时安全且未增加近期术后并发症。