《麻醉药品临床应用指导原则》存在的问题与建议

目的 进一步完善《麻醉药品临床应用指导原则》,更好指导麻醉药品临床合理应用。方法 学习《麻醉药品临床应用指导原则》,收集和整理其存在的问题,并提出建议。结果 该文收集了《麻醉药品临床应用指导原则》收录的内容与原则不符、收录的品种与公布的品种不符(或收录了不是麻醉药品的品种,或将收录的麻醉药品品种归入不是麻醉药品品种)、每次处方量与规定不符、内容前后矛盾、使用了与当前实际不符的结论、收录了不能用于临床的品种、处方保存时间与规定不符、药品名称不规范或未统一等问题。结论 建议修订《麻醉药品临床应用指导原则》,使其更加完善。     

决策树技术及其在医学中的应用

从决策树的概念与特点、历史与发展、种类与算法、核心问题与应用条件以及在医学中的应用五个方面探讨了决策树技术及其重要的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。     

无线传感器网络应用支撑技术研究

无线传感器网络的出现,产生了许多新型应用.而为了支撑各种各样的应用,需要范围广且复杂的实现技术.作为一个多学科交叉领域,无线传感器网络方向具有大量的应用及相应支撑技术,需要进行适当的分类整理.基于这种情况,本文首先综述了无线传感器网络的应用现状,然后结合无线传感器网络各方面应用,从计算机学科的角度系统地讨论了无线传感器网络的支撑技术,包括通信协议、定位、时钟同步、能量管理等普遍存在于各种无线传感器网络的基础支撑技术,以及目标识别与跟踪、数据存储、数据融合与无线传感器网络安全等几种典型的与应用紧密相关的支撑技术.     

ICP-MS法简介及其在药物分析领域中的应用

本文介绍了ICP-MS仪器的发展历程、基本结构与原理,并详细介绍了其在生物与医学、中药材、中成药等不同药物分析领域中应用的一些最新进展,最后对ICP-MS的应用前景进行了展望。     

甲硝唑与中药在临床上的联合应用情况

探讨甲硝唑与中药在临床上的联合应用情况,为临床合理应用及相关研究提供依据。本文通过查阅近十年国内甲硝唑与中药联合应用相关文献,按疾病归纳分析了其在临床上的应用情况,发现甲硝唑与中药联合使用在临床上应用比较广泛,普遍有效率高,复发率低,未增加不良反应发生率。表明甲硝唑与中药联合应用协同增效、优势互补,适合进一步在临床推广使用。     

中药配方颗粒临床应用优势及不足

目的 中药配方颗粒在临床应用中日益广泛,临床医师应掌握中药配方颗粒应用特点及其不足,更好为患者服务;方法 通过中药配方颗粒基本概念、用法、中医辨证特色、质量标准控制、便于服用、携带,便于保管、调配等方面在临床应用中的诸多优势做了介绍,同时通过与传统中药饮片的应用做了比较,指出中药配方颗粒存在不足之处;结论 临床医师掌握中药配方颗粒特点,发挥其优势,同时可根据不同患者、不同病情与中药饮片选择应用.     

药剂学教学视频库的建设与应用

药剂学教学过程中需要应用多种教学手段与方法。本文阐述了药剂学教学视频库的应用优势、素材收集、应用过程中的注意事项,为其它院校的药剂学教学提供了有益的经验。     

"五常法"在医院临床治疗室常用药品管理中的应用及其体会

目的:探究"五常法"(即常整理、常整顿、常清扫、常清洁及常自律)在医院临床治疗室药品管理的应用及其效果.方法:以"五常法"为理论指导,并基于其应用原则对医院治疗室常用药品实施管理,分析其管理的成效及其体会.结果 与结论:剖析了"五常法"的应用理念和其在药品管理中的执行原则,阐述其应用过程,并针对其管理中的应用展开思考与探究,陈述了应用体会.     

血液透析与灌流联合治疗急性中毒的应用与护理

报告了17例利用血液透析与灌流联合治疗急性中毒的应用与护理,主要措施包括碳肾肝素化、全身肝素化、并发症的观察与护理及预防,应用此方法达到清除体内有毒物质的目的,疗效显著,及时地挽回了患者的生命。     

马黄酊的药材来源、制备方法、质量检测与临床应用

本文对马黄酊这一医院制剂从制备方法、质量检测与临床应用等方面进行了文献综述,并且对其今后的应用与开发提出了应该进行的研究内容。     

Alpinia zerumbet,a ginger plant with a multitude of medicinal properties: An update on its research findings

In this review, the botany and uses of Alpinia zerumbet (yan shan jiang) are described, and the current knowledge of its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and clinical trials is summarized. An important ginger crop in East Asia, A. zerumbet has many uses, both medicinal and non-medicinal. Leaves are used to produce essential oils and herbal teas. Rhizomes are consumed as spices, and stem fibers are made into paper, fabrics, and handicrafts. In Brazil, tea from A. zerumbet leaves is believed to have hypotensive, diuretic, and anti-ulcerogenic properties. This species possesses many medicinal properties due to its chemical constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, kava pyrones, sterols, and terpenoids. Extracts of A. zerumbet display antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anthelmintic, tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory, anti-atherogenic, anti-aging, anti-glycation, integrase and neuraminidase inhibitory, lifespan prolongation, hair growth promotion, anticancer, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-platelet, osteoblastic, osteogenic, thrombolytic, and cardiacarrhythmogenic activities. Essential oils of A. zerumbet leaves have antimicrobial, larvicidal, antinociceptive, hypotensive, vasorelaxant, myorelaxant, antispasmodic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-neuraminidase, anti-atherogenic, anti-aging, anti-melanogenic, anti-tyrosinase, cytoprotective, cardiodepressive, antipsychotic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and tissue healing activities.Clinical trials conducted in Brazil showed that extracts of A. zerumbet have hypotensive and diuretic effects whereas topical application of the essential oil has positive therapeutic effects on patients with fibromyalgia. Spanning two continents of Asia and South America, A. zerumbetis truly a multi-purpose ginger plant with promising medicinal properties.     

Proceedings of the Australian Society for Medical Research

1. Detection of rheumatoid factors: isotypic variation and differential effect of penicillamine therapy. J. D. Wetherall, N. Buller, W. Strang and R. L. Dawkins, Department of Medical Technology, WAIT and Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, W.A. 2. Autoimmune responses to liver antigens in man regulated by suppressor T-lymphocytes . W. N. Bartholomaeus, W. D. Reed and R. A. Joske, Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia. Nedlands. W.A. 3. Circulating and tissue immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis . B. S. Andrews, G. Cains, J. Mcintosh, V. Petts and R. Penny, Department of Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of N.S.W. 4. Detection of autoantibodies: a population study . K. J. O'Connor, R. L. Dawkins and B. Dawkins, Clinical Immunology Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, W.A. 5. Specificity in lupus lymphocytotoxins . C. Witt, R. L. Dawkins, J. Richmond, K. Sagenschneider and P. J. Zilko, Department of Clinical Immunology; Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, W.A. 6. Reduced suppressor T-lymphocyte activity in myasthenia gravis. K. T. Holmes, P. J. Zilko and R. L. Dawkins, Department of Clinical Immunology, Queen Elizabeth IIMedical Centre, Perth, W.A. 7. Significance and characterization of a new class of antimuscle autoantibodies . B. L. McDonald, R. L. Dawkins, J. Robinson and P. H. Kay, Clinical Immunology Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, W.A. 8. Adaptive immunity against old RBC? K. O. Cox and D. A. Cunliffe, School of Biological Sciences, The Flinders University of South Australia. 9. Blood pressure and metabolic effects of 9a-fluorohydrocortisone in sheep . J. P. Coghlan, D. A. Denton, J. S. K. Fan, J. G. McDougall, B. A. Scoggins, and J. A. Whitworth. Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 10. Exaggerated natriuresis in ACTH hypertension in sheep . J. A. Whitworth, J. P. Coghlan, D. A. Denton, J. S. K. Fan, J. G. McDougall and B. A. Scoggins, Howard Florey Institute of F. Experimental Phvsiology & Medicine. Melbourne. Victoria. 11. 5α-Dihydrocortisol, aldosterone and urinary electrolytes . W. R. Adam, J. W. Funder, J. Mercer and S. Ulick, Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg 3077; INSERM U7, Hõpital Necker, 75015 Paris; Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital 3004; and Bronx V.A., New York 10468. 12. The effect of dopamine on pig kidney medullary Na⁺K⁺ ATPase as measured by [³H] ouabain binding . W. R. Adam. Repatriation General Hospital. Heidelberg. 3077. 13. Angiotensin III specific receptors in the rat adrenal gland. P. G. Matthews, M.-G. Pernollet, M.-A. Devynck and P. Meyer, INSERM U7, HõpitalNecker, 75015, Paris, France. 14. Localization of immunoreactive angiotensins in rat brains . J. S. Hutchinson and J. Csicsmann, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne. 15. Isolation of a new peptide in the central nervous system . Fiona Furby, Claire Baxter, G.G. Duggin, J.S. Horvath and D.J. Tiller, Renal Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales. 16. Plasma catecholamines and the blood pressure response to saralasin infusion. B . McGrath, C. Benedict, J. Ledingham, C. Baxter, J. Horvath and D. Tiller, Radcliffe Infirmary Oxford U.K. and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. 17. Bile acid structure and biliary lipid secretion in the cat. R. B . Sewell, N. E. Hoffman and R. A. Smallwood, Gastroenterology Department, Austin Hospital, Melbourne. 18. The effect of bilateral ureteric ligation on bile acid sulphation in normal and biliary obstructed rats . Malcolm Mackinnon and Christine McGuffie, Department of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia. 19. Cholic acid (CA) binding proteins in rat liver cytoplasm. M. J. McClelland, N. E. Hoffman , R. A. Smallwood and N. J. Hoogenraad, Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital and Department of Biochemistry, LaTrobe University. 20. Study of sulfobromophthalein metabolism-depression by diethyl maleate. G. Whelan , Dept. of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. 21. Intestinal sugar transport after bile fistula . Valerie Burke and Michael Gracey, Princess Margaret Children's Medical Research Foundation, Perth, W.A. 22. Nature of hormone which regulates intrinsic factor vitamin B₁₂ receptor activity in mouse small intestine . J. A. Robertson and N. D. Gallagher A. W. Morrow, Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney N.S. W. 23. Alterations in hepatic cobalamin distribution in liver disease. J. A . Gall and W. G. E. Cooksley, Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 24. Effect of liver damage on hepatic vitamin B₁₂ metabolism J. A. Owens and W. G. E. Cooksley, Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 23. The effects of smoking on drug metabolism . G. C. Farrell, W. G. E. Cooksley, G. A. Cash and L. W. Powell, University Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 26. Changes in antipyrine metabolism after drug ingestion by cigarette smokers . G. A. Cash, G. C. Farrell, W. G. E. Cooksley and L. W. Powell, University Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 27. Effect of short term fasting on drug metabolism . C. Holt, G. C. Farrell, W. G. E. Cooksley and L. W. Powell, University Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 28. Acetylation of hepatic proteins by aspirin: a possible role in aspirin hepatotoxicity . Robyn J. Caterson.G. G. Duggin, J.Mohandas, J. Horvath and D. Tiller, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. 29. Renal oxidative metabolism of drugs in CS7B1/6J mouse J . Mohandas, I. C. Calder* and G. G. Duggin, Renal Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, N.S.W. and * Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria. 30. Pharmacokinetics of prednisone and prednisolone . J. A. Caffin, J. W. Halliday, A. R. Tanner, F. Bochner and L. W. Powell, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 31. Procainamide in intermittent atrioventricular block . A. M. Tonkin and W. F. Heddle, Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide. 32. The acute effects of labetalol hydrochloride on the physiological response to exercise . S. D. Anderson, G. Hamor, S. Gowans & G. G. Duggin, Departments of Thoracic Medicine and Nephrology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, N.S. W. 33. Platelet function in a child with severe combined immune deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency . C. H. Lee, S. Evans, M. C. Rosenberg, J. B. Ziegler and M. B. van der Weyden, Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. 34. Coagulant activities of human plasma lipoproteins. P . Vijayagopal and N. G. Ardlie, Department of Clinical Science, Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 35. Effect of quinine on coagulation activity of platelets . P. K. Hozzeinzaden, S. L. Pfuller and B. G. Firkin, Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Melbourne. 36. Identification of a bypass mechanism of the classical intrinsic clotting pathway by platelets . B. G. Firkin, P. Booth, L. Stott and M. A. Howard, Dept. Medicine, Monash University Med. School, Alfred Hospital. 37. Plasma proteins required for the interaction between platelets and particulate matter. Sharron L. Pfueller, Department ofMedicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. 38. Effect of thrombin on incorporation of [³H]glycerol into phospholipids of human platelets. J. V. Lloyd, Department of Clinical Science, John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 39. The diagnostic problem of acquired von Willebrand's disease. S. E. Watts, M. J. Hooper, E. Byrne and J. V. Lloyd, Department of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia. 40. Studies on the structure and subunit composition of human antihemophilic factor. J.J. Gorman and H. Ekert, Department of Clinical Haematology and Oncology', Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. 41. Isolation and characterization of blocking factors in the sera of melanoma patients. Elaine Murray and P. Hersey, Medical Research Department, Sydney Hospital. 42. Characterization of a heterophile antibody system by antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. D. J. Feeney, G. C. Saueracker, R. L. Dawkins and B. L. McDonald, Clinical Immunology Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia. 43. Loss of antibody-forming potential in old mice is associated with the appearance of nonspecific suppressor T-cells. R.E. Callard, Immunology Unit, Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Sydney. 44. Regulation of antibody production by suppressor T-cells. R. Loblay, H. Briscoe and I. Wilcox. Immunology Unit, Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Sydney, Sydney. 45. Immunologic memory and lymphocyte regulation in the human mucosa. R. Clancy, A. Pucci, P. Pye and T. Jelibovsky, Departments of Immunology, Thoracic Medicine and Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. 46. Retroviruses in human cancer. F. C. Wilson, H. J. Thome and D. G. Jose, Clinical Immunology and Immunogenetics Unit, Cancer Institute, Melbourne. 47. A murine model for treatment of micrometastases. P. A. Gatenby, Immunology Unit, Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Sydney. 48. T-cell dependence of the sneak through phenomenon. P. A. Gatenby and A. Basten, Immunology Unit, Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Sydney. 49. Screening of cord blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). T. J. Boulton, I. H. Craig, G. Hill and L. Coote, University of Adelaide and Adelaide Children's Hospital. 50. Cholesterol homeostasis in infants. A. B. Poyser, P. J. Nestel and J. Boulton*, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, and *Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Children's Hospital. 51 . Very low density lipoprotein turnover and triglyceride metabolism in man. M. F. Reardon, P. J. Nestel and N. H. Fidge, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne. 52. Studies of HDL esterified cholesterol: a new technique. J. I. Lally and P. J. Barter, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia. 53. Diet-induced alterations of serum lipids and lipoproteins. I. Linton, A. Warrell, B. Cham and P. Owens, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital. 54. Biochemical and ultrastructural studies of the synthesis of elastin, proteoglycans and collagen by neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells in tissue culture. B. W. Oakes, A. C. Batty, and C. J. Handley, Monash University, Australia. 55. Serum ferritin estimation in screening for familial haemochromatosis. R. N. Murray, K. L. Gera, K. B. Shilkin and W. D. Reed, Gastroenterology/Liver Unit and University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, W.A. 56. Sandwich immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin using commercial antiserum. K. L. Gera and W. D. Redd, Gastroenterology/Liver Unit and University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, W.A. 57. The kinetics of tissue and serum ferritins. U. Mack, L. W. Powell and J. W. Halliday, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 58. Morphometric assessment of bronchiolar calibre in man. N. Berend, G. E. Marlin and A. J. Woolcock, Respiratory Unit, R.G.H. Concord and the University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. 59. Protective effect of the aerosol beta adrenergic drug (BEROTEC) on bronchial response to methacholine in asthma. Lucy J. Vautin and Ann J. Woolcock, Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney. 60. An in vitro model of bronchial hyper-reactivity. Brian Creese and M. A. Denborough, Department of Qinical Science, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 61. Statistical analysis of data expressed as a percentage change. M. W. Jones and Ann. J. Woolcock, Department of Medicine, Sydney University. 62. Microfilament distribution in cell death by apoptosis. W. M. Clouston and J. F. R. Kerr, Department of Pathology, University of Queensland. 63. Induction of cytological variations in human synovial cell lines. B. J. Clarris, J. R. E. Fraser and E. Baxter, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne. 64. Infertility after azathioprine therapy. H. P. Roeser and A. Nikles, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane. 65. Enhancement of leucocidal activity by brief exposure to antibiotic. H. Pruul and P. J. McDonald, Clinical Microbiology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide. 66. Inhibitors of human spleen dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase. Annette Gero and W. J. O'Sullivan, School of Biochemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S. W. 67. Ia antigens in immune responses. I. F. C. McKenzie, M. Sandrin and C. R. Parish, Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria and Department of Microbiology, Australian National University, Canberra. 68. HLA and disease: review of genetic and statistical considerations. J. D. Mathews, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria. 69. HLA-BW15 and HLA-BW17: linkage disequilibria with other HLA antigens. J. B. Houliston, J. D. Wetherall, B. Hawkins and R. L. Dawkins, Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and QE11 Medical Centre, Perth, W.A. 70. Myasthenia gravis and HLA: relationship to autoimmunity, immunodeficiency and thymic disease in patients and their relatives. F. T. Christiansen, R. L. Dawkins and B. Houliston, Clinical Immunology Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia. 71. HLA antigens and disease in the busselton population. R. R. Hawkins and P. L. Dawkins, Department of Clinical Immunology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth. W.A. 73. Ethanol metabolism. M. N. Berry, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia. 74. Vitamin deficiency in alcoholism, with particular reference to thiamine deficiency. B. Wood and K. J. Breen, Dept. of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria. 75. Pathogenetic mechanisms in alcoholic liver disease. R. A. Small wood, Department of Medicine. Austin Hosvital. Heidelbere. 76. Pituitary-gonadal axis in alcoholism and liver disease. H. W. G. Baker, Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology & Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria. 77. Social, psychological and economic aspects of alcoholism: recent advances. Ms. Margaret Hamilton, Dept. of Social Studies, University of Melbourne, Melbourne. 78. Myocardial cell suspensions for biochemical study of ischaemia. M. G. Clark, C. S. E. Wurm, G. S. Patten and M. N. Berry, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Flinders University Medical School, S.A. 79. Myocardial substrate requirements. M. L. Wahlqvist, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. 80. Physiological determinants of cardiac oxygen consumption. C. L. Gibbs, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria. 81. Protein turnover in the normal and hypertrophying myocardium. M. P. Sparrow, A. W. Everett, G. J. Laurent, Caroline M. Bonnin and R. R. Taylor, Pharmacology Department, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 82. Limiting factors in myocardial ischaemia. J. Eason, R. Bonyhady and J. F. Williams, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra. 83. Cardiac metabolism of short and long chain fatty acids and of carbohydrate in conscious dogs. S. P. Lim, M. L. Wahlqvist, E. Anne Shanahan, I. G. Jarrett, O. H. Filsell and E. G. Wilmshurst, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne; Division of Human Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide and Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney. 84. Turnover rates of muscle proteins in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle: turnover rate related to muscle function. Caroline M. Bonnin, G. J. Laurent, A. W. Everett, and M. P. Sparrow, Pharmacology Dept., University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 85. Protein synthesis during the rapid phase of cardiac hypertrophy in the dog. A. W. Everett, R. R. Taylor and M. P. Sparrow, Depts. of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 86. Synthesis of muscle proteins and collagen during hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. G. J. Laurent, M. P. Sparrow and D. J. Millward, Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 87. Water and electrolyte exchange in arteries: effect of 1-epinephrine and passive stretch. J. K. Healy and J. Oweczkin, LIONS Research Laboratory, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane. 88. Evolution of trace proteinuria in diabetes mellitus. G. Jerums, E. Seeman, R. M. L. Murray and P. Smith, Endocrine Unit and Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg. 89. Pharmacokinetics of Mesamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) in central diabetes insipidus. P. T. Pullan and C. I. Johnston, Monash University Department of Medicine, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne. 90. Inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Michael A. McGrath and John T. Shepherd, Mayo Clinic & Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A. 91. The effect of a transaminase inhibitor on oxalate synthesis in vitro. A. M. Rofe and J. B. Edwards, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Medical & Veterinary Science, Adelaide. 92. Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate and insulin secretion. R. G. Larkins and Lillian Simeonova, University of Melbourne Dept of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne. 93. Aortic glycosaminoglycans in non-diabetes and diabetic rabbits. P. Muthiah, P. S. R. Murthy and S. K. Mukherjee, Department of Pathology, The University of Adelaide, S.A. and Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. 94. Hereditary stomatocytosis: association of low diphosphoglycerate with increased cation pumping. J. S. Wiley, R. A. Cooper and T. Asakura, Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne and University of Pennsylvania Medical School, U.S.A. 95. Cytokinetic studies in children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL): relationship to cell markers. Barbara Dobrostanski and Henry Ekert, Department of Clinical Haematology and Oncology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. 96. The establishment of an adenosine deaminase deficient lymphoblastoid cell line. M. B. van der Weyden, I. Jack, C. H. Lee and J. B. Ziegler, Monash University Medical School Alfred Hospital, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and Prince Henry & Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney. 97. Activation of the granulocyte cell surface NADH oxidase. Catharine Dewar, Department of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia. 98. Lecithin induced eosinophilia. G. T. Archer, J. Jindra, June Robson and Judith Smith, New South Wales Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Sydney, Australia. 99. Effect of colony stimulating factors) (CSF) on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor recovery after treatment of mice with 5-FU. G. S. Hodgson and T. R. Bradley, Biological Research Unit, Cancer Institute, Melbourne. 100. Epidemiology and experimental research-a symbiotic relationship. B. K. Armstrong, Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A. 101. Immunovirology of malignant disease. D. G. Jose, Clinical Immunology and Immunogenetics Unit, Cancer Institute, Melbourne. 102. Chemical carcinogenesis. B. W. Stewart, School of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Kensington. 103. Drug treatment of cancer. M. H. N. Tattersall, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S. W. 104. The psychobiology of weight loss. R. S. Kalucy, Department of Psychiatry, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia. 105. Enkephalin. Geoffrey W. Tregear , Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville. 106. HLA and disease. W. F. Bodmer , Genetics Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.     

Inhaled anesthetic agents.

PURPOSE: The pharmacology, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, indications, clinical efficacy, adverse effects and toxicities, and dosage and administration of the inhaled anesthetics are reviewed. SUMMARY: The inhaled anesthetics include desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane and are thought to enhance inhibitory postsynaptic channel activity and inhibit excitatory synaptic activity. The mechanism of action of inhaled anesthetics has not been completely defined. A number of factors can influence the pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics, including solubility in blood, cardiac output, tissue equilibration, extent of tissue perfusion, metabolism, and age. All of the available inhaled anesthetics are effective for inducing or maintaining anesthesia or both. Most clinical trials of inhaled anesthetics have evaluated differences in induction and emergence from anesthesia by comparing (1) times to loss of reflex, extubation, and response to verbal commands; orientation to time and place; and ability to sit up without assistance, (2) need for post-surgical analgesia, and (3) time to discharge as measures of efficacy. Adverse effects and toxicities of the inhaled anesthetics include nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, neurotoxicity, postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression and irritation, malignant hyperthermia, and postanesthesia agitation. Safety issues surrounding these gases include occupational exposure and intraoperative fires within the delivery systems used with inhaled anesthetics. Drugs used for anesthesia during surgery can account for 5-13% of a hospital's drug budget. CONCLUSION: The inhaled anesthetics have been shown to be both safe and effective in inducing and maintaining anesthesia. These agents differ in potency, adverse-effect profile, and cost. Newer anesthetic gases, such as sevoflurane and desflurane, appear to have more favorable physico-chemical properties. These factors, as well as patient characteristics and duration and type of procedure, must be considered when selecting an inhaled anesthetic.     

Changes in dermatological characteristics of skin caused by electroluminescent infrared heating lamp in healthy Korean men

We examined the changes in skin conditions before and after the application of electroluminescent infrared heating lamp to the body regions of healthy Korean men. We assessed the differences in sebum, moisture, pores, wrinkles, pigmentation, and elasticity of the skin in the forearm, back, and shin regions. A total of 30 healthy men in their 20s were enrolled. We used a Skin Diagnosis Meter for skin state measurements. Statistical differences were found between the pre- and post-measurement values in the moisture, wrinkles, pigmentation, and elasticity of skin. In the correlation analysis results, moisture and wrinkle, moisture and elasticity, pore and pigmentation, and wrinkle and elasticity were positively correlated, respectively. However, moisture and pore, moisture and pigmentation, pore and wrinkle, pore and elasticity, wrinkle and pigmentation, and pigmentation and elasticity were negatively correlated, respectively. These results suggest that the change in skin condition is associated with external stimulants. The effect of infrared radiation on the various skin conditions may differ depending on the part of the body.     

Telemedicine and telepharmacy: current status and future implications.

Uses of telemedicine are described and potential roles for pharmacists are discussed. Telemedicine has been defined as "the use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participants." Technologies included in telemedicine are videoconferencing, telephones, computers, the Internet, fax, radio, and television. Telepharmacy has the same basic definition but refers to pharmaceutical care provision. Although the videotelemedicine market is expected to grow considerably, lack of reimbursement and high costs are continuing obstacles. Pharmacy is using video-conferencing for education, training, and management purposes. The telephone has changed from a dial-and-talk instrument to a multimedia access tool. Medical devices are being attached to telephone lines to provide remote monitoring and therapy, and call centers are providing medication counseling, prior authorization, refill authorization, and formulary compliance monitoring. Although the Internet has quickly become a star performer, utilization by health care lags behind that of other industries. The Internet-fueled empowerment of consumers and their expectations for speed, access, and convenience are creating more unmet expectations of the traditional health care system. Pharmacy has both organizational and individual practitioner Web sites, but it is online drugstores that are attracting most attention. Potential benefits of telemedicine include improved access to care, greater efficiency in diagnosis and treatment, higher productivity, and market positioning for the coming century. Telemedicine will tax the economic, regulatory, legal, ethical, and clinical care expertise of the entire health care system. Studies of the effectiveness, cost, and societal implications of telemedicine are needed, along with practice models and standards, training programs, and solutions to regulatory, licensing, and legal questions. Securing reimbursement for cognitive services remains a problem for telemedicine and telepharmacy. Telemedicine presents profound opportunities and challenges to pharmacy and other health care professions.     

Distribution and changes in the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from clinical samples. II

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents such as ABPC, SBPC, MPC, CEZ, CTM, CMZ, CTX, CMX, CZX, LMOX, CPZ, CFS and GM against major clinical isolates, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, C. freundii, Enterobacter spp., S. marcescens, P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa, was examined. In this paper, we will report the susceptibility of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis during a three-year period, 1981 to approximately 1983. CEZ- and GM-resistant S. aureus has markedly increased and occupied 24% and 18%, respectively, in 1983. CMZ and CFS have showed potent activity against CEZ-resistant S. aureus. It seems that the abuse of third generation-cephems and new oral cephalosporins is closely related with the increase of cephems-resistant S. aureus. The penicillin- and cephem-resistant strains of S. pyogenes could not be found in our study. Quite a few strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis are resistant to penicillins, and also there is no appreciable change in susceptibility. Some strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis showed low susceptibility to CPZ, but all strains showed high susceptibility and no change in susceptibility to third generations, and these strains showed no tendency to decrease in susceptibility to GM.     

过量奥卡西平致定向力障碍及共济失调

1例6岁男性癫痫患儿,曾先后口服苯妥英钠、拉莫三嗪、丙戊酸钠、苯巴比妥治疗,因不能规律服药致使癫痫反复发作且进行性加重,家属自行给予其口服奥卡西平300 mg、3次/d,上述症状未再发作。但40 d后出现行走不稳、反应迟钝,且癫痫症状也加重。入院诊断为癫痫,全身强直-阵挛发作,奥卡西平致定向力障碍及共济失调。停用奥卡西平,给予丙戊酸钠、还原性谷胱甘肽、维生素C,次日癫痫得到控制。第8天定向力障碍及共济失调消失,癫痫未再发作,遂出院。出院后规律服用丙戊酸钠和氯硝西泮。随访1个月,未再出现癫痫发作、定向力障碍和共济失调。     

Pharmacological actions of Cordyceps, a prized folk medicine

Cordyceps species, including C. sinensis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa and C. ophioglossoides, are prized traditional medicinal materials. The aim of this article is to review the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps species. The chemical constituents include cordycepin (3'-de-oxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. They include anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-ageing, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects. Polysaccharide accounts for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, steroidogenic and hypolipidaemic effects. Cordycepin contributes to the anti-tumour, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Ergosterol exhibits anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activity. A DNase has been characterized.     

Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy,physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals

In addition to metabolic differences, the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences in the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract of the human and common laboratory animals can cause significant variation in drug absorption from the oral route. Among the physiological factors, pH, bile, pancreatic juice, and mucus and fluid volume and content can modify dissolution rates, solubility, transit times, and membrane transport of drug molecules. The microbial content of the G.I. tract can significantly affect the reductive metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of drugs and colonic delivery of formulations. The transit time of dosage forms can be significantly different between species due to different dimensions and propulsive activities of the G.I. tract. The lipid/protein composition of the enterocyte membrane along the G.I. tract can alter binding and passive, active, and carrier-mediated transport of drugs. The location and number of Peyer's patches can also be important in the absorption of large molecules and particulate matter. While small animals, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are most suitable for determining the mechanism of drug absorption and bioavailability values from powder or solution formulations, larger animals, dogs, pigs, and monkeys, are used to assess absorption from formulations. The understanding of physiological, anatomical, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of different animal species can lead to the selection of the correct animal model to mimic the bioavailability of compounds in the human. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of humans and commonly used laboratory animals.     

Simultaneous extraction and quantitation of fentanyl and norfentanyl from primate plasma with LC/MS detection

The quantitation of both fentanyl and its desalkyl metabolite, norfentanyl, in plasma using LC/MS has not been previously described. The detection and quantitation of fentanyl and norfentanyl was achieved using LC/MS detection. The liquid-liquid extraction used toluene as the organic phase. Chromatography was carried out using a Zirchrom-PBD (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (10 mM), citrate (0.1 mM, pH 4.4) (45:55, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Mass spectroscopy detection was performed using ESI in the positive mode. The LOQ for fentanyl was 25 pg/ml and norfentanyl was 50 pg/ml. For the concentrations of 75, 250, and 750 pg/ml, respectively, fentanyl had inter-day precisions of 6.6, 7.2, and 6.6% with accuracies of 4.0, 5.1, and 5.1% and intra-day precisions of 1.6, 1.9, and 1.9% with accuracies of 11.6, 9.4, and 8.4%, and norfentanyl had inter-day precisions of 7.4, 0.3, and 0.7% with accuracies of 9.1, 8.8, and 12.3% and intra-day precisions of 5.3, 1.4, and 0.1% with accuracies of 10.9, 8.9, and 12.8%. The recoveries of fentanyl were 85, 92, and 75% and of norfentanyl were 40, 49, and 46% at the 75, 250, and 750 pg/ml concentrations, respectively.