硬脑膜动静脉瘘的治疗

目的　探讨不同方法治疗不同类型的硬脑膜动静脉瘘 (DAVF)的疗效。方法　采用经动脉入路在供血动脉内采用低浓度NBCA胶、弹簧圈、游离纤毛钢圈、PVA等栓塞治疗 ;经静脉入路在瘘口静脉端用弹簧圈栓塞 ,或直接开颅手术夹闭瘘口、静脉窦表面颅骨钻孔后直接穿刺作静脉窦内栓塞及静脉内支架植入等方法治疗不同部位和不同类型的DAVF 32例。结果　 8例前颅凹底DAVF ,5例经动脉入路栓塞治疗 ,2例治愈 ,3例临床好转 ;3例 (1例经静脉入路治疗失败后 )前颅凹底入路行开颅瘘口直接夹闭治愈。 14例海绵窦区DAVF ,7例经眼上静脉入路海绵窦内栓塞治愈 ,4例经动脉入路 ,治愈 1例 ,好转 3例。 5例横窦区DAVF ,2例经静脉入路窦内栓塞治愈 ,2例动脉入路栓塞后好转 ,1例行窦孤立手术治愈。 4例多处瘘口的上矢状窦DAVF ,联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗 ,临床好转。 1例左侧颈静脉孔区DAVF联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗治愈。结论　前颅凹底DAVF以直接手术行瘘口夹闭疗效好 ,经动脉入路低浓度胶栓塞可治愈但需注意危险吻合 ;海绵窦区DAVF经静脉入路栓塞多可治愈。横窦区DAVF静脉入路栓塞瘘口静脉端效果好 ;复杂性DAVF治疗困难 ,目前联合多种治疗方法可以达到临床改善。将治疗策略定在针对瘘口的静脉端 ,可望达到临床治愈。     

经静脉入路海绵窦内液体胶联合弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨应用经静脉入路联合液体胶和弹簧圈介入栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法和策略。方法回顾性分析应用经静脉入路联合液体胶和弹簧圈栓塞治疗的8例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,包括瘘口的血管构筑学、治疗方法和疗效。结果所有患者均采用经静脉入路液体胶联合弹簧圈栓塞,其中经面静脉-眼上静脉入路1例,经岩下窦入路7例。8例均临床治愈,患者术后即刻造影提示瘘口完全消失。除术后早期头痛外无其他介入相关并发症。临床随访3个月～3年,患者无临床症状复发。结论经静脉入路应用液体胶联合弹簧圈介入栓塞对于海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是安全、有效且经济的治疗方法 。     

经动脉入路栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘中的辅助超选技术

目的 探讨经动脉入路栓塞治疗颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)过程中,微导管常规技术超选失败情况下的辅助超选技术.方法 4例前颅底DAVF、1例天幕区DAVF采用球囊临时阻断颈内动脉以辅助微导管超选;1例天幕区DAVF采用弹簧圈闭塞枕动脉远端以辅助微导管超选.结果 采用辅助技术后,6例患者微导管均成功超选到达或接近瘘口,注射Onyx-18胶后,栓塞材料均顺利穿透瘘口,进入并闭塞近端引流静脉.6例患者均一次性获得影像学治愈,术后未发生手术相关并发症.结论 初步经验表明,在经动脉入路栓塞颅内DAVF治疗中,对常规技术超选难以到达或接近瘘口的病例,球囊临时阻断颈内动脉和弹簧圈闭塞瘘供血动脉远端分支动脉以辅助微导管超选的技术安全、有效,可作为微导管超选的辅助方法.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘23例疗效探讨

目的总结23例颈动脉海绵窦瘘﹙CCF﹚的临床诊治经验并探讨治疗策略。方法回顾性分析23例各种类型CCF的诊治体会,患者:Barrow分型A型14例、B型1例、C型1例、D型7例。结果20例经动脉入路,2例静脉入路,1例放弃栓塞治疗。9例采用单纯球囊行瘘口栓塞,5例直接行患侧颈内动脉和瘘口闭塞;5例采用NBCA胶栓塞瘘口;1例采用明胶海绵颗粒部分栓塞联合颈动脉压迫治疗;2例采用弹簧圈海绵窦内栓塞;1例单纯采用颈动脉压迫治疗。21例痊愈,2例好转。结论CCF具有复杂性、难治性特点,血管内治疗应作为主要治疗手段。     

微弹簧圈栓塞难治性外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效观察

目的 探讨和研究微弹簧圈血管内栓塞难治性外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效.方法 回顾13例用微弹簧圈栓塞治疗的难治性外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者.所有患者均有持续性颅内血管杂音、搏动性突眼及球结膜充血水肿.均采用微弹簧圈栓塞治疗,其中经动脉入路9例,经眼上静脉入路4例.结果 12例术后造影瘘El消失且颈内动脉通畅.1例填人5枚微...     

经颈内静脉、面静脉、眼静脉联合入路治疗创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤1例

创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤临床上相对少见, 由于其易并发致死性鼻衄或重症脑血管病, 病情凶险, 应及时诊治。随着介入技术的发展, 血管内介入治疗成为TCCF 最主要的治疗方法, 手术入路可选经动脉与经静脉两种。血管内治疗入路应首选患侧颈内动脉通路, 由于瘘口部位的复杂性, 部分患者微导丝未能从颈内动脉入路通过瘘口, 故只能选择静脉入路。静脉入路的路径较长而迂曲, 且可能需要多通道, 对技术要求较高。笔者报告1例TCCF合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤患者, 探讨经颈内静脉、面静脉、眼静脉联合入路行颈内动脉海绵窦瘘闭合及假性动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞术的疗效。     

自发性海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘血管内治疗单中心临床研究

目的探讨自发性海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(SCS-DAVF)患者的临床特点以及血管内治疗的手术方法和策略。方法选取自2012年6月至2020年12月北部战区总医院神经外科收治的29例SCS-DAVF患者为研究对象。分别经股动脉-供血动脉、股静脉-岩下窦、股静脉-面静脉-眼静脉以及股静脉-对侧岩下窦(或眼静脉)-对侧海绵窦-海绵间窦入路,采用弹簧圈和(或)onyx胶材料进行海绵窦栓塞,并闭塞瘘口。观察并记录患者的手术效果、术后并发症及随访结果。结果 29例患者中,27例(93.1%)成功完成手术,且全部采用可脱弹簧圈和(或)onyx胶栓塞,其中,应用弹簧圈联合onyx胶21例(77.8%),单纯应用onyx胶5例(18.5%),单纯应用弹簧圈1例(3.7%);采用经股静脉入路栓塞22例(81.5%),经动脉入路栓塞5例(18.5%)。手术患者中瘘口完全栓塞24例(88.9%);次全栓塞3例(11.1%),其中1例通过间断压颈动脉半年后复查数字减影血管造影发现瘘已消失。所有患者术后症状均获明显改善,手术有效率100.0%。5例(18.5%)出现一过性手术相关并发症,无永久性并发症。对进行栓塞手...     

经面静脉-眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的　评价经面静脉 眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)的有效性。方法 :经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉入路到达患侧海绵窦 ,用GDC或EDC ,游离弹簧圈 ,真丝线段等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦 ,同时闭塞瘘口。面静脉插管困难者 ,在下颌角附近切开皮肤显露面静脉 ,直视下穿刺面静脉放置相应导管 ,再经眼上静脉到达患侧海绵窦并将其填塞。结果 :经面静脉 眼上静脉入路对 14例、16侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗 ,其中 5例为外伤性、直接CCF(A型 ) ,经动脉途径球囊栓塞后复发 ,或微弹簧圈栓塞未能成功 ,或经岩下窦入路未能成功 ,9例为自发性、间接CCF(D型 8例 ,C型 1例 )。 13例经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉途径 ,1例通过直视下面静脉穿刺。 11例栓塞治疗后即刻造影显示瘘消失 ,2例残留低流量的岩下窦引流 ,另有 1例在微导管进入面静脉后 ,面静脉痉挛闭塞 ,未能继续进行栓塞治疗 ,造影仍见瘘存在 ,但眼静脉出现明显的造影剂滞留。 1例A型CCF在球囊栓塞后出现外展神经麻痹 ,经面静脉 眼上静脉栓塞后亦无改善。因面静脉痉挛闭塞未能栓塞成功者 ,于术后即感眼部症状加重 ,但第 2天感症状缓解 ,术后第 2 1天症状明显改善 ,造影检查发现瘘口已经消失 ,术后 1个月患者眼部症状完全消失。其他病例在栓塞术后眼部症状明显改善 ,     

直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

探讨血管内治疗对直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的价值。材料和方法：38例患者在治疗前均行脑血管造影检查，所有病例均采用经动脉途径，用可脱球囊导管进行栓塞治疗。结果：38例患者中有36例栓塞成功，其中34例患者瘘口完全闭塞。36例患者中有32例于栓塞后保留颈内动脉，4例行颈内动脉球囊闭塞术。术后36例患者的海绵窦综合症均有不同程度的好转。3例患者曾行经静脉途径可脱球囊栓塞治疗，但由于海绵窦内分隔的阻挡作用，球囊不能进入海绵窦及其瘘口附近而告失败。2例患者由于球囊早脱并移位于大脑中动脉分支血管内，导致患者发生失语和一侧肢体偏瘫。结论：血管内可脱球囊栓塞治疗直接型颈脉海绵窦瘘，其瘘口闭塞率高，死亡率低，是直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的首选治疗手段。     

Onyx结合弹簧圈岩下窦入路栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的：探讨应用Onyx结合弹簧圈岩下窦入路栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（csDAVF）的优势及疗效。方法：对6例csDAVF患者应用Onyx结合弹簧圈岩下窦入路栓塞,并评价疗效。结果：6例采用＂股静脉-岩下窦＂入路成功栓塞csDAVF,4例csDAVF瘘口完全闭塞,出院时症状消失;2例csDAVF次全闭塞,出院时症状改善,随访1-2个月临床症状消失。全部病例随访1-12个月,未见症状复发。结论：经＂股静脉-岩下窦＂途径,较易到达病变部位;海绵窦为闭塞csDAVF瘘口的理想部位,Onyx能在海绵窦中形成良好弥散,结合弹簧圈的应用有利于瘘口的闭塞。     

Endovascular treatment of anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula

We describe the technique and results of the endovascular treatment of anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) in four symptomatic patients. Catheterization was via the superior sagittal sinus in two patients and via the ophthalmic artery in two patients. Embolization was performed using detachable platinum coils in the former two patients and a liquid embolic system (Onyx-18, MTI) in the latter. We were able to reach the fistula site and to embolize the arteriovenous shunting zone in all of the patients. The final angiogram showed complete occlusion of the DAVFs, and all patients recovered completely. No complications related to either approach were observed. Endovascular treatment of anterior cranial fossa DAVFs is feasible by either transvenous or transarterial access.     

Targeted compartmental embolization of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae using transfemoral medial and lateral facial vein approaches

There are multiple transvenous approaches for treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF). The choice of a specific route depends on the compartment of the cavernous sinus involved in the fistula and its venous drainage. We used two different facial vein approaches to treat patients with cavernous DAVF draining directly into the anterior compartment of the cavernous sinus and thence to the superior ophthalmic vein. Other transvenous routes to the sinus were not apparent. Embolization was targeted to the involved compartment with preservation of those not embolized. No major post-procedure ophthalmic venous engorgement occurred. We believe that ideal treatment of cavernous DAVF is targeted transvenous coil deposition, which necessitates detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the facial veins and cavernous sinus compartments.     

Multiple dural arteriovenous fistulae involving the cavernous and sphenoparietal sinuses

A 72-year-old woman who presented with a unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy was shown to have a very rare condition: multiple dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) involving the cavernous and sphenoparietal sinuses. The sphenoparietal DAVF was cured completely by transarterial embolisation. Symptomatic relief was accomplished by this procedure. The cavernous sinus DAVF progressed to acquire cortical venous drainage, and was obliterated completely by transvenous embolisation. Received: 21 September 1999/Accepted: 3 February 2000     

Endovascular Treatment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Transverse and Sigmoid Sinuses Using Transarterial Balloon-Assisted Embolization Combined with Transvenous Balloon Protection of the Venous Sinus

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Combined transarterial balloon-assisted endovascular embolization with double-lumen balloon microcatheters and concomitant transvenous balloon protection was described as a promising treatment technique for dural arteriovenous fistulae of the transverse and sigmoid sinus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical efficacy and safety of this combined treatment technique.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Nine consecutive patients presenting with dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses underwent combined transarterial and transvenous balloon-assisted endovascular embolization. Prospectively collected data were reviewed to assess the technical success rate, complication rate, and clinical outcome.RESULTS:Six patients presented with clinically symptomatic Borden type I, and 3 patients, with Borden type II dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses (3 men, 6 women; mean age, 50.4 years). Transarterial embolization was performed with a double-lumen balloon with Onyx and concomitant transvenous sinus protection with a dedicated venous remodeling balloon. Complete angiographic occlusion at the latest follow-up (mean, 4.8 months) was achieved in 6 patients, and near-complete occlusion, in 2 patients. Clinical cure or remission of symptoms was obtained in 6 and 2 patients, respectively. One patient with a residual fistula underwent further treatment in which the dural arteriovenous fistula was cured by sinus occlusion. Complete occlusion of the dural arteriovenous fistula was visible on the follow-up angiography after final treatment in 8 patients. One patient refused follow-up angiography but was free of symptoms. There were no immediate or delayed postinterventional complications.CONCLUSIONS:Transarterial balloon-assisted embolization of dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses with combined transvenous balloon protection is safe and offers a high rate of complete dural arteriovenous fistula occlusion and remission of clinical symptoms.

During the past few decades, endovascular embolization has become the first-line treatment for a wide range of dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs). Several transarterial and transvenous endovascular approaches have been advocated. Preliminary studies on the use of double-lumen balloon microcatheters for transarterial embolization of dAVFs with Onyx (Covidien, Irvine, California) have shown encouraging results. These studies have reported high occlusion rates, reduction of reflux into the feeding artery, a reduced quantity of injected Onyx and peri-interventional time, and low complication rates.^1–9 In addition, transvenous balloon-assisted sinus protection during transarterial embolization has been reported to be another useful adjunct to the endovascular treatment of dAVFs.^10–12 Transvenous balloon protection of the recipient sinus has mainly been associated with a reduction in inadvertent occlusion of the lumen of a functioning sinus, preservation of venous patency, facilitation of occlusion of abnormal arteriovenous connections within the sinus wall and separate venous channels, and increased penetration of embolic material by retrograde reflux into other dural feeders of the fistula network. Techniques aiming to preserve the underlying sinus may have lower complication rates than sinus-occluding embolization techniques, in which the recipient venous sinus has to be sacrificed.¹³ Therefore, transarterial balloon-assisted embolization with a concomitant transvenous balloon protection technique theoretically has the advantages of both techniques combined; this combination leads to increased occlusion and reduced complication rates.The purpose of this study was to report the angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients with dAVFs of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses treated with a combined approach of transarterial balloon-assisted endovascular embolization and double-lumen balloon microcatheters with concomitant transvenous balloon protection.     

Recurrence of dural arteriovenous fistula in another location after selective transvenous coil embolization: report of two cases

Two cases of a second dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), both developing in different locations after selective transvenous embolization of the first DAVF, are presented. One recurrent DAVF developed on the sigmoid sinus 5 months after transvenous embolization of a DAVF in the paratransverse sinus channel, and the other recurrence developed around the jugular bulb 5 months after transvenous embolization of a cavernous DAVF. The former was obliterated by a second embolization, and the latter disappeared spontaneously at 20 months.     

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior fossa treated with the Onyx liquid embolic system and the Sonic microcatheter

We report an association of new technologies (the Onyx liquid embolic system and the Sonic microcatheter) for transarterial embolization through the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) of the anterior fossa. The place of endovascular treatment in anterior fossa DAVFs is reviewed, and its clinical implications discussed in light of the case of a patient whose management was modified by this association of new technologies.     

Cavernous sinus dural fistulae treated by transvenous approach through the facial vein: report of seven cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dural Carotid Cavernous Fistulas (CCFs) can be treated by transarterial and/or transvenous endovascular techniques. The venous route usually goes through the internal jugular vein (IJV) and the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) up to the pathologic shunts of the cavernous sinus. In case a thrombosed IPS, catheterization through the obstructed sinus is not always possible and a puncture of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) can be performed often after a surgical approach. We report our results in the endovascular transvenous treatment of dural CCFs through the facial vein (retrograde catheterization of the IJV, facial vein, angular vein, SOV, and cavernous sinus). METHODS: A retrospective study of seven patients with a dural CCF treated with transvenous embolization via the facial vein was performed. In five patients, the IPS was thrombosed. In one patient, the IPS was patent, but there was not communication between the cavernous sinus compartment in which the CCF shunts were located and the IPS itself. In the only patient with the CCF draining through permeable IPS, the transvenous route through the IPS permitted the occlusion of the posterior CCF shunts and a second session was performed through the facial vein in order to occlude the shunts of the anterior compartment of the cavernous sinus. The other six patients underwent one embolization session only. RESULTS: In all seven cases, it was possible to navigate through the tortuous junction of the angular vein and the SOV. In one patient with a thrombosed SOV, the venous procedure was interrupted because the catheterization through the occluded SOV failed. In the other six patients, after transvenous catheterization of the cavernous sinus via the facial vein, placement of coils resulted in complete occlusion of the dural CCF with clinical cure in four patients and improvement in two. CONCLUSION: In the endovascular treatment of the dural CCFs, the transfemoral approach via the facial vein provides a valuable alternative to other transvenous routes. Catheterization of the cavernous sinus via the facial vein is usually successful. Although this technique requires caution, it allows a safe and effective treatment of these lesions.     

Reconstructive treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinus: transvenous angioplasty and stent deployment

Various techniques for the endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) of the transverse and sigmoid sinus have recently evolved. Transvenous coil occlusion of the involved segment and transarterial embolization of the feeding arteries with liquid agents are the commonest treatments utilized. However, with respect to venous hypertension as the probable pathogenic cause of this disorder, a nonocclusive or remodeling technique might be preferable. We will present a series involving four patients, treated with transvenous angioplasty and stent deployment as a definitive treatment of dAVFs of the transverse and sigmoid sinus. This method was used as a primary treatment or as an adjunct to previous noncurative transarterial n-butyl cyanoacrylate and particle embolization. In three of the four cases, complete occlusion of the fistula was achieved with confirmation of occlusion seen on follow-up angiographical studies. In one case a negligible and nonsymptomatic remnant of the fistula fed by the tentorial artery was left untreated. From our experience, we conclude that transvenous stent deployment is an alternative to traditional concepts. Additionally, the pathological theory of dAVFs in this region located in venous pouches of the sinus wall is supported by the fact that they can be occluded by mechanical compression during angioplasty and subsequently maintained by a stent.     

Endovascular neurointervention for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula

Dural arteriovenous fistula(DAVF) is an abnormal shunt within the dura matter or near the venous sinuses. Various congenital and idiopathic causes have been suggested, including such as venous sinus occlusion, trauma, surgery, and changes in hormone levels, but the exact etiology of the disease is unknown. The pattern of venous drainage seen on angiography was used as the basis for a classification of DAVF by Djindjian. Recent classification suggests that lesions that drain into the venous sinus or meningeal vein will behave only in a benign manner, whereas those that have subarachnoid venous drainage or alone or in addition will behave aggressively. Selection of treatment can be made from observation, carotid manual compression, transarterial or transvenous embolization, radiotherapy, or surgical intervention. The goal of treatment and consequently the techniques used, depends on the intensity of symptoms or the neurologic and, in particular, hemorrhagic risk posed by the type of venous drainage. The therapeutic decision depends also on the patient's general clinical status. Embolization can create a reduction of flow, which results in disappearance in symptoms and sometimes complete cure as seen at angiography. Complex DAVF must be treated with combined endovascular techniques plus neurosurgery or radiotherapy.