控制性低压灌注对兔脊髓缺血再灌注时磷酸化Akt和磷酸化ERK表达的影响

目的 探讨控制性低压灌注对兔脊髓缺血再灌注时磷酸化蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(p-Akt)和磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2 (p-ERK1/2)表达的影响.方法 雄性日本大耳白兔36只,3月龄,体重2.0 ～ 2.5 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n＝12):假手术组(S组)、脊髓缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和控制性低压灌注组(LP组).I/R组和LP组采用在肾动脉下水平阻断腹主动脉25min行再灌注的方法制备脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型.LP组再灌注10 min期间维持腹主动脉远端血压45～55 mm Hg.分别于再灌注1、3、7、28 d时进行后肢运动功能功能.每组于再灌注1d时处死动物,取脊髓组织,测定p-Akt、p-ERK1/2表达及神经元凋亡情况,计算凋亡指数,电镜下观察病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,I/R组后肢运动功能评分降低,p-Akt和p-ERK1/2表达上调,凋亡指数升高(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,LP组后肢运动功能评分升高,p-Akt和p-ERK1/2表达上调,凋亡指数降低(P<0.05).LP组脊髓组织病理学损伤程度轻于I/R组.结论 控制性低压灌注减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的机制与激活Akt及ERK1/2,抑制神经元凋亡有关.     

缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究缺血后处理是否可以减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注的损伤。方法雄性新西兰大白兔30只,随机分为五组,每组6只。假手术组(N1组)仅行单纯手术操作但不阻闭腹主动脉;对照组(N2组)行单纯缺血再灌注;缺血后处理15s/30s/60s(PA/PB/PC组)分别于阻闭腹主动脉15min后,再灌注15s/30s/60s,缺血15s/30s/60s,反复3次。再灌注48h时对所有动物的后肢运动功能进行评分并行脊髓前角正常神经元计数。结果PB组再灌注48h后肢运动功能评分[3.5(2～4)分],明显高于N2组[2(1～3)分](P<0.05),其他各组与N2组相比差异无显著意义。脊髓前角正常神经元计数PB组为36.7±7.0,明显多于N2组25.7±4.3(P<0.01),而PA组18.2±2.2和PC组8.0±4.1则明显少于N2组(P<0.05)。结论缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的作用取决于后处理时间,缺血后处理30s/30s对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,而缺血后处理15s/15s和60s/60s会加重脊髓损伤。     

抑肽酶预处理对家兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤早期脊髓神经功能及病理学的改善

目的 观察抑肽酶预处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后早期脊髓神经功能及病理学的影响,为临床应用抑肽酶治疗脊髓缺血再灌注损伤提供实验依据.方法 国产大耳白兔21只,随机分为实验组(8只)、对照组(8只)和假手术组(5只).实验组,缺血60min,再灌注24h,于缺血前10min静脉注射抑肽酶30000kIU/kg,继而用Graseby3500微量泵持续注入抑肽酶10000kIU/(kg·h)直至实验结束.对照组,缺血及再灌注时间、方法同实验组,唯一不同的是对照组用生理盐水代替实验组的抑肽酶.空白组,只暴露腹主动脉,不夹闭,不给药.缺血前、再灌注8h、24h耳缘动脉抽取动脉血3ml形MDA及SOD检查,4h、8h、12h及24h行后肢运动功能评分.再灌注24h处死动物,取动物腰段脊髓(L3-L4)进行病理学处理,光镜、电镜下观察脊髓前角运动神经元数量及形态变化.结果 再灌注后8h、24h,实验组MDA含量明显减少,而SOD活力增加(P<0.05).12h、24h.后肢运动功能改善(P<0.05).病理学观察,脊髓前角运动神经元计数实验组较对照组增高(P<0.05),细胞凋亡减少,形态正常.结论 抑肽酶预处理可以明显降低缺血再灌注后脊髓组织中MDA含量、提高SOD活力、改善后肢运动功能,减少再灌注后细胞的坏死和凋亡,保护神经组织的功能.     

重复高压氧预处理对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注时低氧诱导因子-1α及促红细胞生成素表达的影响

目的 探讨重复高压氧预处理对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注时低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)和促红细胞生成素(EPO)表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠48只,体重250～300g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=16):假手术组(S组)、脊髓缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和重复高压氧预处理(HOP组).HOP组实施高压氧预处理,参数为:氧浓度＞98%,氧含量1000ml/L,压力2.5 ATA,1 h/d,连续5 d,最后1 d处理后24 h,I/R组和HOP组采用夹闭腹主动脉20min再开放的方法制备脊髓缺血再灌注模型.再灌注48h时评价后肢运动功能,然后处死大鼠,取L5-7节段脊髓组织,测定HIF-1α、EPO的mRNA及其蛋白表达水平,光镜下观察病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和HOP组后肢运动功能和脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数降低,脊髓组织HIF-1α、EPO的mRNA及其蛋白表达水平上调(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,HOP组后肢运动功能和脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数升高,脊髓组织HIF-1α及EPO的mRNA及其蛋白表达水平上调(P＜0.05).HOP组脊髓组织病理学损伤程度轻于I/R 组.结论 重复高压氧预处理可上调HIF-1α及EPO表达,从而减轻大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of repeated hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HOP) on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) and erythropoietin (EPO) following spinal ischemiareperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Forty-eight male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 16 each): sham operation group (S group); I/R group and repeated HOP group (HOP group). The animals in HOP group were pretreated with O2 ( ＞ 98 % ) at 2.5 ATA I h/d for 5 consecutive days at 24 h before spinal cord I/R. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium 35 mg/kg. Spinal cord ischemia was produced by cross-clamping of abdominal aorta distal to renal artery for 20 min in I/R and HOP groups. Hind-limb motor function was assessed and scored st 48 h of reperfusion. The animals were then sacrificed and the L5-7 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of HIF-1 α and EPO mRNA and protein and microscopic examination. Results Compared with group S, the hind-limb motor function scores and the number of normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord were significantly decreased, and the expression of HIF-1α and EPO mRNA and protein was up-regulated in I/R and HOP groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group I/R, the hind-limb motor function scores and the number of normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord were significantly increased, and the expression of HIF-1α and EPO mRNA and protein was up-regulated in group HOP ( P ＜ 0.05). The spinal cord injury was attenuated in group HOP compared with group I/R. Conclusion Repeated HOP can reduce the spinal cord I/R injury though up-regulating the expression of HIF1α and EPO in rats.     

缺血预处理对脊髓缺血损伤细胞内Ca2+变化的影响

目的　观察缺血预处理对脊髓缺血损伤细胞内 Ca2 变化的影响。　方法　将 44只健康新西兰大白兔随机分为三组 :缺血组 2 0只 ,缺血预处理组 2 0只 ,假手术组 4只。缺血组于左肾动脉下夹闭腹主动脉 40分钟后开放灌注 ;缺血预处理组夹闭腹主动脉 5分钟 ,开放 15分钟 ,再次夹闭 40分钟后开放再灌注 ;假手术组动物手术操作同缺血组 ,但不夹闭腹主动脉。分别于夹闭 40分钟后即刻、开放再灌注 2小时、8小时、2 4小时和 72小时各时相点测定脊髓组织 Ca2 含量 ,并评定、记录动物后肢神经功能。　结果　缺血预处理组脊髓组织 Ca2 显著低于缺血组各时相值 ;再灌注 8小时后神经功能评分缺血预处理组明显高于缺血组 (P<0 .0 1)。　结论　缺血预处理具有降低神经元胞浆游离 Ca2 浓度 ,防止Ca2 超载 ,稳定细胞内环境的能力 ,对主动脉阻断所致的脊髓缺血损伤有良好的保护作用。其表现为明显降低瘫痪发生率 ,增加术后神经评分     

钙蛋白酶抑制剂对缺血再灌注损伤脊髓的保护作用

目的 观察大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后应用钙蛋白酶特异性抑制剂E-64-D,对脊髓神经细胞组织学改变和凋亡的影响及对大鼠后肢运动功能的保护作用.方法 选用纯种雄性成年SD大鼠106只,夹闭右肾动脉分支下腹主动脉30 min,再灌注即刻静脉应用钙蛋白酶特异性抑制剂E-64-D,观察再灌注后3、24、72 h和7 d脊髓损伤节段神经细胞的凋亡及再灌注后24、72h组织病理学改变;对再灌注后72 h的大鼠后肢功能进行评分.结果 脊髓缺血再灌注24 h开始出现神经细胞凋亡现象,脊髓组织出现病理学改变,神经元死亡,胶质细胞增生.应用E-64-D后,凋亡现象和细胞坏死得到抑制,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).再灌注后72 h后肢功能也得到一定程度的保护.结论 脊髓再灌注损伤后静脉应用E-64-D治疗,可以明显抑制脊髓神经细胞的凋亡,有利于神经元的存活,损伤后3 d大鼠后肢运动功能得到一定程度的改善.     

脊髓缺血性损伤时脑源性神经营养因子、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶ε蛋白和mRNA含量的变化及远程缺血预处理干预作用

目的探讨远程缺血预处理(RIPC)对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(SCIRI)时脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(PKC)ε蛋白和mRNA含量的影响及其意义。方法日本大耳白兔36只,随机均分为假手术组(S组)、缺血性损伤组(IR组)、IR+RIPC组。每组6只动物分别于再灌注第2天和第5天处死。S组不阻断腹主动脉,IR组和IR+RIPC组夹闭腹主动脉30分钟建立SCIRI模型,IR+RIPC组于主动脉阻断前1小时实施RIPC。3组动物在再灌注第2天和第5天行后肢神经功能评分后处死并取脊髓组织L3-L5段,评估病理学变化;用Western blotting和RT-PCR法分别检测脊髓组织BDNF、PKCε蛋白及其mRNA含量。结果同一时间点,与IR组相比,IR+RIPC组后肢神经功能评分和脊髓组织病理切片分级明显改善(P0.05),脊髓组织BDNF、PKCε蛋白及mRNA表达均明显升高(P0.05)。结论 RIPC对兔SCIRI有一定的防治作用,其作用机制与RIPC激活了PKCε/PKC信号通路,进而上调脊髓损伤区域BDNF蛋白的表达有关。     

辛伐他汀预先给药对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价辛伐他汀预先给药对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠96只,体重220～280 g,随机分为3组(n=32):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和辛伐他汀预先给药组(Si组).IR组和Si组采用夹闭腹主动脉45 min后开放的方法制备脊髓缺血再灌注模型,Si组制备模型前3 d开始以辛伐他汀20 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,连续3 d.分别于再灌注6、12、24 h时取8只大鼠,进行后肢运动功能评分.分别于再灌注2、6、12、24 h时取8只大鼠,采集静脉血样,测定血清脑型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-BB)活性.取完血样后取大鼠脊髓组织,测定Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达、NF-κB活性、TNF-α含量和细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)含量,光镜下观察脊髓的病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,IR组和Si组后肢运动功能评分降低,血清CK-BB活性、脊髓TLR4mRNA表达、NF-κB活性、TNF-α和ICAM-1含量升高(P＜0.05或0.01).与IR组比较,Si组后肢运动功能评分升高,血清CK-BB活性、脊髓TLR4 mRNA表达、NF-κB活性、TNF-α和ICAM-1含量降低(P＜0.05或0.01).Si组脊髓病理学损伤程度轻于IR组.结论 辛伐他汀预先给药可减轻大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与下调TLR4表达、抑制NF-κB激活,从而减轻炎性反应有关.     

异丙酚对兔脊髓缺血再灌注时脊髓前角神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对兔脊髓缺血再灌注时脊髓前角神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法 新西兰大耳白兔60只,月龄4～6月,体重2.0～2.5 kg,随机分为6组(n=10):对照组(C组)、10%脂肪乳组(F组)、异丙酚30 mg/kg(P1)组、异丙酚40 mg/kg(P2)组、异丙酚50 mg/kg(P3)组和异丙酚60 mg/kg(P4)组.P1组、P2组、P3组和P4组异丙酚用10%脂肪乳稀释至6 ml/kg,C组和F组给予等容量生理盐水或脂肪乳.全麻下开腹阻断左肾动脉远端的腹主动脉及双侧髂总动脉30 min进行脊髓缺血,自缺血即刻开始,各组以12 ml·kg-1·h-1的速率经股动脉输注生理盐水(C组)、10%脂肪乳(F组)和不同剂量异丙酚(P1～4组),30 min后停止输注,开放腹主动脉行再灌注.再灌注48 h时,取L4～6脊髓组织,光镜下计数脊髓前角正常运动神经细胞;采用TUNEL法计数脊髓前角总细胞和凋亡细胞,计算细胞凋亡指数;采用免疫组化法测定脊髓前角cagpase-3表达.结果 与C组和F组比较,P1～4组脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数升高,凋亡指数降低,caspase-3表达下调(P<0.05);与P1组比较,P2～4组脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数升高,凋亡指数降低,P3组和P4组cagpase-3表达下调(P<0.05);与P2组比较,P3组脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数升高,P4组降低,P3组和P4组凋亡指数降低,caspase-3表达下调(P<0.05);与P3组比较,P4组脊髓前角正常运动神经元计数降低,凋亡指数升高,cagpage-3表达上调(P<0.05).结论 腹主动脉阻断期间,经腹主动脉输注30～60 mg/kg异丙酚可抑制脊髓前角神经细胞凋亡,从而减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,且与剂量有关,其机制与下调脊髓cagpage-3表达有关.     

缺血预处理对兔主动脉阻断后脊髓一氧化氮、后肢神经功能和肌电图的影响

目的　探讨缺血预处理 (IPC)对缺血预处理对兔主动脉阻断后脊髓功能和一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法　 2 4只日本大白兔随机分为假手术组 (A组 )、缺血再灌注组 (B组 )和IPC保护组 (C组 ) ,每组 8只。分别于首次预处理即刻 (C 40 )、缺血即刻 (I0 )、缺血 45min(I45)、再灌注后 60min(R60 )和术后 7d处死动物前即刻 (R7d)采血检测血清和R7d脊髓组织NO的浓度。术后观察后肢神经功能的评分、后肢针电极肌电图 (EMG)和脊髓组织病理学的改变。结果　缺血再灌注损伤后B组血清NO浓度较缺血前和A、C组对应时点值显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。C组R7d血清NO浓度明显低于其他时点及A组R7d测定值 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1)。B组脊髓组织NO浓度显著高于A、C组(P <0 .0 1)。B组后肢神经功能和脊髓病理学评分均显著性低于A、C组 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ,其后肢EMG亦较C组有显著性病理改变 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　IPC对家兔主动脉阻断后脊髓缺血再灌注损伤有良好的保护作用 ,其保护作用机制与抑制NO的生成有关。     

Preconditioning with Hyperbaric Oxygen and Hyperoxia Induces Tolerance against Spinal Cord Ischemia in Rabbits

Background: The aim of this study was to determine if the ischemic tolerance could be induced in the spinal cord by pretreatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and what components of HBO (hyperoxia, hyperbaricity, and combination of these two) were critical in the induction of tolerance against ischemic injury.

Methods: In experiment 1, 21 rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 7 each): animals in the control group received no HBO before spinal cord ischemia; animals in the HBO-1 and HBO-2 groups received HBO (2.5 atmosphere absolute [ATA], 100% O2) pretreatment 1 h/day for 3 and 5 days before ischemia, respectively. In experiment 2, 48 rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 12 each): the control group received no HBO (21% O2, 1 ATA, 1 h/day, 5 days) before spinal cord ischemia; the HB group received 1-h treatment in 21% O2 at 2.5 ATA each day for 5 days; the HO group received 1-h treatment in 100% oxygen at 1 ATA each day for 5 days; and the HBO group received HBO (2.5 ATA, 100% O2) treatment 1 h/day for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, spinal cord ischemia was induced by an infrarenal aorta clamping for 20 min. Forty-eight hours after reperfusion, hind-limb motor function and histopathology of the spinal cord were examined in a blinded fashion.

Results: In experiment 1, the neurologic outcome in the HBO-2 group was better than that of the control group (P = 0.004). The number of normal neurons in the anterior spinal cord in the HBO-2 group was more than that of the control group (P = 0.021). In experiment 2, the neurologic and histopathologic outcomes in the HBO group were better than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The histopathologic outcome in the HO group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05).     

Preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen and hyperoxia induces tolerance against spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine if the ischemic tolerance could be induced in the spinal cord by pretreatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and what components of HBO (hyperoxia, hyperbaricity, and combination of these two) were critical in the induction of tolerance against ischemic injury. METHODS: In experiment 1, 21 rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 7 each): animals in the control group received no HBO before spinal cord ischemia; animals in the HBO-1 and HBO-2 groups received HBO (2.5 atmosphere absolute [ATA], 100% O2) pretreatment 1 h/day for 3 and 5 days before ischemia, respectively. In experiment 2, 48 rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 12 each): the control group received no HBO (21% O2, 1 ATA, 1 h/day, 5 days) before spinal cord ischemia; the HB group received 1-h treatment in 21% O2 at 2.5 ATA each day for 5 days; the HO group received 1-h treatment in 100% oxygen at 1 ATA each day for 5 days; and the HBO group received HBO (2.5 ATA, 100% O2) treatment 1 h/day for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, spinal cord ischemia was induced by an infrarenal aorta clamping for 20 min. Forty-eight hours after reperfusion, hind-limb motor function and histopathology of the spinal cord were examined in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: In experiment 1, the neurologic outcome in the HBO-2 group was better than that of the control group (P = 0.004). The number of normal neurons in the anterior spinal cord in the HBO-2 group was more than that of the control group (P = 0.021). In experiment 2, the neurologic and histopathologic outcomes in the HBO group were better than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The histopathologic outcome in the HO group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serial exposure to high oxygen tension induced ischemic tolerance in spinal cord of rabbits. Simple hyperbaricity (2.5 ATA, 21% O2) did not induce ischemic tolerance.     

异氟醚预处理和异丙酚预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价异氟醚预处理和异丙酚预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠36只,体重250～300 g,随机分为4组(n=9):缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、异氟醚预处理组(Ⅰ组)、异丙酚预处理组(P组)和异氟醚预处理联合异丙酚预处理组(I+P组).Ⅰ组异氟醚预处理方法:吸入1.6%异氟醚10 min,停止吸入5 min,共重复2次;P组异丙酚预处理方法:静脉输注异丙酚37.5 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1) 10 min,停止输注5 min,共重复2次;I+P组同时进行异氟醚预处理和异丙酚预处理.预处理后立即结扎左冠状动脉前降支60 min,随后松开进行再灌注,I/R组只进行缺血再灌注.再灌注120 min时每组取1只大鼠,取心肌组织,透射电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构;各组其余大鼠处死后,取左心室,采用TUNEL法测定心肌细胞凋亡情况,计算凋亡指数,并测定心肌细胞线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平.结果 各组均可见凋亡小体,I组、P组和I+P组心肌损伤程度轻于I/R组.与I/R组比较,I组、P组和I+P组心肌细胞凋亡指数和ROS水平降低(P＜0.05),而I组、P组和I+P组间上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异氟醚预处理或异丙酚预处理及两种方法联合应用时减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的效应相似.     

七氟烷预处理通过激活胞外信号调节激酶诱发兔脊髓缺血再灌注的急性耐受

背景七氟烷预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤（I/R）的保护效应尚不明确。本研究拟通过短暂兔脊髓缺血模型来研究七氟烷预处理是否能够诱导脊髓急性缺血耐受,同时探讨胞外信号激酶（ERK）在其中的作用。方法为了研究七氟烷（Sev）预处理是否能够诱发急性缺血耐受,将新西兰大白兔随机分为三组。Sev组接受30分钟的3．7％七氟烷（1．0最低肺泡麻醉浓度）复合96％O2预处理;氧气（O2）组吸入30分钟的96％O2做为对照;假手术组接受相同的麻醉和手术,但不进行预处理或脊髓I／R。为了评估ERK在七氟烷预处理中的作用,大白兔被随机分为4组。在U0126＋O2、U0126＋Sev两组中,于预处理前20分钟静脉给予ERK抑制剂U0126;二甲基亚砜（DMSO）＋02、DMSO＋Sev两组在同一时点给予DMSO。预处理后1小时．阻断肾下腹主动脉施行脊髓I／R。再灌注后48小时采用改良Tarlov标准进行评估,取脊髓（k）节段进行组织病理学检查、TUNEL染色,蛋白印迹法检测磷酸化ERKI／2。结果与O2组比较,Sev组动物神经学评分高、正常运动神经元多（每一项比较P〈0．01）。-tDMSO＋Sev比较,U0126＋Sev组神经学评分较差、活力神经元减少、神经元凋亡增多、磷酸化ERKl／2减少（每一项比较P〈0．01）。DMSO＋02、U0126＋02、U0126＋Sev组间结果差异无显著性。结论本研究表明七氟烷预处理可诱导兔脊髓对I／R的急性耐受,这一作用可能与ERK激活有关。研究数据表明七氟烷预处理可能成为围术期脊髓I／R损伤的新保护措施。     

Both ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning decrease hepatic leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning has been shown to protect some tissues from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Adenosine is believed to play an important role by attenuating leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions. Dipyridamole increases adenosine bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanical (MPC) and pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) on leukocyte endothelial cell interaction in hepatic I/R injury. METHODS: C57BL6 mice were subjected to 30 min of ischemia to the left lobe of the liver. Groups tested at 30 min, 2, 5, 12, and 24 hr of reperfusion had 1) sham laparotomy (n = 10, 2) I/R (n = 25), 3) ischemic preconditioning with 5 min of ischemia and 10 min reperfusion before I/R (n = 25), and 4) (PPC) with dipyridamole (n = 25). Intravital microscopic examination was used to assess leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion. Blood was drawn for leukocyte counts and liver function tests. RESULTS: A significant decrease in leukocyte rolling was observed at 30-min and 5-hr reperfusion intervals in the PPC and ischemic preconditioning groups compared with the I/R group. A significant decrease in leukocyte saltation was also observed in the PPC and MPC groups at 2, 5, and 12 hr of reperfusion when compared with the I/R group. aspartate aminotransferase was significantly decreased in the 5-hr preconditioning groups. There was not a significant decrease in the white blood cell count because of PPC or MPC vs. I/R CONCLUSIONS: Preconditioning decreases endothelial/ leukocyte interaction and reduces liver damage as measured by aspartate aminotransferase. These data prove that IPC and PPC provide some degree of hepatic protection in I/R injury.     

乳化异氟烷预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价8%乳化异氟烷预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 健康雄性成年SD大鼠56只,体重250～280 g,随机分为4组(n=14),假手术组(S组)仅分离血管,不留置线栓;脑缺血再灌注组(IR组)、乳化异氟烷预处理组(EIP组)和脂肪乳剂组预处理(FIP组)分别腹腔注射生理盐水、8%乳化异氟烷或30%脂肪乳剂7.5 ml/kg,24 h后制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.于再灌注24 h各组取8只大鼠,进行神经功能缺陷评分,然后处死大鼠,取脑组织,测定脑梗死体积;各组处死6只大鼠,取脑组织,检测细胞凋亡情况,计算细胞凋亡率,并测定Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3和Cyt C的蛋白表达水平.结果 与S组比较,IR组、EIP组和FIP组神经功能缺陷评分和细胞凋亡率升高,脑组织Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3和Cyt C的蛋白表达上调(P＜0.01);与IR组和FIP组比较,EIP组神经功能缺陷评分和细胞凋亡率降低,脑梗死体积减小,脑组织Bcl-2蛋白表达上调,Bax、caspase-3和Cyt C 的蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05);IR组和FIP组各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 8%乳化异氟烷预处理可减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达,减少线粒体释放Cyt C,降低caspase-3活化,抑制神经元凋亡有关.